Materials

Module 2
Engineering materials, Composite

materials and Joining process
What is the importance of materials?
The knowledge of materials characteristics allows the

designer not only to make the best material selection
as a function of its application in a given product,
but also to overcome its limits and constraints in a
design path where materials and transformation
technologies become variables of the creation process.
Difference between Metals and Non-metals
Metals
A metal is a material that, when freshly

prepared, polished, or fractured, shows
a lustrous appearance, and
conducts electricity and heat relatively
well.
What does Ferrous Metal Mean?
A ferrous metal is any metal that is primarily composed of iron and has
magnetic properties. A ferrous metal is known for its hardness, durability
and tensile strength.
Ferrous metals are known and used for their strength. The properties that
they possess make them perfect to be used in both the industrial and
architectural sector for projects like bridges, railroad projects and vehicles.
Some common ferrous metals include:

1. Tool steels
2. Stainless steels
.
Tool steels
•Tool steels are a family carbon and alloy

steels having distinct characteristics such as
hardness, wear resistance, toughness, and
resistance to softening at elevated
temperatures.
•Its hardness, resistance to abrasion and

ability to retain shape at increased
temperatures are the key properties of this
material.
Composition of Tool Steel
Tool steels normally contain carbide formers like chromium, vanadium,
molybdenum and tungsten in different combinations and cobalt or nickel
for enhancing performance at high temperatures.
The primary properties of tool steels are listed below:
Toughness
Wear resistance
Hardness
Heat resistance
Major applications of tool steels
Tool steels are high-quality, carbon and alloy steels that are commonly
used to make cutters, reamers, bits etc used for machining metals, plastics,
and wood.
The choice of the tool steel you really need depends on the properties your
specific application requires. The most common mechanical properties to
consider are surface hardness, toughness, working temperature and shock
resistance.
Stainless Steel
Stainless steel is a corrosion-resistant alloy of
iron, chromium and, in some cases, nickel and
other metals.
Properties of Stainless Steel

 Corrosion resistant.
 High tensile strength.
 Very durable.
 Temperature resistant.
 Easy formability and fabrication.
 Low-maintenance (long lasting)
 Attractive appearance.
 Environmentally friendly (recyclable)
Composition of Stainless Steel
 Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon.

 Stainless steels are steels containing at least 10.5% chromium, less than
1.2% carbon and other alloying elements.
Common Stainless Steel Applications
 Kitchen sinks and cookware.

 Surgical tools, medical equipment and Surgical implants.
 Architecture, bridges, monuments and sculptures.
 Automotive, aerospace applications, Auto bodies and Rail cars.
Non-ferrous /metals
•Non-ferrous metals are metals or alloys that do not contain iron (Allotropes
of iron ferrite) in appreciable amounts.
•Non-ferrous metals include aluminium, copper, lead, nickel, tin,
titanium and zinc, as well as copper alloys like brass and bronze.
Aluminium alloys are alloys in which aluminium (Al) is the predominant
metal. The typical alloying elements
are copper, magnesium, manganese, silicon, tin and zinc.
There are two principal classifications, namely casting alloys and wrought
alloys, both of which are further subdivided into the categories heat-
treatable and non-heat-treatable.
Properties that make aluminium popular and/or suitable include:

 Light.
 Strong.
 High strength-to-weight ratio.
 Resilient.
 Ductile at low temperatures.
 Corrosion resistant.
 Non-toxic.
 Heat conducting.
Composition of aluminium alloy
•Aluminium is most commonly alloyed with copper, zinc, magnesium,

silicon, manganese and lithium.
•Small additions of chromium, titanium, zirconium, lead, bismuth and
nickel are also made and iron is invariably present in small quantities.
Duralumin
• Duralumin is an alloy 95% aluminium, 4% copper, 0.5% manganese and

0.5% magnesium.
• Duralumin alloys are relatively soft, ductile, and workable in the normal state;
they may be rolled, forged, extruded, or drawn into a variety of shapes and
products.
• Their light weight and consequent high strength per unit weight compared with
steel suit them for aircraft construction.
Industrial Application of aluminium alloy
Aluminium alloys are widely used in the fields of electric module packaging,
electronic technology, automotive body structure, wind and solar energy
management, due to the advantages of high specific strength, high processability,
predominantly anti-erosion, increased conductivity, and eco-friendly nature.
Composite Material
A composite material is a material which is produced from two or more
constituent materials. These constituent materials have notably dissimilar
chemical or physical properties and are merged to create a material with
properties unlike the individual elements.
Typical engineered composite materials include:
• Composite wood such as plywood (gluing wood at different angles gives

better properties than natural wood)
• Reinforced plastics, such as fibre-reinforced polymer or fiberglass
• Ceramic matrix composites (composite ceramic and metal matrices)
• Metal matrix composites
Fibre reinforced composite
Fibre reinforced composite are those
where the reinforcement in form of
fibre.
A Fibre is characterized by its
length being much greater compared
to its cross- sectional dimensions.
A natural example for fibre
reinforce composite is wood in
which strong cellulose fibre are
aligned in a base matrix of lignin
which bind the fibres.
They are commonly used in the
aerospace, automotive, marine, and
construction industries.
Metal Matrix composite
These contain at least two component parts one of which is metal. The other material
may be a ceramic or an organic compound. It is made by dispersing a ceramic
(oxides, carbides) or metallic (lead, tungsten and molybdenum) phase into metal
matrix (aluminium, magnesium, iron, cobalt)
Properties of MMCs:
 Higher specific strength, stiffness, higher operating temperature, low coefficient of
thermal expansion and greater wear resistance.
 MMC’s have lower ductility and the cost of fabricating is high.
Applications of MMCs:
 Used in piston for diesel engine.
 Used in automotive engine and brake parts.
 Used in spacecraft structures, missiles structures, fighter aircraft engines and
structures.
Applications of composite material:
It can be used for structural components, thermal insulators, PCB
manufacture and assembly, and high temperature gaskets in petrochemical
plants.
Space: antenna, radar, satellite structures, solar reflectors, etc.

Aircraft: aerofoil surfaces, compressor blades, fan blades, rotor shafts in
helicopters, turbine blades, turbine shafts etc.
Automobiles: automobile body, bumper, driveshaft, fuel tank, CNG cylinder,
chassis etc.
Wind turbine blades: rotor blades, nose cone, nacelle cover, accessories for
wind electric generators.
Sports: Skis, table tennis boards, slats, and gliding wing spar, Tennis, badminton,
golf clubs, baseball bats, hockey sticks, pole shaft, Sword, etc.

Materials

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Materials

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Materials

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module 2

Engineering materials, Composite

The knowledge of materials characteristics allows the

A metal is a material that, when freshly

Some common ferrous metals include:

•Tool steels are a family carbon and alloy

•Its hardness, resistance to abrasion and

The primary properties of tool steels are listed below:

Properties of Stainless Steel

 Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon.

Common Stainless Steel Applications

 Kitchen sinks and cookware.

Properties that make aluminium popular and/or suitable include:

•Aluminium is most commonly alloyed with copper, zinc, magnesium,

• Duralumin is an alloy 95% aluminium, 4% copper, 0.5% manganese and

Typical engineered composite materials include:

• Composite wood such as plywood (gluing wood at different angles gives

Space: antenna, radar, satellite structures, solar reflectors, etc.

You might also like