2-International Organization and Conventions

Paris convention-1917- to regulate air navigations

Chicago Convention- 7/12/1944- 96 articles – 193 members including Cook Islands

ICAO – 1947

Assembly

council

commisin secretarit

Assembly: highest assembly, meets not less than once in 3 years

Council: 36 contracting states, president elected by council

Commissions and committees: 9 & 15.

Secretariat: appointed by council

ICAO Regional Offices:

1. Asia and pacific: Bangkok, Thailand

2. Middle East: Cairo
3. Western & central Africa: Dakar, Senegal
4. South America: Lima, Peru
5. America and Caribbean: Mexico
6. Eastern and Southern Africa: Nairobi
7. Europe and north Atlantic: Paris, France

International standards: necessary

Recommended Practices: desirable

Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS): Are approved by the council for worldwide
application. Not matured for international standards and recommended practices and too detailed
for annex

Regional supplementary Procedures (SUPPS): approved by council for regions

Icao circulars: Specialized info. Includes studies on technical subjects

ICAO Standards

Annex 1: personal licensing

Annex 2. Rules of Air ‘

Annex 3: Meteorological service for international air nav

Annex 4: aeronautical charts (8697)

Annex 5: units of measurements

Annex 6: operation of a/c. 1. commercial 2. general aviation 3. helicopters (8168)

Annex 7: aircraft nationality and registration marks

Annex 8: airworthiness

Annex 9: facilitations

Annex 10: telecommunications

Annex 11: air traffic services

Annex 12: search and rescue

Annex 13: aircraft accident investigations

Annex 14: aerodromes

Annex 15: Aeronautical information services (8126)

Annex 16: Environmental protections

Annex 17: unlawful interference

Annex 18: dangerous goods

Annex 19: Safety management

ICAO Recommended practices

4444: PANS

7030: Supps

7910: location indicators

8400: Icao abbreviation and codes

7333: Search and rescue

6920: a/c accident

9342: aerodromes, air routes, ground aids

 International Air Service Transit- Technical freedoms of air - ratified by India:

1. First freedom of air: privilege to fly across its country without landing
2. Second freedom of air: the privilege to land for non-traffic purposes

 International air transport- commercial freedom of air- not ratified by India

1. Third freedom of air: to put down passenger, cargo taken on in the country whose
nationality the aircraft possess
 2. Fourth freedom of air: to take on passenger, cargo destined to the territory whose
nationality aircraft possess’’
3. Fifth freedom: the privilege to take on and put down passengers, cargo and mail
Ratified by India:
Tokyo convention: 14/9/1963- took your control – safety of aircraft jeopardize. Final
authority with PIC. PIC delivers such person to competent authority
Hague, 1970: unlawful seizure
Montreal convention, 1971: shit got real, violence on board the aircraft / safety of aircraft
Montreal protocol, 1988: offence at aerodrome
Montreal Convention,1991: marking of plastic explosives for detection

Ministry of civil aviation

Located at Rajiv Gandhi airport at Safdarjung airport in Delhi
Also takes care of railway safety
AAI – 1st April 1995. Provision of AIPS, Notams, AIRRACS, PIBs etc.

Warsaw: passengers, baggage and cargo

Rome: damage caused by foreign aircraft
Geneva: hire, purchase and lease
Cape town: investments in aircraft objects
Leasing rules
Lessor: giving
Lessee: taking
Wet lease: with crew. AOC of the lessor
Dry lease: without crew. AOC of the lessee
AOC = aircraft operating certificate
wet, dry and damp lease only in emergency situation

State should give 60 days’ notice to ciao

Cabotage: domestic air services.

Ch-3 Aircraft nationality and registration marks

(Annex 7)

Radio calls signs allocated to state of registry by ITU

ITU allocated 4YA to 4YZ to 2 or more states carrying out joint operations

Identification plate: fireproof metal near

1. main entrance of heavier than air aircraft

2. Unmanned air balloon: exterior of payload
3. Letters/characters/combination of letter & characters: 5 digits/characters

Measurement of nationality and registration marks

 Heavier than air aircraft

 1. Wings: 50 cm
2. Fuselage: 30 cm
 Lighter than air aircraft: 50cm

National Provisions

Certificate of registration: by central govt and maintained by director general

The certificate of registration can be cancelled if air worthiness has expired for 5 yrs or more

India has been allotted with AT to AW by ITU

India uses VT=civil aircraft; VU=air force; U= unmanned aircraft

No adv. allowed on the aircraft

National flags maybe used but different by military a/c

Ttt,XXX,PAN prohibited

Ch-4 Rules of Air

(Annex 2)

Final authority with PIC

Movement area: apron, taxiway, runway

Maneuvering area: taxiway, runway

PIC shall have final authority over disposition of a/c

Flight Level= above transition altitude 7yu;l.

Altitude = below transition altitude

a/c shall not be flown congested areas, towns or open-air assembly without permission from
director general

Dropping/spraying= not allowed without clearance from ATS unit

Towing= Not permitted in India

Parachute descent = not allowed unless clearance from central govt in writing

Acrobatic flight = not allowed without clearance from ATS unit. Not less than 2000ft. not less than
2nm of aerodrome unless flown higher than 2000ft.

Formation flight = 1. No civil aircraft shall be flown in formation in India

2. prescribed by ATS

3. distance not exceeded 1km (0.5nm) laterally & longitudinally and 30m from flight leader

Right of way:

1. Approaching head on: both alter course to the right.

2. Converging : the aircraft on the right has the right of way
 3. Overtaking: overtaking aircraft less than 70 degree. Unable to see left/right nav light.
Overtaken aircraft has the right of way.
4. Landing: Final stage has priority
5. Emergency landing- priority
6. t/o: t/o aircraft has priority over taxiing aircraft
Priority: heavier than air aircraft<power-driven towing<airships<gliders<balloons

Lights displayed

Anticollision/rotating beacons

Nav light-relative path-to observer

Reduce intensity/switch off: affect performance/harmful dazzle to outside observer

Simulated Instruments Flights:

Fully functional dual controls ; qualified pilot as safety pilot with side vision and forward/ observer in
communication with safety pilot.

In circuits: Make all turns to left unless told otherwise; land and t/o into the wind; PIC continuous
watch on radio/visual signals

Flight plans

Except nano RPA-50ft AGL ; Micro RPA-200ft AGL

Flight plan should be submitted when:

 Operating in ATCS
 Any ifr flight
 When info needed by ATS or search & rescue
 Across international borders
 Co-ord with military required to avoid interception for purpose of identification

Flight plan should be submitted at least 180mins/3hrs before but not earlier than 120hr of estimated
off block time

New flight plan=30 mins excess of estimated time off blocks

RPA at least 24hrs before EOD

Delay of 15 mins – Notify ATC of revised ETD

Significant change of flight plan reported ASAP to ATS

Closing flight plan: made in person/radio telephony/datalink ASAP

TIME

Utc=24hr

ATC clearance – through submission of flight plan

Deviation from current flight plan:

 From track : adjust ASAP

 From Mach no/IAS: ATS informed immediately ‘
  From Mach no/TAS: +/-0.2 or +/-19km/h(10kt) ATS informed
 Time: By 2 mins or more, ATS reported

Weather deviation VMC:

 Request clearance
 If no clearance continues and notify
 Request to operate as special VFR
 Request to operate as IFR
 Position reports to be made

COMMUNICATIONS

2-way communication even after CPDLC has been established

Radio communication Failure: Rcf procedures have been mentioned in AIP

If in VMC : continue to fly in vmc and land at the nearest suitable aerodrome and report to A

If in IMC: no radar- maintain last assigned for 20mins & then adjust to flight plan

Radar – maintain for 7 mins, code 7600

Vmc visibility & distance from cloud minima:

At and above 3050m ABCDEFG 8km 1500 horizontally;

300m vertically
Below 3050m and ABCDEFG 5km 1500m horizontally;
900m above or 300m 300m vertically
above terrain
At and below 900m or ABCDE 5KM 1500m horizontally;
300m above terrain 300m vertically
FG 5km Clear of cloud and with
surface in sight

In F & G, flight visibility less than 3000m can fly when speed is low that it can see other traffic and
traffic is low

Helicopters: 1500m under same condition

Cannot fly when ceiling less than 450m.

VFR= 20mins before sunrise and 20mins after sunset

VFR flights shall not be operated:

 Above FL150
 At transonic/supersonic sound
 More than 100nm seaward from shoreline within controlled airspace

Authorization of vfr flight above FL290 not be granted where 300m vertical separation

Over congested areas of cities or towns or settlements at height less than 300m within radius of
600m from the aircraft.

Elsewhere at height less than 150m above ground/water.

VFR flights shall comply with the ATC provisions

 When operated within class B,C and D airspace

 When forming part of aerodrome traffic
 When operated as special VFR
Special VFR rules
1. Traffic condition permit, Special VFR maybe authorized
2. Request for such flights handled individually
3. Flight Viz not less than 1500m ; choppers viz not less than 1000m
4. Special vfr by IR pilots, AFI, FI rating

Instrument Flight Rules

Equipped with suitable instruments

High terrain – 600m above the highest obstacle within 8km of estimated position of aircraft
elsewhere 300m above the highest obstacle within 8km of estimated position of aircraft

IFR to VFR ATC should be informed

Night flight : ½ hour after sunset and ½ hour before sunrise

SIGNALS

Distress signals : ..__.. sos morse code; mayday*3; rockets/shells red light 1 at time at short interval;
parachute flare showing red light

Urgency signals: Switching ON & OFF landing/nab lights

PAN PAN*3

XXX (_.._,_.._,_.._)

PROCEDURE FOR ISSUANCE OF AIR DEFENCE CLEARANCE

Except for local flights within airspace of 5nm from ARP

- ADC before entering ADIZ from respective FIC 10 mins prior entering the Indian airspace
- ADC shall be obtained before departure, validity period -15 to +45mins
- For non scheduled domestic flight -15 to 3hours
- Fresh return ADC should be obtained delay more than 30mins of EOD

INTERCEPTION

Rocking and flashing nav lights at irregular intervals = You’ve been intercepted

Slow turn to left = Follow me

90 degree or more climbing turn = you may proceed

Lowering landing gear and showing steady landing light = land

Regular switching ON & OFF all available lights = cannot comply

Irregular flashing all available lights = Distress

Prohibited, Restricted, danger areas = Showing red/green stars/lights

 Signals for aerodrome traffic

IN FLIGHT ON GROUND
Steady green Cleared to land Cleared to take off
Steady red Give way to other aircraft and STOP
orbit
Series of red flashes Aerodrome unsafe, do not Taxii clear, landing area in use
LAND
Series of green flashes Return for landing Cleared to taxi
Series of white flashes Land & go to apron Return to starting point
Red pyrotechnic Not withholding previous
instructions, do not land

Acknowledgement by aircraft:

Day: rocking the wings ; night: by ON &OFF twice the aircraft landing light

VISUAL GROUND RULES

closed rwy or taxiway

MARSHALLING SIGNALS
 SEMI-CIRCULAR RULE

00-179=IFR odd, vfr odd+500

180-359= ifr even, vfr even+500

Navigation lights: red light – left 110; green light – right 110; white light – 140 back

Hijack: squawk 7500

- 1000ft separation differ by 500ft

- 2000ft separation differ by 1000ft

CVSM- same track-4000ft; opposite track-2000ft

RVSM- same track – 2000ft; opposite track-1000ft

RVSM = fl290-fl410

Ch-5 Air traffic services

DIVISION OF AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES
a. Area control services: Prevent collision between aircraft & expedite orderly flow of air traffic.
Except for approach & aerodromes

b. Approach control service: ATCS for arrival & departure

c. Aerodrome control service: ATCS for aerodrome except approach

PROVISION OF CONTROL SERVICE(AIP):

 1. Radio communication established with appropriate aerodromes/approach control unit: prior
to taxing; to operate in c&d airspace
2. C & D airspace – through interpreter not permitted
3. C & d – 2-way comm vhf radio and radio compass

Flight information services: provide advice & info

Alerting services: notify appropriate for search and rescue

FIR: FIS+alerting services

Control Areas and Control Zones: ATCS provided to IFR flights & for VFR in B, C&D.

Controlled aerodromes: ATCS provided for aerodrome traffic

Classification of airspaces

Procedures in class c airspace:

1. Runway handling capacity is more than 20 aircraft per hour

2. Equipped with primary and secondary radars
3. Class c airspace 4000ft to FL285
4. Airspaces upto 30nm around these airspaces – class d
5. Above FL285 – Class a

FIR : outside the controlled airspace. No lateral limit vertically upto FIR

FIR and location indicators:

 ICAO divided the world into 22 different ASFRA

 4 letter code
 1st Alphabet- ASFRA
 2nd alphabet – State or country
 3rd & 4th alphabet – place /station
 In india:
 A- West india
 I – north india
 E- East india
 O- South india

Example : VIDP

Indicators:

 NDB: 2/3 capital letters

 VOR: 3 capital letters
 ILS: 4 capital letters starting with I
 Aerodrome: 4 capital letters, VABB
 Significant point: 5 capital letters, 2 vowels
 Routes: atleast 1 letter & 1 number from 1-999. Domestic route-W
 SID/STAR: followed by num and alphabet suffixed
 Prohibited area: VA(P)-2
 Restricted area: VA( R )- 81
 Danger area : VE (D)- 72 these are notified in notams

Military exercise & training areas:

Temporary segregated areas: TSA801(A)[thanjavur]---------- numbers 500-999

Temporary reserved areas: TRA601(A)[panagarh]---------- numbers 500-999

Mumbai FIR- 501-600

Kol FIR- 601-700

Del fir – 701-800

Che fir- 801-900

Future use – 901-999

Local flights/training flights : flight plan on Fax or telephone for within the traffic zone

An aerodrome with no traffic zone or no airspace reserved for local fligh, area of 5nm radius and
3000ft AGL is treated as VFR flying

Cross country – Training and civil aircraft if no aerodrome traffic zone, flight plan by fax or phone and
elapsed time to fir boundry should be mentioned; pilot’s phone number in field 18

Controlled area: No lateral limits but higher than 700ft

Controlled zones: 5nm radius, can include 2 or more aerodromes

IDENTIFICATIONS

Area control- town/geo features

Aerodrome control- aerodrome name

Control zone/Control area/ flight information region: unit having jurisdiction over airspace

Emergency

Squawk 7700- on mode A

Squawk 7500- on mode A in case of hijack

ADS
CPDLC

Air traffic control Services

 IFR – A to E
 VFR – B, C & D
 All specialised vfr
 All aerodrome traffic at controlled aerodromes

Separation minima is given in PANS-ATM and SUPPs

Air traffic flow management – optimum utilization of resources at aerodrome

AAI- Central air traffic flow managent – 1. CCC in delhi supported by flow management plan

Phase 1: appointed 6 fmp bom, del, kol, blr, hyd, che

Phase 2: 30+ places

FIS SERVICE

Voice – automatic terminal information service and data – automatic terminal information service

V-ATIS:

To reduce load on VHF

v-atis shouldn’t be more than 30sec

shall be continuous and repetitive

shall not be transimitted on ILS

discrete vhf signal should be used

ATIS is only for one single aerodrome

Uncertainity phase (INCERFA): no communication for 30mins; A/c fails to arrive in 30mins ETA

Alert phase (ALERFA): unlawful interference is also alert phase

Distress phase (DETRESFA)

K-low level routes for helicopter use

U- upper airspace
S- route by supersonic aircraft

F – advisory service only

G- FIS

ATS route in india:

 A/c cross ATS route at angle of 90 degree

 To enter Indian airspace , 10 mins prior
 On route radio: 20 mins prior
 Position of flight after ½ hour and then at 1 hour interval
 Min alt 1000ft with range 5nm
 15nm with international border
 Scheduled intl flight can use domestic ATS route

CH-6 SEPARATION METHODS & MINIMA

Cruise climb not permitted in Indian FIR

Vertical separation during climb and descend:

1. Aircraft maybe cleared to level previously occupied by another aircraft latter reported
except:
 Severe turbulence
 Aircraft having same holding pattern ‘
 Aircraft performance such that minimum separation is compromised

Lateral separation:

 VOR: the angle between the 2 aircraft 15 degree and one aircraft is 15nm to the facility
 NDB: the angle between the 2 aircraft 30 degree and one aircraft is 15nm to the facility
 VOR/GNSS: angular diff between track measured at common point : 15-135
FL010-

Longitudinal separation:

a. Same track and same level:

 15 minutes normal condition
 10 mins – navigation aids
 5 mins – 1st aircraft 37kmh/20kt faster
 3 mins – 1st aircraft 74kmh/40kt faster
b. Flying on cross tracks:
 15 mins – normal condition
 10 mins – nav aids
c. Ascending-descending same track:
 15 mins
 10 mins – nav aids
 5 mins – 2nd ac reporting same reporting point
d. Traffic on reciprocal tracks:
 10 mins separation
Longitudinal separation based on distance using DME/GNSS:

1. Two a/c using DME

2. Two a/c using GNSS
3. One a/c using DME and GNSS- collocated waypoint

At same cruising level:

20nm (37km) separation

10nm – leading aircraft TAS of 20kt or 37km/h

Climbing/descending : 10nm

Reciprocal: 10nm

Separation based on ATS surveillance systems:

5nm horizontal separation upto 60nm from radar head

10 nm horizontal separation beyond 60nm from radar head

3nm from radar head where specifically authorized

mach number applied : 10 mins

a 150km(80nm) RNAV : 10 mins

RSP 180,240,400 indicate time in seconds between flight crew/HMI. HMI-human machine
interaction

Ch-7 Separation in the vicinity of aerodromes

Minimum separation between 2 aircraft :

1 min separation – diverging 45 degree immediately after take off

2 min separation – if the preceeding aircraft is 40kt or faster

5 min separation - if they follow same track

Separation of departing traffic from arriving aircraft:

If an arriving a/c is making ILS, a departing a/c may take off:

a. In any direction until arriving a/c started making turn to base leading to final approach.
b. In any direction which is atleast 45 degree from the reciprocal of the direction of approach.
3 min separation before arriving a/c beginning the instrument runway.

If an arriving a/c is making a straight in approach, departing a/c may takeoff:

a. 5 mins before the arriving a/c over the instrument runway

b. 45 degree from the reciprocal of direction of approach of arriving a/c
 3 mins before arriving a/c over the beginning of instrument runway

Reduction in separation minima in the vicinity of aerodromes:

 a. Adequate separation by aerodrome controller when each a/c is continuously visible to the
controller
b. Visible to flight crews, they can maintain their own separation
c. One a/c following the other, the 2nd a/c reports that the other a/c is in sight and separation
can be maintained

Information for departing Aircraft

a. Meteorological conditions ; b.operational status of visual & non-visual aids

Procedures for Arriving Aircraft

Visual approach- approach by an IFR flight; requested by pilot or initiated by controller
Controller shall not initiate visual approach, if pilot isn’t familiar with aerodrome and
surrounded by the terrain; should take into consideration the prevailing traffic &
meteorological condition.
When visual approach issued, its responsibility of pilot to maintain terrain clearance

Visual approach by Flight crew :

1. RVR- A & B – 2800m ; c-3200m ; d – 3600m :: circling approach – 5km viz
2. Ceiling above initial approach

Clearance to fly maintaining own separation while in VMC:

At or below 3050m

Expected Approach Time: Determined for arriving a/c that will be subjected to delay of 10mins;
revised EAT differs by 5mins. EAT transmitted ASAP when required to hold 30mins/more.

Onward clearance time: time at which an a/c can expect to leave the fix at which its being held

Information for arriving aircraft

The significant changes that has to be notified to pilot:

Headwind: 10kt ; tailwind : 2kt; crosswind:5kt.

Ch-8 Procedures for aerodrome control services

Clearance delivery Position: responsible for delivery of start up and ATC clearance to departing IFR
flights

Alerting Service Provided by Aerodrome Control tower:

Accident in the vicinity

In their jurisdiction

Requested by flight crew

whenever necessary

Procedures for start up & assignment of FL to departing aircraft:

 1. Before startup – aerobridge remover
2. Should intimate number of souls on board & security check completed
3. Delays based on separation
4. Increase runway capacity – minimum runway occupancy time

Uncertainity on the position of the manoeuvring area:

a. Stop the aircraft

b. Notify the ATS unit

Long final – 8nm ; short final- 4nm

Priority : 1. urgency/ distress a/c

3. Military a/c if not allowed to proceed according to plan then shortage of fuel
4. Live scramble
5. Medical flight
6. Vvip
7. Proceeding on search and rescue
8. RPA/aircraft urgent military commitment
9. Large scale weather deviation
10. Aircraft landing at alternate aerodromes

Aeronautical ground lights :

a. Sunrise to sunset if viz less than 3km

b. Sunset to sunrise
c. Requested by pilot

Reports on wind shear from a/c should be passed onto met office

Hotspot : Location on an airport moving area with history of potential risk of collision/runway
incursion

Coefficient of friction:

0.4+ Good 5
0.39-0.36 Med to good 4
0.35-3 Med 3
0.29-0.26 Med to poor 2
-0.25 Poor 1

Runway divided into 3 parts.

Ch-9 use of air traffic service surveillance systems

ATS surveillance system for identification of a/c: ADS-B, PSR, SSR etc

ADS-B: same application PSR, SSR it allows ATC to automatically and repeatedly access data from all
equipped a/c and use it or re-broadcast to other a/c within range
ADS-C: Uses the same system on board the a/c to automatically transmit similar info only to one or
more specific ATSU. Automatic dependent surveillance – contract

 ADVANTAGES OF ADS-B
 Environmentally friendly technology
 Makes use of satellite signals for tracking
 Pilots can see other traffic, weather, terrain (like controller’s radar)
 Indications and alerts of potential collision
 Reduce risk of runway incursion
 Greater coverage
 MLAT – Locate a/c using time difference of arrival (TDOA). Employs a number of ground
stations, which are placed in strategic locations around an airport. It doesn’t require
additional avionic equipment, as it uses replies from mode A, C and S transponder as well as
military IFF and ADS-B transponder.
 Radar applications
 To reduce minimum separation between a/c
 Increase capacity in the sky.
 Radar vectors – magnetic heading only
 Radar control service – for aircraft operating within controller airspace
 Radar advisory service – for aircraft operating in class F airspace
 Radar flight info service – for identify in any part of FIR

 USE OF ATS SURVEILENCE IN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SERVICE:

1. Provide radar service to:
Improve airspace utilization
Reduce Delays
Enhance safety

2. Provide radar vectoring to:

Departing aircraft for efficient flow of departures
Arriving a/c – descent from cruising level and make approach sequences
Aircraft for the purpose of resolving potential conflict
Assist pilot in their navigation
3. Provide separation maintain normal flow when a/c is experiencing communication failure

Position indication maybe displayed as:

1. Individual position symbol

2. PSR blips
3. SSR responses

Use of SSR without primary radar:

SSR maybe used alone for the provision of separation of separation if a/c identification is established
and maintained by use of discrete SSR codes

In case of a/c transponder failure, the a/c is normally permitted to continue to operate to the next
landing pt.

A request in flight plan is necessary if a/c takes off knowing transponder isn’t working
ATS surveillance service identification:

Radar identification to be made in prior by one of the methods in doc-4444-PANS ATM, if the
identification lost pilot shall be informed and instructions provided for non-ATS surveillance service
separation.

ADS-B identification Procedures:

1. Direct recognition of the aircraft identification in ADS-B label

2. Transfer of ADS-B identification
3. Observation of compliance with an instruction to TRANSMIT ADS-B IDENT

SSR and/or MLAT identification:

o SSR and/or MLAT label

o Assigned discrete code
o Mode SS equipped a/c in an SSR/MLAT label
o Transfer of identification
o Observation of compliance with an instruction to set a specific code
o Observation of compliance with an instruction to squawk IDENT

PSR IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURES

1. Position report method: Correlation drawn between the radar position indication & a/c
position, if they’re the same then is identified
2. Departing a/c method: Correlation drawn between the radar position indication with an a/c
that just departed, provided that identification is established within 1nnm of the runway
3. Turn method: the a/c identified by changing heading of 30 degree

Separation minima:

Only be applied between identified aircraft when there’s reasonable assurance that the
identification will be maintained

Procedural separation minima:

1. In the event of ATS surveillance failure

2. Outside the ATS surveillance coverage
3. An a/c leaving ATS surveillance service coverage or entering adjacent FIR

Based on ATS surveillance system (ICAO): 5nm

When radar or ADS-B or MLAT capabilities: 3nm

2.5nm between succeeding a/c on the same final approach track within 10nm of threshold.

Speed control procedure: (AIP)

Below 10000ft –IAS not greater than 250kt

Below 10000ft within 15nm radius of vor/dme - IAS not greater than 220kt

Termination of ATS surveillance service: Automatically terminated when arriving a/c is asked to
contact twr

Procedure for operation of SSR codes:

All aircraft carrying SSR transponder should be ON at all times whether the a/c is within or outside
airspace where ssr used for ATS

Operating procedures: aircraft departing shall be assigned an appropriate SSR code on departure,
shall continue unless instructed otherwise
aircraft not assigned SSR code on mode A3 code 2000 before entering the FIR

Shall not operate the transponder on ground except the t/o or till vacating runway after landing

Verification of accuracy of mode C derived level info/ADS-B altitude data transmission

Accurate +/-60m in RVSM airspace, +/-90m in other airspace

Ch-10 Aeronautical Information Services

Aeronautical info service (AIS) is to ensure the aeronautical data and aeronautical info necessary for
aeronautical traffic management (ATM) system.

AIS – provided by AAI; AIC- published by dgca

AIP to satisfy international requirements for exchange of aeronautical info of a lasting character
essential to air navigation.

AIP- permanent info & long duration temporary changes

AIP is divided into 3 parts, enumerated in annex 15.

General specification:

Reissued frequently to maintain current publication

Operationally significant change to the AIP shall be published in accordance with AIRAC procedures.

Specifications for AIP amendments: replacement once a year in April

1. Permanent changes in the AIP

2. Each AIP amendments shall be allocated with consecutive serial number
3. Each AIRAC AIP amendments page incl shall display an effective date
4. If aip amendment not published, a nil notification shall be originated and distributed by the
monthly printed plain language list of valid NOTAMS

Specification for AIP supplements:

1. Temporary changes of long duration

2. Consecutive serial number and based on the calendar year
3. AIP supplements pages shall be kept in the AIP until the contents remain valid
4. When AIP supplements is sent in replacement of NOTAM, it shall incl a reference to the
serial number of NOTAM
5. A checklist of valid AIP supplements shall be issued at an interval of a month. Medium-
monthly printed list of valid NOTAMS
6. COLOUR – yellow
7. Shall be kept as first item in the AIP parts
8. Issued on the month of January every year
Electronic AIP: AIP, AIP supplements, AIP amendment and AIC published on a computer screen &
printing on paper

AIPs are published in 2 volumes:

Volume 1- part 1- general; part 2- Enroute (ENR)

Volume 2 – part 3 – aerodromes (AD)

Part 1- general (Gen)

1. National requirements and regulations

2. Tables and codes
3. Services
4. ATS
5. Communication services
6. Meteorological services
7. Search & rescue
8. Charges for aerodromes/heliports and air nav services

Part 2- Enroute (ENR)

1. General rules and procedures

2. FIR/ CTA/ TMA? Other regulatory airspaces
3. Radio nav aids/systems
4. Navigation warnings: VAD, VAR, VAP, military etc

Part 3- Aerodrome (AD)

NOTAM

Notam (N): notam new

Notam (R): notam replacements

Notam(C): Notam cancellations

Originations: NOTAM issued when temporary nature and short duration, permanent changes or
temp changes of long duration

Origination of NOTAM, may affect the operations of a/c

7 days prior notice to be given for activation of danger, restricted and prohibited areas, whenever
possible 24hrs advance notice to complete notification processes and to facilitate airspace utilization

General notification:

1. SNOWTAM: info covering snow, slush, ice and standing water

2. ASHTAM: info about volcanic eruptions
3. NOTAM: 1letter XXXX/YY; XXXX- numbers – YY- year
4. Each notam one subject and one condition
5. Checklist of valid notam shall be issued as notam over aeronautical fixed service (AFS) at
intervals of not more than 1 month.
Trigger notam: reminder in the pre-info bulletin (PIB)- significant change in AIP. When AIP
supplement is published accordance with AIRAC procedure, a trigger NOTAM on the same date as
supplement, describing the contents, the effective date/time and serial number of AIP.

Notams are distributed in 5 series:

Series A: Changes/unserviceability etc of aeronautical facilities more than 2 hours requiring gen
international distribution

Series B: changes/unserviceability etc of aeronautical facilities more than 30 mins or less than 2hrs,
limited distribution to adjacent stations only

Series C: changes/unserviceability etc of aeronautical facilities utilized by domestic flights

Series D: changes/unserviceability etc of aeronautical facilities of military controlled airfield utilized

by domestic flights issued by AHQ through VVO broadcast

Series G: general & lasting character affecting aircrafts in general. Operated only by international
notam office, Delhi on 1st January every year

A checklist of all notam on the 1st of each month originated by respective notam office and
transmitted over AFTN

Aeronautical information regulation and control (AIRAC)

Only paper form

Info concerning establishment, withdrawal or significant changes upon interval dates of 28 dates ‘

Information to be notified by AIRAC

- Part 1 –
- related to FIR, CTZ, CTA, advisory areas, ATS routes, permanent VAD, VAP, VAR and ADIZ,
possibility of interception
- related to radio nav aids and communication facilities
- holding and approach procedures etc and other ATS procedures
- meteorological procedures and procedures
- runways and stopways

-PART 2- aerodromes related except runways and temporary areas

Provision of info in paper copy form:

AIRAC Distributed by AIS unit at least 42 days prior, reaching recipients 28 days in advance.

Major changes: at least 56 days advance

Aeronautical information publications (AIP)

Doesn’t qualify for inclusion in an AIP or for origination of a notam

a. long term forecast of any major change in legislation, regulations, procedures or facilities
b. explanatory or advisory nature affect flight safety

General specifications:

Printed form
Serial number consecutive and based on calendar year

AIC distributed more than 1 series; each series identified by letter

At least once a year

Aeronautical charts:

International aerodromes/heliports form part of the AIP

Electronic aeronautical charts

Pre flight and post flight info/data

Preflight info:

Aeronautical info provided for pre-flight planning purposes include:

- Elements of integral aeronautical info packages

- Maps and charts

Complete library of aeronautical info provided at central loc

Direct communication between the aerodrome AIS unit and that library

A recapitulation of notam,urgent character available to flight crews PIB

Telecommunication requirements

NOTAM shall be connected to the aeronautical fixed services, connections on printed form; to the
area control centres and flight info centres; aerodromes/heliports

Digital data sets:

a. AIP data set

b. Terrain data set
c. Obstacle data set
d. Aerodrome mapping sets
e. Instrument flight procedures data sets
National provisions

Necessary for the safety, regularity and efficiency of international and national air navigation

AIS headquarters: Safdarjung airport, new delhi

International notam offices : Mumbai, Calcutta, delhi and Chennai

Area of responsibility:

AIS is responsible for collection and dissemination of info for entire territory of india and high seas
for ATC purposes

Aeronautical publications

Aeronautical info is provided in form of integrated Aeronautical info packages which consists of:

AIP, AIP AMDT, AIP SUP, notam & PIB, AIC, checklist and summaries
Notams and monthly checklists issued by AFS; PIB are made available at ATS reporting point, all
other documents are distributed by mail

PIB:

Pre-flight info is available at following aerodromes: Kol, che, del, bom

Post flight information: Safety of flight operations observed by the pilots during flights are reported
to the authorities

Automatic self briefing systems (ASBS): provides an automatic method of receiving, storing and
retriving data required for pilot’s pre-flight briefing

Ch-11 Search and Rescue

Search and rescue – 24 hours

Land areas: National Aeronautical search & rescue coordination committee & ministry of civil
aviation

AAI through 4 RCC (rescue coordination centre) : Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai

MRCC: Mumbai, Chennai and port blair

Vessels with a/c (oceans) : 2182khz, 4125kHz and 121.5Mhz

Survival equipment dropped by SAR – indicated by steamers of blue colour

Procedures for PIC at scene of accident

Before ambulance gets to the scene, other cars help the car & call the ambulance = same principle

Signals with surface craft :

By other a/c:

1. Circling the space craft at least once

- Rocking the wings
- Opening and closing the throttle
- Changing propeller pitch
2. Heading in the direction surface craft is directed

By surface craft to the signal –

1. Code pennant – vertical red & white stripes – meaning understood

2. Flashing of successions of T’s by signal lamp in morse code
3. Changing heading to follow a/c

For indicating unable to comply

1. Hoisting international flag N (blue & white checkered square)

2. Flashing of N’s in morse code

Require assistant – V ;Medical assistant- X ; No/negative – N ;Yes/ affirmative – Y;Proceed in

direction – arrow pointing top

Operation completed – LLL Found all personnel – LL

Found Some person – same as gliders Not able to continue – XX

Nothing found continue search – NN

These symbols at least 2.5m ; satellite aided Search & rescue = 406mHz

Local user terminal – Bangalore & Lucknow

International Mission control centres – Bangalore

SAR agreement with Royal govt of Bhutan

Ch-12 Visual Aids

Landing direction indicator: Should be in the form of T,

Signals panels and signal areas

Above an angle of 10degree and height of 300m, even horizontal surface of 9m sq., white border not
less than 0.3m wide.

Markings: in case of intersecting runway Less imp runway should be interrupted, taxiway can be
interrupted.

Order of importance:

1. Precision approach runway

2. Non-precision approach rwy
3. Non-instrument runway

Runway marking – white; taxiways markings & turn pad – yellow

Apron Safety Lines – ground vehicles. Safe separation from a/c. red colour in India.

Operation takes place at night – Reflective materials

2 parallel runway – L, R

3 parallel runway – L, C, R

Runway centre line Marking

Length of the stripe + gap = 50-75m

Width of the stripes:

0.90m on precision approach CAT 2 and 3 runways

0.45m on non-precision approach code no.3 or 4, precision approach cat 1 runways

0.30m on non-precision approach code no. 1 or 2& non instrument runways

Threshold markings:

The stripe of the threshold marking commence 6m from the threshold.

18m – 4 stripes, 23m – 6 stripes, 30m – 8 stripes ,45m – 12 stripes , 60m – 16 stripes

Except on non-precision approach & non-instrument rwys 45m or greater

 Transverse stripes

Code 1 runways are less than 800 metres long, Code 2 runways are 800-1199 metres long, Code 3
runways are 1200-1799 metres long and Code 4 runways are 1800 metres or more in length.

Aiming point marking

An aiming point provided at approach end of the runway where code number is 2,3, or 4

Touch down zone

Touch down zone – code number 2,3,4

Less than 900m = pair of markings 1

900 – 1200m = pair of markings 2

1200 – 1500m = pair of markings 3

1500 – 2400 = pair of markings 4

2400m + = pair of markings 5

Runway side stripe markings

A runway side stripe should have a width of at least 0.9m on runways 30m+ in width and atleast
0.45m on narrower runway

Taxiiway centre line markings

Taxiway centreline markings provided on a paved taxiiway, de-icing facility and apron where the
code number is 3 or 4

Taxiway centre line marking on a paved runway when there’s no centre line marking or when the
texiway centre line not coincident with the runway centre line

Taxiway centre lines should be atleast 15cm in width

Isolated aircraft Parking Position

An isolated aircraft parking position should be at a max distance possible and in any case not less
than 100m from other parking positions

VOR aerodrome checkpoint Marking

Characteristics: consists of circle 6m diamter and have a line width of 15cm

Ch-14 National laws

The aircraft act,1934

It applies to whole of india and also to

- Citizens of india
- To and to the pax on board the a/c registered in india
- To and to the pax on board the foreign a/c being in or over india
- a/c operated by person whose citizen or principle place of business or PR in india

power to exempt certain a/c : central govt

the prohibition of slaughtering or flaying of animals, depositing of rubbish etc not permit with 10km
from ARP

Power to detain the a/c : Any authority in behalf of the central govt may detain any a/c

- danger to persons on board the a/c or to any other persons/ property

- necessary to prevent contravention of any rules

Ch-15 personal licensing

Licenses granted, renewed and varied – central govt

Educational qualifications:

10th : SPL, PPL (a/h), pilot license (G/B/microlight a/c), FRTOL

12th : CPL(A/H), ATPL, student navigator’s license, flight navigator’s license, student flight engineer,
Flight engineer, FRTOL

Cross country flight:

Beyond a radius of 100NM

For PPL and pilot license of microlight a/c : 50NM

Validity of medical assessment

Class 1 : one year up to 60 years and then 6 months

- CPL
- ATPL
- PPL with IR

Class 2 : 2 years up to 50 years and then 1year

- PPL
- Pilot’s license (microlight)
- SPL (A/H/G/B/M)
- FRTOL

Class 3: up to 40 years – 4 years; 40 to 50 – 2 years ; 50+ - 1 year

- Student ATCO license

- ATCO license

Conditions under which can deemed invalid

- Sickness or injury for 15 days

- Injury which can cause incapacity or impair the efficiency

the licensee shall let the DGCA know. And shall be invalid until passes fresh medical examination

Validity of license
Valid from the date of the issue.

Renewal should be done before 1 month of date of expiry

PPL, pilot license, FRTO, Flight engineer – 10 years ; all other – 5 years

Minimum age :

No person below the age of 16 years shall have sole control of the a/c

SPL- 16 years ; PPL- 17 years; CPL- 18 years; ATPL – 21 years

Maximum age:

1. Not more than 65 years

2. Not more than 60 years, except if copilot is less than 60 years of age. This rule shall not apply
for the a/c whose weight less than 5700kg

Student pilot licenses

Knowledge : oral examination in met, regs, nav, aircrafts and engines

Security clearance: from the state police by the flying club and furnished to DGCA

Renewal : before 12 months of medical assessment; 24 m – validity

The SPL is issued by the flight club

Privileges:

- Fly under supervision of instructors

- VFR only
- Cannot carry pax, animals or remuneration
- Cannot do x country flight without 10hrs of solo

PPL

Knowledge: written exam in regs, nav, met, aircrafts and engines. However if he has PPL(H) or CPL
(H) shall pass only aircrafts and engines

Experience: 40 hours of flight time at least

- Solo: 20hrs
- 5 hours solo x country – 150NM, 2 full stop landing at 2 different aerodromes
- 10 hrs of solo completed in 12 months
- 50% on microlight/glider can be counted in preceeding 24 months, max 10hrs

Competency test not later than 6 months

Renewal:

- Undergone medical examination

- 5 hours of flight time as PIC in 12 months or flying test in 6 months

Ratings :

An open rating for single piston engine for a/c not less than 1500kg. may also be granted if he has
more than 250hrs as PIC and 4 different a/c rating
This shall be exercised only after showing ground & flight familiarization test with an instructor &
instructor record in the log book

Night rating: 50hrs as PIC , 5 hrs by night with5 t/o and landing in last 6 months

- Dual x country flight with 100NM

- 5 hrs IR dual with not more than 2.5hrs on Simulator

Extension of aircraft rating:

- Passed written exam of aircrafts and engines

- Dual & solo flights for competency
- Flight test within 6 months

Privileges:

- No flight taken for remunerations but can take pax

CPL

Knowledge: regs, met, nav, engines and aircraft and signals

Helicopter license holder only aircrafts and engines

Experience: 200hours

- 100 hours PIC; not less than 15hours in last 6 months

- 24hrs X country of 300NM with 2 full stop landings
- 10hrs Instrument time – not more than 5 on simulator
- 5 hours by night with 10 t/o and landing in the last 6 months

Helicopter license holder requirement will be dropped from 200hrs to 100hrs

- 75hrs PIC in which 25hrs X country and 10 hrs IR with 5hrs on sim
- 5 hours by night with10 t/o and landings
- 10 hrs of flight time on aeroplane in last 6 months

Other requirements :

Shall carry a valid FRTOL

Skills :

He must have demonstrated his competency in last 6 months, however DGCA may allow skill test on
an a/c or zero flight time training simulator level D. these should be demonstrated –

- General flying test by day

- General flying test by night
- X country flight of 250NM with a full stop landing
- X country flight of 120 NM with no full stop landing elsewhere

Renewal :

- Having undergone a medical exam

- 10hrs flight time as PIC / co-pilot in last 6 months or general flying test by day and night in
last 6 months
- Current FRTOL
Aircraft rating –

- An open rating for single piston engine for a/c not less than 1500kg. may also be granted if
he has more than 500hrs as PIC and 4 different a/c rating

Proficiency check –

- To act as co-pilot for MCTOW of5700g+ proficiency chdckk shall be taken by DGCA
- Shall be valid for 6 months and renewed for a period of 6 months
- In case of renewal, check has been carried with 2 months of the date of expiry

Privileges :

- PIC of less than 5700kg

After 65 years, the privileges shall be as that of 60years

CPL with IR

Knowledge: regs, met, nav, engines and aircraft and signals

Helicopter license holder only aircrafts and engines

Experience: 200hours

- 100 hours PIC; in this 100hrs, not less than 30hrs as student pIC not more than 24hours X
country flights and not more than 10hrs circuits with min 10 landing ; not less than 15hours
in last 6 months
- 50hrs X country of 300NM with 2 full stop landings
- 50hrs Instrument time – not more than 20 on simulator; 5 hours of IR in last 6 months
- 5 hours by night with 10 t/o and landing in the last 6 months

Helicopter license holder requirement will be dropped from 200hrs to 100hrs

- 75hrs PIC in which 25hrs X country and 10 hrs IR with 5hrs on sim
- 5 hours by night with10 t/o and landings
- 10 hrs of flight time on aeroplane in last 6 months

Other requirements :

Shall carry a valid FRTOL

Skills :

He must have demonstrated his competency in last 6 months, however DGCA may allow skill test on
an a/c or zero flight time training simulator level D. these should be demonstrated –

- General flying test by day

- General flying test by night
- X country flight of 250NM with a full stop landing
- X country flight of 120 NM with no full stop landing elsewhere

Renewal :

- Having undergone a medical exam

- 10hrs flight time as PIC / co-pilot in last 6 months or general flying test by day and night in
last 6 months
 - Current FRTOL

ATPL

Knowledge: written & oral exam in regs, met, nav, avionics, a/c & engines and signals

Holder of current CPL shall not be reqd to pass regs and senior cpl shall not be reqd to pass any of
these exams

Experience:

- 250hrs as PIC or as co-pilot = 100hrs x country flight including 50hrs by night

- 500hrs X country flight
- 75hrs flight time by night
- 100hrs instrument time – 50hrs shall be on actual flight
- 20hrs of flight time within 6 months

Other requirements –

- He shall be holder of a CPL or senior CPL, this will be not the case for pilot from armed forces
- Shall have IR on multi
- FRTOL

Skills –

- Demonstrated on the type of multi engine aeroplane within 6 months

- The DGCA may allow skill test to be carried on the a/c or approved zero flight time training
simulator level D

Renewal :

- Having undergone a medical exam

- 10hrs flight time as PIC / co-pilot in last 6 months or general flying test by day and night in
last 6 months
- Current FRTOL
- Current IR on ME

Ratings :

- Open rating – not exceeding 5700kg, may also be granted if he has 1000 hrs as PIC on any
aeroplane having all up weight of 14000kg or more

in case of renewal it should be proficiency check should be carried out 2 months prior

Privileges:

- To exercise privileges of PPL and CPL

- PIC of a/c exceeding 5700kgs
1. 100hrs of flight time in that rating as a co pilot followed by route checks, not less than
5hrs by night
- Proficiency checks within last 6 months
- Possession of current IR
Instrument rating

Knowledge: written & oral exam in regs, met, nav and IR

Experience : 100 hrs of flight time not less than 50 hrs of X country flight

- 40 hrs IR in which 20hrs Simulator ; 5hours of IR in 6 months

Other requirements:

- Holder of Current pilot’s license

- FRTOL

Validity:

- Valid for 12 months after the IR test

- Renewal : within 2months

Renewal:

- Completed the IR flying test

- Valid FRTOL

Ch-16 Airworthiness of aircraft

Designed, constructed and operated according to airworthiness requirements of state of registry

The council has urged the contracting state not to impose operational procedures on the visiting a/c
provided theyre lower requirements than the standards

Type certificate: to define the type design and signify its approval

Technical standards apply to a/c over 5700kg MCTOM

A person shall not carryout modification or repair unless prescribed/approved by DGCA

Airworthiness of aircraft suspended:

fails to confirm with the requirements

Modified or repaired

Suffers major damage

Develops major defect

If DGCA has reasonable doubts:

a. Suspend airworthiness
b. Require the a/c repair
c. a/c shall not be flown when its suspended
d. if director gen issue special flight permit under request of operator

ch-17 Operational procedures

annex 6- part 2- September 1969

annex 6 – part 3 – November 1986

Methods of carriage of persons:
- no person should be in any place not designed for accommodation of persons unless temporary
access given by the commander and this shall be ensured by the operator

Admission to flight deck: no person allowed unless that person is

- an operating crew member

- a representative of authority responsible for certification, licensing or inspection
- permitted by, and carried accordance with with instruction contained in the operation
manual

the final decision regarding the admission to the flight deck shall be the responsibility of the
commander

unauthorised carriage: an operator ensure that no person secretes himself or secretes cargo on
board an aeroplane.

Portable electronic device: operator shall not permit any person to use, affect the performance of
the aeroplane’s systems & equipment.

Documents to be carried :

- certificate of registration
- certificate of airworthiness
- Airworthiness review certificate
- A document attesting noise certification
- Air operator’s permit
- License for each member of flight crew
- License for radio communication apparatus
- Journey logbook approved by dgca
- Operations manual
- Minimum equipment list
- Flight manual
- Cabin crew manual
- Cockpit and emergency checklist
- Aeroplane procedure checklist
- Maintenance release/ certificate to release to service
- Layout of passenger arrangement (LOPA)
- Emergency and safety equipment layout
- Route guides
- Current suitable navigation charts/map
- Weight schedule
- Load and trim sheet
- If carrying a passenger, list of their names, places of embarkation and destination
- If carrying dangerous goods, a list of such goods. This list must be bought to the notice of
PIC, before the flight.
- Insurance policy covering passengers and their bags, crew, third party risks, hull loss

All operators of passenger a/c shall provide passenger safety info briefing card at every passenger
seat location

Information retained on the ground:

An operator shall ensure that:

- Info relevant to the flight and appropriate for the type of operation is preserved on the
ground
- The information is retained until it has been duplicated at the place at which it’ll be stored in
accordance with rules
- The same info is carried in a fireproof container in the aeroplane

Power to inspect: an operator shall ensure that any person authorized by the authority is permitted
at any time to board and fly in any aeroplane operated in accordance with an AOC issued by that
authority

Operator certification

Air operator permit/certificate(AOC): a permit/certificate to carry out specific commercial air

transport operations

State of operator: the state in which operator’s principle place of business or permanent residence

Validity of an AOC: it depends on the operator maintaining the original certification under
supervision of the state of operator

Operational Requirements

Operation benefits: Aeroplanes equipped with automatic landing system, a head-up displays,
equivalent displays, enhanced vision systems (Evs), synthetic vision systems (SVS), combined vision
systems(CVS) or combination of those system into a hybrid systems

Use of ATS: an operator shall ensure that ATS are used for all flights whenever available.

An aeroplane shall be provided with nav equipment which enable it to proceed: in accordance with
its operational flight plan; in accordance with the requirements of ATS

Instrument departure and approach procedures

- An operator shall ensure that instrument departure and approach procedures established by
the state in which aerodrome is located are used

Carriage of person with reduced mobility: no person shall refuse to carry person with disability or
persons with reduced mobility and their assistive aids/devices, escorts and guide dogs incl presence
in their cabin, inform at the time of booking and check in for travel, inform the airlines of their
requirements

Carriage of inadmissible passengers, deportees or persons in custody:

To ensure the safety of the aeroplane, the commander must be notified

Stowage of baggage and cargo:

A operator shall ensure that only hand baggage is allowed into passenger cabin

A operator shall establish procedures to ensure baggage that cause injury or damage or obstruct
aisle, is placed in stowages designed to prevent movement

Passenger seating: an operator shall ensure that before taxying, take off and landing all exits are
unobstructed; all equipments and baggage is properly secured.
Smoking on board: no person on board is allowed to smoke:

a. Whenever deemed necessary in the interest of safety

b. In those areas of cabin where oxygen is being supplied
c. On ground unless specifically permitted in accordance with procedures defined in
operations manual

Take off conditions:

Before commencing t/o a commander must satisfy himself that according to the info available to
him, the weather at the aerodrome at the aerodrome and the condition of the runway intended to
be used should not prevent a safe t/o and departure

Applications of t/o minimas: before commencing t/o, a commander must satisfy himself that the
RVR/ viz in the t/o direction of the aeroplane

RVSM: FL290 and FL410, shall be authorised by DGCA for operation in the airspace concerned and
shall demonstrate a vertical navigation performance in according with the rules

Low visibility : low visibility procedures (LVP) : low visibility t/o, cat 2 and cat 3 approaches

Low visibility t/o (LVTO) : t/o on a runway where the RVR is less than 400m

Low visibility operations – general operating rules:

An operator shall not conduct cat 2 or cat 3 unless:

- Each aeroplane concerned is certified for operations with decision heights below 200ft or no
decision height and equipped in accordance with equipment accepted by the authority
- A suitable system for recording approach and automatic landing success is established and
maintained to the overall safety
- Operations are approved by the authority
- FC consists of at least 2 pilots
- Dh is determined by means of radio altimeter

Low viz t/o is less than 400m RVR unless approved by DGCA , scheduled operators maybe authorised
LVTO minima upto 125m.

90m visual segment shall be available from the cockpit at the start of the t/o run

Non-scheduled and general aviation operators shall not conduct t/o below 500m RVR

An operator shall not conduct t/o with RVR less than standard cat 1 conditions of 550m RVR800m

Low visibility operations – minimum equipment

Windshield wipers for both PIC and co-pilot, window heat system for all heated cockpit windows,
anti-skid system and thrust reversers for all engines

Normal Aerodrome operating minima: applied by scheduled and general aviation operators

Restricted AOM: additives of height and viz to the normal AOM

Operators shall ensure that only info promulgated by the AAI through AIS is used for calculating
AOM

Restricted AOM = normal AOM DA(H)/ MDA (H) + 100ft and normal AOM viz
Commencement and continuation of approach :

The approach shall not be continued: below 1000ft above the aerodrome and into the final approach
segment

If RVR isn’t available, rvr derived by converting the reported viz

If after entering the final approach segment or descending below 1000ft above the aerodrome
elevation, the approach maybe continued to DA/H or MDA/H

The approach maybe continued below DA/H or MDA/H and the landing maybe completed provided
that the reqd visual reference is established DA/H or MDA/H and is maintained
VFR operating minima :

Special VFR flights aren’t permitted for commercial air transport aeroplanes

Instrument and safety equipment requirements

Windshield wipers: MCTO 5700kg operator shall not operate

Flight recorders: flight data recorders, cockpit voice recorder, airborne image recorder, data link
recorder

All aeroplanes of a Max certified t/o mass over 15000kg which are required to be equipped with
both a CVR & FDR

All FDR’s records at least 25hours; CVR/CARS last two hour

All aeroplanes of a MCTO mass over 27000kg CVR – lasts 25 hours

CVR/CARS shall not use magnetic tape or wire for recording

All aeroplanes’ data source with a resolution 7.62 m or better.

GPWS : all turbo jet aeroplanes of a MCTO mass in excess of 5700kg, carry more than 9 passengers
should be equipped with a forward looking wind shear warning system and a ground proximity
warning system which has a forward looking terrain avoidance function.

ACAS II : excess of 5700kg or more than 19 pax

Security of the flight crew compartment: All passengers MCTO mass in excess of 45,500kg or
passenger seating greater than 60 shall

First aid kits:

Passengers First aid kits

0-100 1
101-199 2
200-299 3
300+ 4
Oxygen supply:

Absolute Pressure Metres Feet

700 hPa 3000 10000
620 hPa 4000 13000
376 hPa 7600 25000
Shall not be operated in pressure of 700hpa shall not be commenced unless sufficient stored
breathing oxygen is carried to supply:

- Crew passengers and the 10% passengers for any period in excess of 30mins between
700hPa and 620hPa

Megaphones: passengers seating – 61 to 99 = 1 microphone reqd, 100+ = 2 microphone reqd.

ELT : carry more than 19 pax

Minimum fuel requirements

Trip fuel: should be calculated till landing at aerodrome and taking into consideration of the
conditions

Operated without alternate destination: +15mins at holding speed of 450m above destination
aerodrome elevation in standard condition. So 45+15mins

Final reserve fuel: 45 mins and for turbine – 30 mins

Augmented Flight crew :- Flight crew member to leave the post and take in-flight rest and any other
person with equal or higher qualification take the place

Duty period: commence when FC does a duty and ends when free of all duties

Flight duty period: FC report for a duty till the engine off

Flight time : Chocks to chocks

Mixed duty: when Fc is required to report earlier of the stipulated reporting time to carry out a duty
shall be part of the flight duty period

Long range : duty period = 12 to 14 hours; FDP= 18hrs

Positioning or deadheading : the transfer of non-operating FC from place to place

Rest facility: on board the a/c

Break: shorter than a rest period but is free of all the duties

Ultra long range operation: flight time = 14 hours; FDP = 22hrs

Window of circadian low (wocl): 0200 hr to 0600hr

Operator’s responsibility

1. Establish scheme limitations of flight duty period, duty period etc

2. Prepare roster in advance and published atleast for a 7 day period and weekly rest shall be
printed
3. Shall assign the home/temporary base

Responsibility of the Fc

1. No FC shall accept an assignment which shall exceed the prescribed limitation

2. Not perform flight duties if fatigued and can affect the safety of the a/c

Flight time and flight duty period: two pilot ops::

Max flight time – 8 hours; Max flight duty period – 11.00 – 6 landing, 11.30 – 5 landing, 12.00 – 4
landings, 12.30 – 3 landings

10 hours ; max flight duty period : 13.30; ½

Augmented crew : 12 hours – 14.00 – 2 ; 14 hours – 18:00 – 2

Max cumulative flight time Max flight time limitations Max cumulative duty period
limitations (in hours)
7 consecutive days 35 60
14 consecutive days 65 100
28 consecutive days 100 190
90 consecutive days 300 600
365 consecutive days 1000 1800

Flight time max by 1.5hrs

FDP by max of 3hrs

Records: shall be kept for 18 months

The duty time : Flight Time And Flight Duty Period Limit

A pilot can fly in 30 consecutive days - 100 hrs PIC & 30 hrs as Co pilot

Max flying hours for a flight crew in one year : 1000hrs

18 Special Operational Procedures And Hazards

DGCA may require the minimum equipment list of an operator approved to specify the operating
equipment required for night and IMC condition and VMC/day.

Master minimum equipment list drawn by manufacturer and approved by DGCA.

Aeroplane Flight Manual: operated in accordance with this by state of design.

Deicing : Procedure by which frost, ice, snow, slush is removed by use of heated aircraft deicing fluid

Anti-icing : AAIF used to put on surface free of frozen contaminants.

These are used only till the aircraft is airborne

The most effect method bird scaring is shell cracker.

Fire/smoke:

Combustion – oxygen, heat and fuel. eliminate one element.

Fuel supply cut off, no more oxygen, temp cooled

Fire Type of fire Extinguisher Colour

Class A Wood, paper, cloth, Water/glycol
plastic extinguisher
Class B Flammable liquid, Foam/ halon fire Black
hydraulic fluid, oil, extinguisher
 tar or aircraft fuel
Class c Electrical equipment Halon fire extinguisher Light grey/white with
slight bluish tint. Acrid
odor
Class D Flammable metals Special powder
such as Na, mg, li extinguisher
and K

Halon/BCF (green) – used for A,B and C

Carbon dioxide (black) – B and C

Dry powder (blue) – D

Dry chemical (blue) – A,B and C fires

Water solution ( red) – A

Halon is 3 times more effective than CO2. When halon used the crew should carry a portable
breathing equipment. Atleast one halon 1211 should be carried in different places on board.

But because it depletes the ozone, the use of halon is only permitted in the cargo compartment as of
28.11.24.

Actions in case of overheated brakes after aborted t/o and landing:

Overheated brakes: Kinetic energy lost after slowing an a/c down usually translated into heat by
friction and could result in:

Loss of braking performance, fire, tyre deflation/tyre burst.

Cabin pressurization: pumping of compressed air into the aircraft cabin. Loss of pressurisation is a
mayday situation.

Causes: 1. Structural failure

2. Pressurisation system failure 3. Deliberate act to clear the cabin smoke..

Rapid of explosive decompression:

Decompression of a/c which takes less than 0.5sec is explosive.

Slow decompression: decompression is just slower

Greatest danger of decompression – incapacitation due to hypoxia

Time of useful consciousness – the time to actually be in consious without passing out like putting
oxygen masks etc

the altitude the a/c flying on and the cabin altitude are different due to pressurisation. So if the
cabin altitude exceeds 10,000ft-depressurization warning. passenger oxygen mask drop- between
13200-14000ft.

ACTIONS:: oxygen and rapid descent

Microburst: headwind during t/o ( performance increase) followed by downdraught ( performance
decrease) and then tailwind ( performance decrease) which puts the a/c lower than its actual path
resulting in the crash.

Characteristic of microburst:

1. Size 1nm and diameter 2000ft AGL

2. Intensity – 6000fpm
3. Microburst accompanied with virga
4. Rarely longer than 15mins. Max intensity 2-4 mins. Line structure as long as 1 hour

Microburst starts multiple microbursts in the same area expected

Wake turbulence:

All aerofoils produce wake when they produce lift

The higher pressure under the wing tries to displace the lower pressure over the wing, this is why
induced drag noticed with increased lift . highest flow at the wing tip.

When seen from behind, left – clockwise , right – counterclockwise. Spread laterally from the rear of
the a/c. horizontally upto 5 miles, vertically (downwards) – 500-900ft.

Categories of aircraft

MCTOW – maximum certified take off weight

Light - 7000kg MCTOW

Medium – 7000-13600kg

Heavy- 13600 or more

Superheavy – 5,60,000 kg. A380-800

Wake turbulence longitudinal separation minima:

Arriving a/c:

S.no Leading a/c Following a/c Separation minima

1 Super heavy Medium 3 mins
2 Super heavy Light 4 mins
3 Heavy Medium 2 mins
4 Heavy/medium Light 3 mins

Departing a/c :

These rules apply only if:

Taking off from the same runway

Parallel runways separated by less than 760m

Crossing runways

Parallel runway more than 760 metres but cross the flight path of the first a/c at or less than 1000ft
S.no Leading a/c Following a/c Separation minima
1. S H 2 mins
2. S M/L 3 mins
3. H L/M 2 mins
4. M L 2 mins

Intermediate part of same/parallel runway:

S.no Leading a/c Following a/c Separtion minima

1. S M/L 4 mins
2. H M/L 3 mins
3. M L 3 mins\

Displaced threshold :

SI.no Leading a/c Following a/c Separation minima

1. A380-800 A L/M 3
2 A380-800 D L/M 3
3 Heavy A L/M D 2
4 Med D Light D 2
5 Heavy D Light/medium A 2
6 Medium D Light A 2

Wake turbulence separation minima:

Preeceding a/c Succeeding a/c Separation

A380-800/ Non A380-800 A380-800 Not required
heavy
A380-800 Heavy 6nm
Medium 7nm
Light 8nm
Heavy Heavy 5nm
Medium 5nm
Light 6nm
Medium Heavy Not required
Medium Not required
Light 5nm
Light Heavy Not required
Medium Not required
Light Not required

Dealing With Wake turbulence

Greatest when generating airplane is heavy, clean, slow.

Handling wake turbulence:

 Fly upwind rather than downwind

Ditching: forced or precautionary landing on water

 Fuel Jettisoning

Dumping of fuel.

- Away from cities or towns, preferably over water and away from where theres
thunderstorm or it is expected
- Not less than 1800m
- ATC should tell the duration of fuel dumping

Separation :

a. Atleast 10nm horizontally, but not behind the a/c dumping fuel
b. Vertical separation if within 15mins or 50nm, if above 300m and if below 900m

If radio silence during dumping the frequency to be monitored by flight crew

Dangerous goods that are forbidden:

- That are forbidden in the technical instructions

- Live infected animals

Aircraft braking coefficient dependent on the surface friction between surface and aircraft tyres. Less
friction, less braking coefficient, less braking

When the runway is wet, 115% of landing distance available

Dynamic Hydroplanning: hydroplaning or aqua planning is when the standing water deeper than the
tread depth of the tires. Anti-skid minimize effect of the aquaplaning

Ch-19 Communications
QDL – to know bearings – to navigate to a destination

QDM – magnetic heading to

QDR – Magnetic heading from

QFE – pressure set according ground level

QFU- magnetic direction for the runway to be used

QTE- true heading from

QUJ – true heading to

QGH – Controlled descent through clouds

Priorities of messages: distress messages> urgent messages > communication related to direction
finding > Flight safety messages > meteorological msgs > flight regularity messages.

Numbers:

Number Phonetic pronunciation

Zero Zee-Ro
One Wun
Two Too
Three tree
Four Fow-Er
Five Fife
Six Six
Seven Sev-En
Eight Ait
Nine Nin-Er
Hundred Hun-dred
Thousand Tou-Sand

Transmission of time: only the minutes. Hour if necessary. UTC.

Acknowledge: received and understood ; break – separation between portion of message; break
break different a/c

Necessary for the test – not continue more than 10 sec

Radar identification of a/c: an a/c must be identified before it can be provided with radar services

Pilots shouldn’t assume theyre receiving radar service especially outside controlled airspaces

The pilot will be warned if identification is lost and instructions given

SSR: read back specific setting

Radar vectoring: aircrafts given specific vectors to fly in order to establish separation

Necessary to know the a/c heading

When vectoring is complete, pilots can assume their own navigation

Weather information terms (VFR)

Current weather messages and reports:

METAR: aviation routine weather report

SPECI: aviation selected special weather report

TREND: expected changes in next 2 hours

TAF: aerodrome forecast

ROFOR : route forecast

Sigmet information : info issued by met watch office for specified route
AIRMET info: info issued by met watch office for specified route for low level flying

1-2 octas = few

3-4 = scattered

5-7 = broken

8 = overcast

Cavok : viz is 10km or more, cloud below 1500m, no cumulonimbus, no precipitation, ts, shallow fog,
low drifting snow
Air/ground communications:

Air/ground – HF radio, VHF radio, UHF radio, remote controlled air ground communication

ADS- CPDLC service is at available at Mumbai, delhi, Kolkata and Chennai

Automatic terminal info service (ATIS) :

Broadcast is related to the terminal aerodrome and is continuous and repetitive

Data link – ATIS provided through Pre-FANS data link

Weather broadcast

Voice weather broadcast

Meteorological aerodromes report – HF frequencies

The callsign of VOLMET, frequency, operating hours and contents published in AIP

VOLMET broadcast by Mumbai and Kolkata stations on HF

Distress and urgency procedure

Frequencies :

121.5/243 Mhz : international VHF/UHF distress frequencies

2182KHz: international distress frequency (MF band)

500KHz: international maritime distress frequency

Squawk: 7500- hijack; 7600-communications; 7700- emergency

ELT transmission: 121.5MHz, 243MHz and 406MHz

Wake turbulence : heavy aircraft wake turbulence the term HEAVY should be used, the term super
heavy should be in case of A380

Ground wave : a wave received from transmitter or after reflection from ground

Sky wave: a wave received after getting refracted from atmosphere

1.579 Ghz UHF- radio aid that uses a frequency of 19 cm.

Weather radar is Centrimetric

The wavelength of HF is metric

frequency means The number of complete waveforms passing a spot in one second

The VOLMET broadcasts include information about: METARs for selected airfields

approach control radar departures - APPROACH RADAR

correct way of expressing visibility: Visibility 1200 meters

An aircraft station fails to establish radio contact with an aeronautical station on the designated
frequency. What action is required by the pilot: Attempt to establish contact with the station on an
alternative frequency
An aircraft encountering radio communication failure on an IFR flight in IMC has to commence
descent over the designated navigation aid serving the destination aerodrome (no EAT received): At,
or as close to, the ETA resulting from the current flight plan

20- Aircraft accident and incident

The annex spells out participation in investigation – state of occurance, registry, operator, design
and manufacturer

Applicability:

State of operator in case the a/c is leased, chartered or interchanged ie state of operator is different
from state of registry

Provision: any state which provides info, facility or experts to the state conducting the investigation
should accredit representative to participate in investigation

Final report should be sent to appropriate states and to the ICAO, in one of the working languages of
ICAO

A request by state of occurrence for participation to the state of design and manufacturer shall in
accident/serious incident – for over 100000kg

National provision

Accident :

1. Manned aircraft: from embarkation to disembarkation

2. Unmanned aircraft: comes to rest and primary propulsion shut down
3. Structural failure
4. Aircraft is missing
5.