THE MAHARAJA SAYAJIRAO UNIVERSITY OF BARODA

PHYSICS DEPARTMENT,

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

CURRICULUM

OF

M. Sc. PHYSICS Semester I

EFFECTIVE FROM 2012 -13 ONWARDS

Distribution of Credits for M. Sc. Semester - I

Sr. Course Title of core courses Credit

No code
1 PHY2101 MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS- I 3
2 PHY2102 CLASSICAL MECHANICS 4
3 PHY2103 ELECTRONICS 4
4 PHY2104 ATOMIC & MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 4
5 PHY2105 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS 2
6 PHY2106 LABORATORY 7
7 PHY2107 SEMINAR 1
Total 25
 M.Sc. Physics Semester-I Syllabus

PHY2101: MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS I (3 Credits)

Unit I: TENSORS AND GROUP THEORY:

Tensor analysis : introduction, definitions, contraction, direct product, summation
convention, quotient rule, pseudotensors, Levi-Civita symbol, Irreducible tensors,
Metric tensor.
Group Theory:Definition of the group axioms, multiplication table, classes,
subgroups,
G sets, Homomorphism, Representation general and irreducible, Schur’s lemma,
characters, character table.
[15 hours]
Unit II :
THEORY OF TRANSFORM AND CONTINUOUS GROUPS
Expression of the Piecewise continuous periodic function in finite interval, properties,
simple problems, applications, Fourier transform, Convolution, Parseval’s theorem,
Momentum representation, Dirac delta function, convolution product, solving
differential equation with given boundary conditions with transform. Continuous
groups: Rotation group SO(3), Lie groups and Lie algebra, special unitary (SU)
groups, SU(2) group.
[15 hours]
Unit III :
SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION WITH VARIABLE
CO-EFFICIENTS AND SPECIAL FUNCTIONS I
Regular point; Simple pole, Series solution-indicial equation, Recurrence relation,
Convergence of the series, Existence and evaluation of the second order solution,
Hermite polynomials and their properties. Legendre polynomials and Associated
Legendre polynomials, Recurrence relations, Orthogonality and Generating functions,
[15 hours]
Text Books:
1. Mathematical methods for physicists : G. B. Arfken and H. J. Weber
5th edition Academic press/Elsevier science, India 2000.
2. Mathematical methods for physics and engineering K. F. Riley, M. P. Hobson
and S. J. Bence, Cambridge university press 1998 (Low-price edition)
3. Advanced Engineering Mathematics Kreyzing 8th edition, 2006, John Wiley & Sons
(Asia Pvt.), Singapore .
5. Mathematical physics P. K. Chattopadhyay: 1990, New age international publisher New
Delhi.
6. Elements of Group theory for physics A. W. Joshi, 4th edition reprint 2002
New age international publishers, New Delhi.
References books:
1. Mathematics of Classical and Quantum Physicsvol. I and II by Robert W. Fuller,
Frederick W. 1992 Courier Dover Publications, NY, USA
2. Mathematical methods for physical sciences by M. L. Boas, 3rd edition 2006, John Wiley
and Sons, New York (2nd Ed. 1983)
3. Advanced mathematical methods for scientists and engineers Carl M. Bender and
Steven A. Oraszag, Springer, 1999

2
 M.Sc. Physics Semester-I Syllabus

PHY2102: CLASSICAL MECHANICS (4 Credits)

Unit –I
Mechanics of a particles and two body central force problem
(Review: mechanics of a system of particles, system subjected to different constraints
and various examples, generalized coordinates) D’ Alembert’s principle, Lagrange’s
equations, problems, deduction of Lagrange’s equation from D’ Alembert’s principle,
applications of Lagrange’s equation, generalized momenta and energy, (Review:
Cyclic or Ignorable coordinates).
Calculus of variations: The Euler-Lagrange equation, First integral geodesics,
Thebrachistochrone, Minimum surface of revolution, Several dependent variable
[15 hours]
Unit-III
HAMILTONIAN FORMULATION:Hamilton’s principle, Lagrange’s equation
from Hamilton’s principle, Rayleigh’s dissipation function, integral of motion,
symmetry properties of space and time and conservation theorems.Reduction to one
body problem, center of mass and relative motion, equation of motion and first
integrals, equivalent one dimensional problem, Principle of least action, Hamilton’s
principle, derivation of Hamilton’s equation of motion for holonomic system from
Hamilton’s principle and characteristic functions.
[15 hours]
Unit -II
RIGID BODY :(Review: number of degree of freedom, Euler’s angles and Euler’s
theorem), infinitesimal rotation, rate of change of vector, (Review : Coriolis force,
angular momentum and kinetic energy of a rigid body), the inertia tensor and
moment of inertia, principle axes transformation, Euler’s equation of motion.
Precession of a charged body in a magnetic field.
Small oscillations, normal modes and coordinates, transition from a discrete to a
continuous system, the Lagrangian formulation for continuous system, constant of
motion and symmetry properties.
[15 hours]
Unit-IV
CANONICAL TRANSFORMATION AND HAMILTONIAN – JACOBI
THOERY:
Canonical transformation and its examples, generating functions, Poisson brackets,
equation of motion, invariance of Poisson brackets under canonical transformations,
angular momentum, Poisson brackets relations, infinitesimal canonical
transformation, problems, Hamilton’s principle and characteristic function,
separation of variables in H – J method, action angle variables interpretation (for/with
one degree of freedom).
[15 hours]
TEXT BOOKS
1. Introduction to classical mechanics by Golstein Poole &Safko (Pearson
Education , Asia) 1steditin, 2002 ( Low Price Editin)
2. Classical Mechanics – N. C. Rana and P. S. Jog 1991, Tata McGraw-Hill
Pub. Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
3. Introduction to Classical Mechanics R. G. Takwale and P. S. Puranik,
1979, Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co. Ltd., New Delhi.

3
 M.Sc. Physics Semester-I Syllabus

PHY2103: ELECTRONICS (4 Credits)

Unit –I :
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE PHYSICS:
Energy distribution of electrons in a semi conductors, The Fermi-Dirac function, The
density of states, Carrier concentration in an intrinsic semiconductor, Fermi level in a
semiconductor having impurities, Band structure of open circuit p-n junction, Basic
semiconductor equations, The p-n diode volt-ampere equation.
DIGITAL CIRCUITES:
Concept of Binary and Hexadecimal number systems, BCD codes, Introduction to
RTL, DTL, TTL and COMOS logic families, Boolean algebra, De Morgan’s theorem,
Karnaugh mapping, Half adder, Full adder and subtractor.
Flip Flop circuits, RS, J-K, Master slave, D type and T type FF circuits.
[15 hours]
Unit-II
COUNTERS:
Asynchronous and Synchronous (up and down) Mode-N-counters, ring counters and
counters as frequency dividers.
SHIFT RESISTORS:
Basic shift resisters, Left right shift resistor, serial in and parallel out, Parallel in and
serial-out, Parallel-in and Parallel-out shift resistors,
Multiplexers and De-multiplexers, Encoders, Decoders, and Buffers.
[15 hours]
Unit –III
APPLICATION OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER:
Review of fundamentals (Inverting and non-inverting amplifier), Analog Amplifier:-
adder, Sub, Multiplication, Voltage to current, current to voltage converter, Integrator,
differentiator, comparators, and Schmidt, trigger.
Amplifiers:
Two stage RC coupling (Potential), Inductive Coupling, Transformer Coupling, Class
A amplifier, efficiency and push pull operation, AC load line and Q point, power
output, Class B push pull amplifier, Cascaded stages, Tuned class C amplifier.
[15 hours]
Unit IV
OSCILLATORS:
Theory of oscillators, Hartley / Collpitts oscillators, phase shift oscillators, crystal
oscillators, Wein Bridge oscillators.
UJT:
Characteristics, relaxation oscillator, As a switch and UJT.
[15 hours]

Text books:
1. Integrated Electronics by Milman and Halkias, McGraw-Hill.
2. Digital Technology By Virendra Kumar , New Age International
3. Fundamental of Electronics Devices by Milman and Halkias, McGraw-Hill.
4. Digital Principles and Application by Malvino and Leach (TMH).
5. Hand Book of Electronics – Gupta and Kumar, Pragati Prakashan.
6. Digital Technology by Tokheim - TMH

4
 M.Sc. Physics Semester-I Syllabus

PHY2104: ATOMIC & MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY (4 Credits)

UNIT – I:
Intensity rules, central field approximation, interaction energy in L-S coupling and j-j
coupling (two electron system). Broadening of spectral lines, natural broadening, Doppler
broadening and external effects, nuclear spin and hyperfine structure.
Lasers :- Active medium, light amplification in an inverted active medium, methods of
creating population inversion, principal pumping schemes. Quality factor, different kinds of
losses in a cavity, laser induced fluorescence,
[15 hours]
Unit -II
Astronomy and astrophysics : Basics of observational astronomy and astrophysics,
Observed properties of stars (basics) Stellar evolution : Stars in formation, Virial-theorem,
stellar energy generation, stellar energy cycle, evolution of stars, and end states of stars –
white dwarfs, Neutron stars and black holes (qualitative), Mass radius relations, binary star
(introductory).
[15 hours]

UNIT – III:
Microwave spectroscopy :– Rigid rotator, non-rigid rotator, intensity of rotational lines,
band head formation, intensity distribution in rotational structure, isotopic shift in rotational
lines, techniques and instrumentation.
IR Spectroscopy :– Vibrating diatomic molecule as a harmonic oscillator and an-harmonic
oscillator, vibrational frequency and force constant for an-harmonic oscillator, vibrating
rotator, isotopic shifts in vibrational bands, techniques and instrumentation.
[15 hours]

Unit-IV
Raman Spectroscopy:- Raman spectra, Classical and quantum theory of Raman effect,
Raman spectra and molecular spectra, infra-red spectra versus Raman spectra, principles of
laser Raman spectroscopy, Frank-Condon principle, Heitler and London theory of H2
molecule, NMR, EPR.
[15 hours]

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Elements of Spectroscopy by Gupta, Kumar, Sharma, Pragati Prakashan, 2007.
2. Laser Spectroscopy by W. Demtroder, 2nd Edition, Springer, 1998.
3. Astrophysics : stars and Galaxies by K. D. Abhyankar Universities press (India)
Limited 2001.
4. Astrophysics – A Modern Perspective by K.S. Krishnaswamy. New. Ag
International Publishers, 1996
5. Molecules Spectroscopy - C.N. Banwell, McGraw Hill 1985.
6. Molecules Spectra and Molecular Structure, Vol.- I, II and III, by G.Herzberg,
Van Nostrand Co., N.Y.1950.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Atomic Spectra by H.E. White.
2. Laser Physics and Applications by Tarasov.
3. Astronomy by Robert H. Baker.
4. Contemporary Astronomy by J. Pasacchoff CBS college publishing, 1981
5. Atomic and Moleculer Spectra by Rajkumar, Kedas North Ram North, 2008

5
 M.Sc. Physics Semester-I Syllabus

PHY2105: NUMERICAL ANALYSIS (2 Credits)

Unit -1

NUMERICAL METHODS:
Finite difference method, stability test, eigen values of matrix, matrix diagonalisation,
Monte Carlo method. Random number generator, multi-dimensional integrals.
Numerical differentiation, Numerical integration.

[15 Hours]
Unit - II

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
Reviews of basic concepts of FORTRAN-90 and 95, procedure with array, Function
and sub-program, subroutine, data statement, user defined operations, array values,
Do while, implicit statement, program of complex numbers and variables, processing
of files.
Examples:1) Lagrange interpolation
2) Millikan experiment with direct linear fit.
3) Derivatives with three points formulas.
4) To find the Madlung energy of the alkali halide types of ionic crystals.
5) To find the bond length of crystal like Nacl.

[15 Hours]

TEXT BOOKS:

1. FORTRAN – 90 & 95 by V. Rajaraman, 2004 Prentice Hall

Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Computational physics by S.F. Koonin (Addition – Wesley , NY) 1986
3. An introduction to computer simulationmethod PART – I (Addition – Wesley,
NY) 1998 by Gould and J. Tebochaik.
4. An introduction to computation physics by Tao Pang.(Cambridge Univ-Press, 1997)

6
 M.Sc. Physics Semester - I

PHY2106 [7 credits]

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
(A) General laboratory:

1. Child langmur`s law

2. Michelson interferometer I with Laser source
3. R-C coupled amplifier
4. Dissociation energy of I2 –molecule
5. Talbot bands
6. Rayleigh interferometer
7. Feed back amplifier
8. R. F. Oscillator
9. Gas filled photocell
10. Power factor of a coil
11. Regulated power supply
12. Logic Gates
13. Multivibrator
14. Β – Ray Absorption

(B) Computer Laboratory:

FORTRAN programming on various numerical method applied to physical problems.