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VIMALA CENTRAL SCHOOL
KARAMCODU P.o, CHATHANNOOR, KOLLAM, KERALA-691579

(AFFILIATED TO CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION NEW DELHI
CODE.NO. 930331)
In partial fulfilment of the requirementfor the second year of all Indian

Senior Secondary Certificate Examination, May 2022
PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
"RECTIFIER"
DONE BY :
Name Anakha R Krishna

Class Xll A
Register no
Admission no. 885
Year of study 2024-2025
Teacher in charge :
1.Suma M.S CERTIFIED
2.Sheeja K.V
Examiners : Principal :
1.
2.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project entitled "RECTIFIER" is
a bonafide work done by Anakha R Krishna of class Xll
under the guidance of Mrs. Sheeja K.V and Mrs. Suma M.S
teachers in charge.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I thank the Lord Almighty for His grace.
First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere thanks to
our beloved Rev. Fr. SAMUEL PAZHAVOOR PADICKAL the Director
of our school and appreciates the help given by our Principal Mr.
Tom Mathew.
I sincerely thank our teachers Mrs. Sheeja K.V and Mrs. Suma. M.S
who gave me guidance and valuable support throughout the project
work.
I also thank my parents, librarian and my friends who have

extended their whole hearted support towards this project.
"THE ALMIGHTY GOD"
CONTENTS
Sl No. TITLE
INTRODUCTION
1
2 RECTIFIER
TYPES OF RECTIFIERS
3
4 CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
5
INTRODUCTION
Although in our daily life we use A.C. current devices, but rectifier
is an "Electronic device which converts A.C. power into D.C. power.
The study of the junction diode characteristics reveals that the

junction diode offers a low resistance path, where forward biased,
and a high resistance path, when reverse biased. This feature of
the junction diode enables it to be used as a rectifier.
The alternating signals provide opposite kinds of biased voltage

at the junction after each half-cycle. If the junction is forward
biased in the first half-cycle, it gets reverse biased in the second
half. It results in the follow of forward current in one direction only
and thus the signal gets rectified.
In other words, we can say, when an alternating e.m.f. signal

is applied across a junction diode, it will conduct only during
those alternate half cycles, which biased it in forward direction.
RECTIFIER
A rectifier is an electronic device that converts an
alternating current into a direct current by using one or more P-N
junction diodes. A diode behaves as a one-way valve that allows
current to flow in a single direction. This process is known as
rectification.
A rectifier can take the shape of several physical forms

such as solid-state diodes, vacuum tube diodes, mercury-arc
valves, silicon-controlled rectifiers, and various other silicon-
based semiconductors switches.
TYPES OF RECTIFIERS
Rectifiers are mainly OF two types as:
1. Uncontrolled Rectifier
2. Controlled Rectifier
#1. UNCONTROLLED RECTIFIERS

The type of rectifier whose voltage cannot be controlled is known
as uncontrolled rectifier
#2. CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
A type of rectifier whose voltage can be varied is known as the
controlled rectifier.
We use SCRS, MOSFETS and IGBTs to make an uncontrolled rectifier
a controlled one. These rectifiers are preferred over their
uncontrolled counterparts. There are two types of controlled
rectifiers, and they are Half Wave Controlled Rectifier and Full Wave
Controlled Rectifier. Half-wave controlled rectifier has the same
design as the half-wave uncontrolled rectifier except we replace the
diode with an SCR.
• Full Wave Rectifier
• Half Wave Rectifier
A.HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
Half-wave rectifiers transform AC voltage to DC voltage. A
half wave rectifier circuit uses only one diode for the
transformation. A half wave rectifier is defined as a type of rectifier
that allows only one-half cycle of an AC voltage waveform to pass
while blocking the other half cycle.
A half-wave rectifier is the simplest form of the rectifier
and requires only one diode ,transformer and a resistive load for
the construction of a half wave rectifier circuit.
PRINCIPLE:
It is based upon the principle that a junction diode offers a low
resistance path when forward biased, and high resistance
when reverse biased.
ARRANGEMENT:
The A.C. supply is applied across the primary coil (P) of a step down
transformer. The secondary coil(s) of the transformer is connected
to the junction diode and a load resistance. The output D.C. voltage
is obtained across the load resistance (RL)
THEORY:
Suppose that during the first half of the input cycle, the junction
diode gets forward biased; the conventional current will flow in the
direction of the arrow-heads. The upper end of RL will be at positive
potential with reference to the lower end. During the negative half
cycle of the input A.C. voltage, the diode is reverse biased. No
current flows in the circuit, and therefore, no voltage is developed
across (RL). Since only the positive half cycle of the input appears
across the load , the AC input is converted into pulsating direct
current.
27t 57t
cot
57t
Input and output waveform

ADVANTAGES OF HALF WAVE RECTIFIERS:
It is a simple circuit that can be easily constructed using a few
basic components. This makes it a cost-effective option for
many applications.
Can be used with a wide range of input voltage
Can be used with a wide range of load resistances
DISADVANTAGES OF HALF WAVE RECTIFIERS:
The half-wave rectifier has a high ripple content, which means
that the output voltage is not very smooth. This can be a
problem for some applications, such as digital circuits.
The efficiency of the half-wave rectifier is low, which means
that a lot of the input power is wasted as heat.
B. FULL WAVE RECTIFIER
A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform

to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output.
Mathematically, this corresponds to the absolute value function.
Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input
waveform to pulsating DC (direct current), and yields a higher
average output voltage.
For single-phase AC, if the transformer is centre-tapped, then
two diodes back-to-back (cathode-to-cathode or anode-to-anode,
depending on output polarity required) can form a full-wave
rectifier. Twice as many turns are required on the transformer
secondary to obtain the same output voltage than for a bridge
rectifier, but the power rating is unchanged
PRINCIPLE:
It is based upon the principle that a junction diode offers low
resistance during forward biased and high resistance when
reverse biased.
WORKING:
The input AC supplied to the full wave rectifier is very high. The
step-down transformer in the rectifier circuit converts the high
voltage AC into low voltage AC. The anode of the centre tapped
diodes is connected to the transformer's secondary winding and
connected to the load resistor. During the positive half cycle of the
alternating current, the top half of the secondary winding becomes
positive while the second half of the secondary winding becomes
negative.
During the positive half cycle, diode DI is forward biased as it

is connected to the top of the secondary winding while diode D2
is reverse biased as it is connected to the bottom of the secondary
winding. Due to this, diode DI will conduct acting as a short circuit
and D2 will not conduct acting as an open circuit
During the negative half cycle, the diode DI is reverse biased
and the diode D2 is forward biased because the top half of the
secondary circuit becomes negative and the bottom half of the
circuit becomes positive. Thus in a full wave rectifier, DC voltage is
obtained for both positive and negative half cycles.
ADVANTAGES OF FULL WAVE RECTIFIERS:

• The rectification efficiency of full wave rectifiers is double that
of half wave rectifiers. The efficiency of half wave rectifiers is
40.6% while the rectification efficiency of full wave rectifiers is
81.2%.
• The ripple factor in full wave rectifiers is low hence a simple

filter is required. The value of ripple factor in a full wave
rectifier is 0.482 while in a half wave rectifier it is about 1.21.
• The output voltage and the output power obtained in full wave
rectifiers are higher than that obtained using half wave
rectifiers.
3-Phase signals
Half-wave rectification
Full-wave rectification
0.00T 0.25T 0.50T 0.75T 1.00T 125T I-SOT

Time
CONCLUSION
Rectifiers are indispensable in electronics and
power systems. .By doing this project we came to know
that a full and half wave rectifier can be made without
a centre tapping transformer. This project helped us
comprehend the functioning of half-wave and full-
wave rectifiers and their real-world applications. Full-
wave rectifiers are more efficient in converting AC to
DC and are commonly used in power supply circuits.
For bridge type, no centre tap is required on the
transformer. Here a much smaller transformer is used.
Bridge rectifiers are used for high voltage appliances.
For the same secondary voltage, the output voltage is
twice that of a centre tapped full wave rectifier. At the
same time some disadvantages are there. Here two
extra diodes are required and voltage regulation is not
satisfactory. The bridge rectifier with filter section is
constructed and A.C. and D.C. voltages can be
measured. Thus Rectifiers have become indispensable
in electronics and power systems
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Textbooks referred:
12th Physics textbook
Pradeep Fundamental Physics
Websites referred:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org
https://www.tutorialspoint.com
htt s: b •us.com
https://chat.openai.com

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VIMALA CENTRAL SCHOOL

KARAMCODU P.o, CHATHANNOOR, KOLLAM, KERALA-691579

In partial fulfilment of the requirementfor the second year of all Indian

Name Anakha R Krishna

I also thank my parents, librarian and my friends who have

"THE ALMIGHTY GOD"

The study of the junction diode characteristics reveals that the

The alternating signals provide opposite kinds of biased voltage

In other words, we can say, when an alternating e.m.f. signal

A rectifier can take the shape of several physical forms

#1. UNCONTROLLED RECTIFIERS

Input and output waveform

A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform

During the positive half cycle, diode DI is forward biased as it

ADVANTAGES OF FULL WAVE RECTIFIERS:

• The ripple factor in full wave rectifiers is low hence a simple

0.00T 0.25T 0.50T 0.75T 1.00T 125T I-SOT

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