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PHYSICS PROJECT

The document is an investigatory project on rectifiers submitted by Hansika Pundir for her Physics practical examination. It includes an introduction to full wave rectifiers, the materials required, circuit diagrams, working principles, applications, merits and demerits, and a comparison between full wave and half wave rectifiers. The project is completed under the guidance of Mr. Vikas Monaker and acknowledges contributions from various individuals.

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hansikapundir2007
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© © All Rights Reserved
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2 views

PHYSICS PROJECT

The document is an investigatory project on rectifiers submitted by Hansika Pundir for her Physics practical examination. It includes an introduction to full wave rectifiers, the materials required, circuit diagrams, working principles, applications, merits and demerits, and a comparison between full wave and half wave rectifiers. The project is completed under the guidance of Mr. Vikas Monaker and acknowledges contributions from various individuals.

Uploaded by

hansikapundir2007
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT ON
RECTIFIER

SUBMITTED BY –
HANSIKA PUNDIR
CLASS 12 B
ROLL NO. 25608568
SESSION 2024-25
PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA
INDIAN MILITARY ACADEMY
DEHRADUN

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Miss HANSIKA PUNDIR, a student of class XII has
successfully completed the research on the above mentioned project
under the guidance of MR. VIKAS MONAKER (PGT physics) during the
year 2024-2025 in partial fulfilment of Physics Practical Examination

Signature of Physics Teacher Signature of External Examiner


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many


people have best owned upon me their blessings and the
heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the
people who have been concerned with project.

Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this


project with success. Then I would like to thank my Physics
Teacher MR VIKAS MONAKER , whose valuable guidance has
been the ones that helped me patch this project and make it
full proof success his suggestions and his instructions has
served as the major contributor towards the completion of the
project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have


helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has
been helpful in various phases of the completion of the
project.
INDEX
1-ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

2-CERTIFICATE

3-INTRODUCTION

4-MATERIALS REQUIRED

5-CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

6-WORKING

7-BIBLOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION
A full wave rectifier is a device which is used to rectify all the
alternating current components in an alternating supply and
make it purely a direct current. The two alternating halves of
an alternation current are rectified in a full wave rectifier
which is an advantage over a half wave rectifier. Most
electronic devices cannot withstand very high voltage or
alternating current due to its intense high power. The use of
batteries in all devices is not practical as their replacement
and durability is a huge problem as the device has to be
dismantled each time for such a replacement. So, these
rectifiers are used in most of the electronic devices like TV’s,
Radios, Chargers, and Lightings etc.

APPARATUS
1. Connecting wires
2. A plug
3. Single lead wire – 2m
4. 3 nuts & Bolts 2 to 3cm length
5. Circuit board
6. A Transformer
7. A capacitor
8. A Resistor (1 K Ω)
9. P-N junction diodes
10. A LED
11. Insulation tape, Blades, soldering wax,
soldering lead, soldering iron & sand paper

THEORY
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Connection details:
Connections are done as in the circuit. The A.C. supply is
given to both the input wires of the transformer and the
two ends of the secondary coil is given to the P side of the
two diodes and the N side of the diodes are twined and
then connected to one end of the capacitor and the other
end to the centre tap lead and to the resistor. Further, the
other end of capacitor with the diode connect ion is
connected to the other end of the resistor. Connect 2
leads on both the ends of the resistor to measure the
output and this is connected to the +ve & -ve terminals of
the bulb.

WORKING
Working of Half wave Rectifier
Fig(1) shows the circuit connection of a half wave
rectifier .
Fig(2) shows the input and output waveform of a half
wave rectifier .
In this circuit a single crystal diode is used as a half wave
rectifier .
The a.c. supply is applied in series with the diode D and
load resistance RL
The a.c. supply is normally applied through a transformer.
It gives two advantages. First it allows us to step up or
step down the a.c. input voltage as required. Secondly, the
transformer isolates the rectifier circuit from power line
and thus reduces the risk of electric shock. During the
positive half cycles of input supply voltage, end A
becomes positive with respect to end B.
This makes the diode D forward biased and hence it
conducts current.
During negative half cycles, end A becomes negative with
respect to end B. So the diode D is reverse biased and
hence conducts no current.
So current flows through the diode only during the
positive half cycles of the input a.c. voltage.
Hence current flows through the load RL always in the
same direction and d.c. output is obtained across RL
In half wave rectifier , output across the load is pulsating.
So a filter circuit is used to smoothen the output.

Working of Full Wave Rectifier


Converts AC to pulsating DC by allowing current flow in
both halves of the AC cycle using diodes.
Bridge Configuration: Often employs a bridge rectifier
with four diodes to ensure full-wave rectification.
Rectification Output Voltage: Produces a pulsating DC
output with twice the frequency of the input AC.

The full wave rectifier’s input AC is exceptionally high.


The rectifier circuit’s step-down transformer transforms
high-voltage alternating current to low-voltage. The
anode of the center-tapped diodes is connected to the
secondary winding of the transformer and the load
resistor. The top half of the secondary winding becomes
positive during the positive half cycle of the alternating
current, while the second half of the secondary winding
turns negative.
Diode D1 is forward-biased during the positive half cycle
because it is linked to the top of the secondary winding. In
contrast, diode D2 is reverse-biased since it is connected
to the bottom of the secondary winding. As a result, diode
D1 will conduct as a short circuit, and D2 will not as an
open circuit.
Since the top half of the secondary circuit becomes
negative, and the bottom half becomes positive during the
negative half cycle, diode D1 is reverse biased and diode
D2 is forward biased. Hence, DC voltage is achieved in full
wave rectifiers for both positive and negative half cycles.

APPLICATION
1.Because of their low cost compared to centre tapped,
they are widely used in power supply circuit.
1. This can be used to detect the amplitude of modulated
radio signal.
2. Bridge rectifiers can be used to supply polarized
voltage in welding.
3. In daily life, rectifier find use in mobile chargers.
4. These rectifiers are used in most of the electronic
devices like TV’s, Radios, Chargers, and Lightings etc.
5.A rectifier is used for powering appliances
6.These are used with transformers
7.Uses of rectifier while soldering - A half-wave rectifier
is used in soldering iron types of circuits and is also used
in mosquito repellent to drive the lead for the fumes. In
electric welding, bridge rectifier circuits are used to
supply steady and polarized DC voltage.
8.It is used in the voltage multiplier

MERITS AND DEMERITS


Merits:
 The rectification efficiency of full wave rectifier is
double of that of a half wave rectifier.
 The ripple voltage is low and of higher Frequency
in case of a full wave rectifier so simple filtering
circuit is required.
 Higher output voltage higher output power and
higher TUF in case of a full wave rectifier
 In a full wave rectifier, there is no problem due to
DC saturation of the core because the DC currents
in the two halves of the transformer secondary
flow in opposite directions
 Demerits:
 Full wave rectifier needs more circuit elements

and is costlier.
COMPARISION BETWEEN FULL
WAVE AND HALF WAVE
RECTIFIER
BIBLIOGRAPHY /
REFERENCE
wikipedia.com
Google search engine
Knowledgecycle.in
Physics NCERT book for class XII

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