SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

(SELECT)

POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR LABORATORY

MANUAL

B.Tech. (Electrical and Electronics Engineering)

 CONTENTS
S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS 01

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS 02

1. Transmission Line Simulator

2. Differential Protection Relay

3. Operation of Earth fault Relay.

4. Identifying Fault Location in cables.

5. Transformer oil testing

6. Operation of Non Directional Over current Relay.

7. Operation of Distance protection relay.

8. Over Voltage Under Voltage Protection Relay

9. Operation of Directional Overcurrent Relay

10. Measurement of Negative and Zero sequence impedance of a synchronous

generator

11. Numerical Distance protection relay

 INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS

❖ For each and every lab session, before the class the student would be expected to write down the
Aim, Theory of the experiment associated with the power system study in the observation.
❖ Follow the rules and regulations of the laboratory.
❖ Wear closed shoes while entering the laboratory.
❖ Maintain discipline inside the laboratory.
❖ Prepare the observation / record note book neatly. Draw the required diagrams with the aid of
scale and pencil.
❖ Use procircles for drawing measuring instruments.
❖ Prepare well for answering viva questions.
❖ Don’t switch on the power supply in the absence of Faculty / Staff.
❖ Get the readings verified by the Faculty before disconnecting the circuit components.
Ex. No: 01

Date:

TRANSMISSION LINE SIMULATOR.

AIM: (i)To study the effect of inductive and capacitive loads on the voltage regulation and power
transfer in a three phase ac system using transmission line simulator.

(ii)Ferranti Effect Simulation For An Un-Loaded Transmission Line.

APPARATUS:
1. Transmission line Simulation kit.
2. 3phase, 415V AC Supply
3. Multimeter (0 – 230)V

THEORY:
SHORT LINE REPRESENTATION:

The equivalent circuit of a short transmission line is shown in Fig.1.The Basic Voltage and Current
equations of a short line are given by
 Fig. 1 Short transmission line representation.

The effect of shunt capacitances are neglected in this model.

The phasor diagram for the short transmission line model is given by

PROCEDURE:
1.Set simulation kit of transmission line to model a short transmission line.
2.The effect of shunt capacitive susceptances on the three phase lines should be made zero on all the π
sections of the transmission line simulator.
3. Vary the received end voltage for different combinations of resistive inductive and capacitive loads
and tabulate the readings.
With resistive load:
Vr on No load(Vr0)=
S.NO Sending End Receiving End
Voltage Voltage(Vr)

With inductive load:

Vr on No load (Vro)=
 S.NO Sending End Receiving End
Voltage Voltage

With Capacitive Load:

Vr on No load(Vr0)=
S.NO Sending End Receiving End
Voltage Voltage

Medium Transmission Line:

Medium transmission lines are modeled with lumped shunt admittance. There are two different
representations - nominal- π and nominal-T depending on the nature of the network. These two are
discussed here one by one.
Nominal- π Representation
In this representation the lumped series impedance is placed in the middle while the shunt admittance is
divided into two equal parts and placed at the two ends. The nominal- π representation is shown in Fig.
2.

Fig.2 Nominal π Circuit

PROCEDURE:
1.Set simulation kit of transmission line to model a medium transmission line.
2. Vary the received end voltage for different combinations of resistive inductive and capacitive loads
and tabulate the readings.

FERRANTI EFFECT:
A long transmission line can be considered to compose a considerably high amount of capacitance and
inductance distributed across the entire length of the line. Ferranti Effect occurs when current drawn by
the distributed capacitance of the line itself is greater than the current associated with the load at the
receiving end of the line(during light or no load). This capacitor charging current leads to voltage drop
across the line inductor of the transmission system which is in phase with the sending end voltages.
This voltage drop keeps on increasing additively as we move towards the load end of the line and
subsequently the receiving end voltage tends to get larger than applied voltage leading to the
phenomena called Ferranti effect in power system. It is illustrated with the help of a phasor diagram
below.
Thus both the capacitance and inductor effect of transmission line are equally responsible for this
particular phenomena to occur, and hence Ferranti effect is negligible in case of a short transmission
lines as the inductor of such a line is practically considered to be nearing zero. In general for a 300 Km
line operating at a frequency of 50 Hz, the no load receiving end voltage has been found to be 5%
higher than the sending end voltage.
Now for analysis of Ferranti effect let us consider the phasor diagrams shown above.
Here, Vr is considered to be the reference phasor, represented by OA.
● SHere, Vr is considered to be the reference phasor, represented by OA.

● This is represented by the phasor OC.

« Previous

PROCEDURE:
1. Set simulation kit of transmission line as per the input data:
Input data:
a. Type of conductor : Twin Moose
b. Voltage level: 400kV
c. Positive sequence resistance in ohm per km: 0.0328
d. Positive sequence inductive reactance in ohm per km: 0.0332
e. Positive sequence half of capacitive susceptance in micro mho per km: 1.734375
f. Line length in km: 300
g. Number of pi section: 12
2. Ensure that the load end contractor is off.
3. Switch on the main supply.
4. Switch on the line input supply.
5. Slowly increase and adjust the sending voltage to measure 110V, line to line.
6. Note down the sending end current.
7. Note down the terminal voltage.
8. Observe that the terminal voltage is more than the sending end voltage.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S. No. Description Simulator value Value referred Remarks
 to physical line

01. Sending end current

02. Sending end voltage

Receiving end
03.
voltage

04. Sending end VAR

RESULT:
The receiving end voltage increase above the sending end voltage due to changing current taken
by the shunt elements of transmission line, this effect is known as Ferranti effect.
VIVA QUESTION:
1. Classify the transmission line as the length of line.
2. What is skin effect and proximity effect in transmission line?
3. What is shunt and series compensation in long transmission line?

Ex. No: 02

Date:

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION RELAY

AIM:

To test the biasing characteristics of Differential relay

APPARATUS REQUIRED

DTH 31 relay

PROCEDURE
TESTING PICK UP VALUE

1. Connect the relay to the test kit

2. Note the pickup setting, bias setting
3. Prepare the kit and switch on the supply
4. Connect one R – N of primary side of relay to the test kit
5. Slowly increase the current till the relay picks up. Note this pick up value
6. Bring down the variac to minimum position
7. Repeat the pickup test for other phases of primary as well secondary
8. Tabulate the pickup values

TESTING BIAS CHARACTERISTICS

1. Note the bias setting in the relay

2. Prepare the test kit and connect primary and secondary current to the relay
3. Switch on the test kit
4. Keep TEST/SET mode switch in SET mode
5. Slowly increase both primary and secondary current equally
6. Slowly increase or decrease one of the currents till the relay picks up
7. Note the primary, secondary and the differential current
8. Repeat the above (from 3 to 6) for different values of currents
9. Switch off the kit
10. Switch on the kit
11. Slowly increase both primary and secondary current equally and relay should not pick up
12. Slowly decrease one of the currents till the relay picks up
13. Note the primary, secondary and the differential current
14. Repeat the above (from 9 to 12) for different values of currents
15. Switch off the kit.

16. Tabulate the results and draw the graph

I1 I2 I1 – I2 = Id Trip Status
RESULT

Thus the differential protection relay has been tested and studied.

Ex. No: 03

Date:

OPERATION OF EARTH FAULT RELAY.

AIM: To understand and plot the characteristics of Earth Fault Relays.

APPARATUS:
1) Timer
2) IDMT relay (Model CDG11)
 3) Auxiliary D.C. supplies = 110V
4) 1 phase Dimmer stat = 230V, 10A
6) Ammeter AC (0-15A)
7) Rheostat (38 ohm, 8.5 Amp)
8) Experiment Kit
9) Connecting wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Display Board in Relay

Earth Fault Relay (Inverse) – CDG

Patent No: 170334
Inst: OC Amps
THEORY:
PART (A): TO TEST PICK-UP
PROCEDURE: TO TEST PICK-UP
1. Connect the current probes and the timer probes from the relay to the test kit.
2. Set the TMS and PMS values as indicated in the tabular column.
3. Disconnect the Trip Connections.
4. Switch on the Source.
5. Apply current and slowly increase the current till pick-up of relay is indicated by
movement of the disc. Note this pickup current.
6. Note the current at this instant.
7. Switch off the Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)-double pole switch to shut down
the equipment.
8. Remove all test wiring after completion of test.
OBSERVATION TABLE FOR PICK – UP TEST:

S. Current Setting % Pick up value

No (PSM) Set Value (A) Actual Value (A)

01. 0.35

02. 0.4

PART (B): TO TEST CHARACTERISTIC OF RELAY

PROCEDURE: TO TEST CHARACTERISTIC

1. Switch on the MCP- DP switch located at the side of the unit.
2. Connect the current probes and the timer probes from the relay to the test kit.
3. Set the TMS and PMS values as indicated in the tabular column.
4. Disconnect the Trip Connections.
5. Switch on the Source.
6. Apply current and slowly increase the current till the current reaches the set value.
7. Switch off the source.
 8. Reconnect the Trip Connections.
9. Switch on the Source.
10. Wait for the relay to trip and then note down the trip time as indicated in the timer.
11. Tabulate the values.
12. Plot the graph of current versus time.
13. Switch off the MCP- DP switch to shut down the equipment.
14. Remove all test wiring after completion of test.

OBSERVATION TABLE FOR CHARACTERISTIC TEST:

PSM = 40%, TMS= 1

S. No Current in Amps Actual Time from the

Observed Time (sec)
curve (sec)

01. 0.5

02. 0.53

PART (C): TO TEST CHARACTERISTIC FOR TMS

PROCEDURE: TO TEST CHARACTERISTIC FOR TMS
1. Switch on the MCP- DP switch located at the side of the unit.
2. Connect the current probes and the timer probes from the relay to the test kit.
3. Set the PMS = 0.4 and TMS values as indicated in the tabular column.
4. Disconnect the Trip Connections.
5. Switch on the Source.
6. Apply current and slowly increase the current till the current reaches the set value.
7. Switch off the source.
8. Reconnect the Trip Connections.
9. Switch on the Source.
10. Wait for the relay to trip and then note down the trip time as indicated in the timer.
11. Tabulate the values.
12. Plot the graph of current versus time.
13. Switch off the MCP- DP switch to shut down the equipment.
 14. Remove all test wiring after completion of test.

OBSERVATION TABLE FOR CHARACTERISTIC TEST:

PSM = 40%; Current =0.4A

Time Setting %
S. No Actual Time from the
(TSM) Observed Time (sec)
curve (sec)

01. 10%

02. 20%

03. 30%

04. 40%

05. 50%

06. 60%

07. 100%

RESULT:
For lower values of current the “time current” characteristics are inverse and for higher
value for current observed times are constant.

VIVA QUESTION:
1 Pickup current, PSM and TSM
3 Derivation of Torque equations in detail
4 Detail of other Inverse type of relays
5 Differentiate the ELCB and Earth fault relay.

Ex. No: 4

Date:

IDENTIFYING FAULT LOCATION IN CABLES.

AIM: To Study underground cable earth fault test using varley loop test.

APPARATUS:
1. VPL- 85 and VPL – 85A module.
2. Patch Chords
3. Power Chords
THEORY:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the patch chords as per the table 01.
Table 01: Connection Table
Varley Loop Test – Cable Fault Locator
S. No.
VPL85A VPL - 85
01 P2 to P4
02 P5 to P6
03 P14 to P15
04 P7 to P8
05 P10 to P11
06 - P21 to P25
07 P12 To P15
08 P13 To P22

2. Connect supply voltage “E(A)” into A terminal of Wheatstone bridge. Supply voltage
“E(B)” negative terminal is connected to GND terminal.
3. Varley loop test E (B) GND terminal is connected to GND terminal of cable fault locator
and this GND point is connected to any terminal (P24, P25, P26) of fault cable.
4. Initially set the rotary switches zero position. In this sound cable and fault cable resistance
are equal (All rotary switches rotate same position).
5. Power ON the switch.

6. Adjust the POT 1 – upto Galvanometer output (display) is reached to zero position.
7. Now, measure the resistance value across the terminal POT 1 (S) (Patch chords P6 to P7)
using multimeter.
 8. Calculate the resistance value
R1
S2 = × R3
R2

9. Power OFF the supply.

10. Removed the patch chords from “GND” terminal of fault –cable locator and connected to B
terminal (VPL-85A) of Wheatstone bridge.
11. Power on the supply.
12. Adjust the POT 1 upto galvanometer output (display) is reached to zero position.
13. Now, measure the resistance value across the terminal POT 1 (S) (patch chords P6 to P7)
using multimeter.
14. Calculate the with fault resistance value
R1
S1 = × R3
R2

15. Calculate the fault cable resistance

P(S 2−S1 )
X=
P+Q

P = R1
Q = R3
16. Distance of fault from the test end meters.
Where
X
d=
l

OBSERVATION TABLE:
 Cable Resistance Distance
Cable of fault
R1 R3 Resistance Fault
Resistance from the
without Resistance
S.No. with fault test point
fault S1 S2 (X)
measured
measured d = x/l

(Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (Ω) (m)

L = resistance of the cable per meter length = --------m

RESULT:
Thus the underground cable short circuit test was studied using varley loop test.
Ex. No: 5

Date:

TRANSFORMER OIL TESTING

AIM: To determine experimentally Flash Over Voltage of Given Samples of Transformer Oil and

hence Determine their Dielectric field Strength.

APPARATUS:

1. Transformer oil testing kit.

2. Motor operated at 230 V, 1 ph, 50 Hz,
3. Transformer oil

THEORY:

PROCEDURE:
1. The given transformer oil sample is poured into the test cup provided.
2. The gap between electrodes is adjusted to the standard values by rotating one of the
electrodes.
3. Power supply switch is put in ON position.
4. The Dimmer state (1phase Auto transformer) is adjusted to zero output voltage using
synchronous motor internally provided by pressing lower push button switch.
5. The HT ON push button switch is pressed.
6. The HT voltage is raised by pressing the raise push button the deserved HT voltage is
reaches when a flash over occurs across the electrodes.
7. As soon as the flash over occurs, the supply to the HT transformer will be cut off
automatically and voltmeter point will stop indicating the flash over voltage.
8. The experiment is repeated again for some other gap distance and means value of flash over
voltage is noted.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sample Flash Over Voltage (kV) Dielectric Mean
strength in kV/mm
Gap distance = Gap distance =
kV/mm
2.5mm 4mm

CALCULATIONS:

Flash
∈kV
Dielectric Strength voltage kV/mm
¿
Gapdistance ∈mm
RESULT:
Dielectric strength of given samples of transformer oil are determined
a. For sample 1 = ----------------------------- kV/mm
Ex. No: 6

Date:

OPERATION OF NON-DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT RELAY.

AIM: To Plot The Characteristics of Electromagnetic Non Directional Over Current Relay (IDMT)
(Model No.Cdg11).

APPARATUS:

1) Timer
2) IDMT relay (MODEL NO.CDG 11)
3) Auxiliary D.C. supplies = 110V
4) 1 phase Dimmer stat = 230V, 10A
5) Ammeter AC (0-15A)
6) Rheostat (38 ohm, 8.5 Amp)
7) Experiment Kit
8) Connecting wires
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
Limitations of a Fuse
Advantage of fuse based protection is its simplicity and cheapness. However, with fuses it is
difficult to control the time to trip. This creates difficulty in primary-backup coordination
activity. Also, once a fuse melts, unless it is replaced, the equipment cannot be energized again.
Thus, it is not possible to have remote operation. This motivates development of an overcurrent
relay. This relay operates for a set value of current or higher than the set value of current with a
time delay inversely proportional to current. The inverse time characteristics are defined by the
3 Sec delay curve equation given below. The relay takes minimum definite time to operate for
very high fault current.
The trip time for 3-sec delay curve is calculated as
3K
t=
log ( I )

Where
T = operating time of the relay
K = Time Multiplier Setting (TMS)
I = Plug Setting Multiplier, which is calculated as below

Fault Current ∈amps

I=
Plug Setting∈ amps

Part (A): TO TEST PICK-UP

PROCEDURE: TO TEST PICK-UP
01. Switch on the MCB-Double Pole switch located at the side of the unit.
02. Connect the current probes and the timer probes from the relay to the test kit.
03. Set the TMS and PMS values as indicated in the tabular column.
04. Disconnect the Trip Connections.
05. Switch on the Source.
06. Apply current and slowly increase the current till pick-up of relay is indicated by movement
of the disc. Note this pickup current.
07. Note the current at this instant.
08. Switch off the MCB-double pole switch to shut down the equipment.
09. Remove all test wiring after completion of test.
OBSERVATION TABLE FOR PICK – UP TEST:

S. Current Setting % Pick up value

No (PSM) Set Value (A) Actual Value (A)

01. 50%

02. 75%

03. 100%

04. 125%

05. 150%

PART (B): TO TEST CHARACTERISTIC

PROCEDURE: TO TEST CHARACTERISTIC
01. Switch on the MCB- Double Pole switch located at the side of the unit.
02. Connect the current probes and the timer probes from the relay to the test kit.
03. Set the TMS and PMS values as indicated in the tabular column.
04. Disconnect the Trip Connections.
05. Switch on the Source.
06. Apply current and slowly increase the current till the current reaches the set value.
07. Switch off the source.
08. Reconnect the Trip Connections.
09. Switch on the Source.
10. Wait for the relay to trip and then note down the trip time as indicated in the timer.
11. Tabulate the values.
 12. Plot the graph of current versus time.
13. Switch off the MCP- DP switch to shut down the equipment.
14. Remove all test wiring after completion of test.

OBSERVATION TABLE FOR CHARACTERISTIC TEST:

PSM = 100%, TMS= 1

S. Actual Time
Current in Amps Observed Time
No from the curve
(sec)
(sec)

01. 2.0

02. 2.5

03. 3.0

04. 3.5

05. 4.0

06. 4.5

07. 5.0

08. 5.5

09. 6.0

10. 6.5

RESULT:
For lower values of current the “time current” characteristics are inverse and for higher
value for current observed times are constant.

VIVA QUESTION
 1. Differentiate between a fuse and a overcurrent relay.
2. Drawbacks of IDMT relay
3. Why IDMT relay suitable for protection of long length LV/MV TL.
4. Reset time and trip time.
5. Why characteristics are plotted between PSM and operating time?

Ex. No: 7

Date:

OPERATION OF DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAY

AIM: To understand the concepts of Distance protection relay for Zonal protection of high voltage
transmission line (Model No.AZM1114+).

APPARATUS:

1) Timer
2) Numerical relay
3) Auxiliary D.C. supplies = 110V
4) 1 phase Dimmer stat = 230V, 10A
5) Current Control Knob
6) Ammeter AC (0-15A)
7) Experiment Kit
8) Connecting wires

PRECAUTION OF THE CIRCUIT:

● The current must be maintained at minimum position.
● Check the supply voltage.
● Test Kit must be grounded.
● Proper fusing for incoming terminals.
THEORY:
This relay operates for a set value of current or higher than the set value of current with
a time delay inversely proportional to current. The inverse time characteristics are
defined by the 3 Sec delay curve equation given below. The relay takes minimum
definite time to operate for very high fault current.
The trip time for 3-sec delay curve is calculated as
3K
t=
log ( I )

Where
T = operating time of the relay
K = Time Multiplier Setting (TMS)
I = Plug Setting Multiplier, which is calculated as below

Fault Current ∈amps

I=
Plug Setting∈ amps

Part (A): TO TEST PICK-UP

PROCEDURE: TO TEST PICK-UP
10. Switch on the MCB-Double Pole switch located at the side of the unit.
11. Connect the current probes and the timer probes from the relay to the test kit.
12. Set the TMS and PMS values as indicated in the tabular column.
13. Disconnect the Trip Connections.
14. Switch on the Source.
15. Apply current and slowly increase the current till pick-up of relay is indicated by movement
of the disc. Note this pickup current.
16. Note the current at this instant.
17. Switch off the MCB-Double Pole switch to shut down the equipment.
18. Remove all test wiring after completion of test.

OBSERVATION TABLE FOR PICK – UP TEST:

S. Current Setting % Pick up value

 No (PSM) Set Value (A) Actual Value (A)

01. 50%

02. 75%

03. 100%

04. 125%

05. 150%

PART (B): TO TEST CHARACTERISTIC

PROCEDURE: TO TEST CHARACTERISTIC
15. Switch on the MCP- DP switch located at the side of the unit.
16. Connect the current probes and the timer probes from the relay to the test kit.
17. Set the TMS and PMS values as indicated in the tabular column.
18. Disconnect the Trip Connections.
19. Switch on the Source.
20. Apply current and slowly increase the current till the current reaches the set value.
21. Switch off the source.
22. Reconnect the Trip Connections.
23. Switch on the Source.
24. Wait for the relay to trip and then note down the trip time as indicated in the timer.
25. Tabulate the values.
26. Plot the graph of current versus time.
27. Switch off the MCP- DP switch to shut down the equipment.
28. Remove all test wiring after completion of test.
OBSERVATION TABLE FOR CHARACTERISTIC TEST:
S. Current in Amps PSM = 100%, TMS= 1
No
Actual Time Observed Time
from the curve (sec)
 (sec)

01. 2.0

02. 2.5

03. 3.0

04. 3.5

05. 4.0

06. 4.5

07. 5.0

08. 5.5

09. 6.0

10. 6.5

RESULT:
For lower values of current the “time current” characteristics are inverse and for higher
value for current observed times are constant.

VIVA QUESTION

1. Drawbacks of IDMT relay

2. Why IDMT relay suitable for protection of long length LV/MV TL.
3. Reset time and trip time.
4. Why characteristics are plotted between PSM and operating time?
Ex. No.8

OVER/UNDER VOLTAGE PROTECTION RELAY

AIM:

To study the operation of micro controller based over voltage and under voltage relay using
VPL-04 and VPL-01 ACC modules.

APPARATUS RQUIRED:

1. VPL-04 module

2. VPL-01 ACC

3. Power Chords-2 nodes

 4. Patch Chords-3 nodes

5. PC interface cable-1 node

CONNECTION PROCEDURE:

FOR DMT MODE

1. Connection output terminal (1) of VPL-01 ACC module to ‘NC’ contact (3) of VPL-05
module.
2. Connection output terminal (2) of VPL-01 ACC module to voltage coil input (P) of VPL-05
module.
3. Connect ‘NC’ contact of VPL-05 module to voltage coil input (N) of VPL-05 module.
4. Keep the variac of VPL-01 ACC at zero position. Keep power ON/OFF switch of VPL-05
module and VPL-01 ACC module in OFF position.
5. Connect the power chord at the back side unit of the variable AC current source and
microcontroller based earth fault relay.
6. Connect serial communication port of earth fault relay to PC using PC interface.

EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE

FOR DMT MADE

8.Now switch ON the power supply of VPL-01 ACC module and VPL-05 module.
9.Before you going to do controller mode you should know about key functions.

1-Select increment
2-Select decrement
3-Cursor movement
4- Enter
RST-Reset the Relay
Select ‘Controller’ mode by pressing button 1 of VPL-04 module. Now the display of VPL-
04 module shows,
1. DMT TYPE
2. IDMT TYPE

10. Press 1 to select DMT type. Now the display of VPL-04 module shows,
SET TIME
(1-50.00 SEC)

We can select set time up to 50 seconds.

11. Set the time value by using 1,2&3 of VPL-05.
Now press button 4 of VPL-5 module. Now the display of VPL-05 module shows,
1. OVER VOLT RELAY

2. UNDER VOLT RELAY

 12. To select the relay mode, press button 1 of VPL-05 module and the display shows,
SET VOLT=000V
ACTUAL VOLT=0V

13. Set the voltage by using 1,2&3 of VPL-05 for e.g set as 100V.
Now press button 4 of VPL-5 module. Now the display of VPL-05 module shows,

SET VOLT=100V
ACTUAL VOLT=0V
14.Now adjust the auto transformer and set the actual voltage value greater than or equal to
set value. When the actual voltage greater than or equal to set voltage the timer start and trip
the relay contacts when the timer reach set value set time value. Now the display of VPL-05
module shows,
RELAY TRIPPED
DUE TO OVER VOLT
S.T(SET TIME) 1 SEC
S.V(SET VOLTAGE) 100 T.V(TRIPPING VOLTAGE)=102

Now the LED of VPL-05 module glows red light

15. Do the procedure for various set voltage value and noted down the readings in
tabulation.
Serial No. Set Voltage Fault Voltage Set Time Actual Relay
Or (sec) tripping time
Trip Voltage (sec)

FOR IDMT MODE:

1. Reset the VPL-05 module by using the button RST

2. Repeat the steps 8 and 9
3. To select IDMT mode press the button 2 of VPL-05 module. Now the display of VPL-
05 module shows,
SET TIME
(0-1.0 SEC)
We can select set time up to 1 seconds.
4. Set the time value by using 1,2&3 of VPL-05.
Now press button 4 of VPL-5 module. Now the display of VPL-05 module shows,
1. OVER VOLT RELAY
2. UNDER VOLT RELAY

5. To select the relay mode, press button 1 of VPL-05 module and the display shows,
SET VOLT=000V
 ACTUAL VOLT=0V

6. Set the voltage by using 1,2&3 of VPL-05 for e.g set as 100V.
Now press button 4 of VPL-5 module. Now the display of VPL-05 module shows, SET
VOLT=100V
ACTUAL VOLT=0V
7. Now adjust the auto transformer and set the actual voltage value greater than or equal to
set value. When the actual voltage greater than or equal to set voltage the timer start and trip
the relay contacts when the timer reach set value set time value. Now the display of VPL-05
module shows,
RELAY TRIPPED
DUE TO OVER VOLT
S.T= 0.2 SEC C.T=1.60
S.V=100 T.V=102

S.T-Set Time (TMS)

S.V-Set Voltage
T.V-Tripping Voltage
C.T-Calculated Time

Now the LED of VPL-05 module glows red light.

8.The calculated time for the relay is obtained from the formula,
t=TMS×[K/(V/Vs)^α-1]+C
TMS-Time Multiplier Setting
THE IDMT used is of normal inverse type. So the values K,α, C ate constants and are
K=0.14, α=0.02, C=0.
V-Fault Voltage of relay unit.
Vs-Set Voltage of relay unit.
9. Do the procedure for various set voltage value and noted down the readings in
tabulation.

Serial no. Set Voltage Fault Voltage Time Calculated Actual

(Volts) or Trip Multiplier Relay Relay
Voltage(Volts) or Set tripping tripping
Time(Sec) time(Sec) time(Sec)

PROCEDURE TO DO THE EXPERIMENT BY USING PC INTERFACE

FOR DMT MODE

1. Keep the voltage source variac at zero position.
2. Click the shortcut icon of Over/Under Voltage relay which is in the desktop of PC
3. Click ‘main window’ at the left hand top corner of the screen or monitor.
4. Click the port button. Port button is for interfacing the module with PC. Select the
communication port number(COM1 to COM8) from our software. Before that you
should check the serial port number in PC.
5. After selecting COM port click ‘port open’.
6. Select PC mode in earth fault relay by pressing the button 2 in VPL-05 module.
7. Now the display of main window shows,

1. OVER VOLT RELAY

2. UNDER VOLT RELAY

8. Press ‘up’ button to select Over voltage relay. Now the display of main window shows
1. DMT
2. IDMT

9. To select DMT mode click ‘up’ arrow key function in main window. Now the display
shows,
DMT SET TIME
SET TIME 00.00s
(1-50.00 SEC)

We can select set time up to 50 seconds.

10. Now set the set time value by using down scroll key. Here for e.g 1
Sec. Now the display of main window shows,
DMT SET TIME
SET TIME 01.00s
(1-50.00 SEC)

Press enter button in main window and the display shows,

OVER VOLTAGE
SET VOLT=100V
ACTUAL VOLT=0V
11.At the instant when actual voltage greater than set voltage the relay time starts and trip
the relay. Now the display of main window shows,
RELAY TRIPPED
DUE TO OVER VOLT
S.T(SET TIME)= 1.00
S.V(SET VOLTAGE)=100 T.V(TRIPPING VOLTAGE)=102
 S.T-Set Time (TMS)
S.V-Set Voltage
T.V-Tripping Voltage

FOR IDMT MODE

1. Repeat steps from 1 to 8.
2. To select IDMT mode click ‘down’ arrow key in main window. Now the display shows,

IDMT SET TIME

SET TIME 00.00s
(0.1-1.00 SEC)

We can select set time up to 1 seconds.

3. Now set the set time value by using down scroll key. Here for e.g 0.2
Sec. Now the display of main window shows,
DMT SET TIME
SET TIME 0.20s
(0.1-1.00 SEC)
Press enter button in main window and the display shows,
UNDER VOLTAGE
SET VOLT=100V
ACTUAL VOLT=0V
4. At the instant the relay time starts and trip the relay. Now the display of main window shows,
RELAY TRIPPED
DUE TO OVER VOLT
S.T= 0.2 S.V=100
C.T=2.00 T.V=102

S.T-Set Time (TMS)

S.V-Set Voltage
T.V-Tripping Voltage

5. Click reset button to get normal potion.

6. After that you select memory => IDMT for seeing relay potion.
7. Then you click ‘graph’ to plot characteristics.
8. Then click corresponding set time to graph. You can click the set time by click the 0.1 sec
option and you have to go step by step to see different time characteristics.
9. The calculated time for the relay is obtained from the formula,
t=TMS×[K/(V/Vs)^α-1]+C
TMS-Time Multiplier Setting
THE IDMT used is of normal inverse type. So the values K,α, C ate constants and are
K=0.14, α=0.02, C=0.
V-Fault Voltage of relay unit.
 Vs-Set Voltage of relay unit.

10. Do the procedure for various set voltage value and noted down the readings in
tabulation.

Serial no. Set Voltage Fault Voltage Time Calculated Actual

(Volts) or Trip Multiplier Relay Relay
Voltage(Volts) or Set tripping tripping
Time(Sec) time(Sec) time(Sec)

UNDER VOLTAGE PROTECTION RELAY

AIM:

To study the operation of micro controller based Over voltage relay using VPL-04 and VPL-01
ACC modules.

APPARATUS RQUIRED:

1.VPL-04 module

2. VPL-01 ACC

3. Power Chords-2 nodes

4. Patch Chords-3 nodes

5. PC interface cable-1 node

CONNECTION PROCEDURE:

FOR DMT MODE

1. Connections should be given as shown in figure

2. Connection output terminal (1) of VPL-01 ACC module to ‘NC’ contact (3) of VPL-05
module.
3. Connection output terminal (2) of VPL-01 ACC module to voltage coil input (P) of
VPL-05 module.
4. Connect ‘NC’ contact of VPL-05 module to voltage coil input (N) of VPL-05 module.
5. Keep the variac of VPL-01 ACC at zero position. Keep power ON/OFF switch of VPL-
05 module and VPL-01 ACC module in OFF position.
6. Connect the power chord at the back side of unite of variable AC current source and
microcontroller based earth fault relay.
7. Connect serial communication port of earth fault relay to PC by using PC interface.

EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE

FOR DMT MODE

8. Now switch ON the power supply of VPL-01 ACC module and VPL-05 module.
9. Before you going to do controller mode you should know about key functions.

1-Select increment
2-Select decrement
3-Cursor movement
4- Enter
RST-Reset the Relay

Select ‘Controller’ mode by pressing button 1 of VPL-04 module. Now the display of VPL-
04 module shows,
3. DMT TYPE
4. IDMT TYPE

10. Press 1 to select DMT type. Now the display of VPL-04 module shows,
SET TIME
(1-50.00 SEC)

We can select set time up to 50 seconds.

11. Set the time value by using 1, 2&3 of VPL-05.
Now press button 4 of VPL-5 module. Now the display of VPL-05 module shows,
1. OVER VOLT RELAY

2. UNDER VOLT RELAY

 12. To select the relay mode, press button 1 of VPL-05 module and the display shows,
SET VOLT=000V
ACTUAL VOLT=0V

13. Set the voltage by using 1,2&3 of VPL-05 for e.g set as 100V.
Now press button 4 of VPL-5 module. Now the display of VPL-05 module shows,

SET VOLT=100V
ACTUAL VOLT=0V

14. Now adjust the auto transformer and set the actual voltage value greater than or equal to
set value. When the actual voltage greater than or equal to set voltage the timer start and trip
the relay contacts when the timer reach set value set time value. Now the display of VPL-05
module shows,
RELAY TRIPPED
DUE TO OVER VOLT
S.T(SET TIME) 1 SEC
S.V(SET VOLTAGE) 100 T.V(TRIPPING VOLTAGE)=50

Now the LED of VPL-05 module glows red light

15. Do the procedure for various set voltage value and noted down the readings in
tabulation.
Sl. No. Set Voltage Fault Voltage Set Time Actual Relay
or (s) tripping time
Trip Voltage (s)

FOR IDMT MODE:

1. Reset the VPL-05 module by using the button RST

2. Repeat the steps 8 and 9
3. To select IDMT mode press the button 2 of VPL-05 module. Now the display of VPL-
05 module shows,
SET TIME
(0-1 SEC)
We can select set time up to 1 second.
4. Set the time value by using 1, 2 & 3 of VPL-05.
Now press button 4 of VPL-5 module. Now the display of VPL-05 module shows,
1. OVER VOLT RELAY
2. UNDER VOLT RELAY

5. To select the relay mode, press button 1 of VPL-05 module and the display shows,
SET VOLT=000V
ACTUAL VOLT=0V

6. Set the voltage by using 1,2&3 of VPL-05 for e.g set as 100V.
Now press button 4 of VPL-5 module. Now the display of VPL-05 module shows, SET
VOLT=100V
ACTUAL VOLT=0V

7. Now adjust the auto transformer and set the actual voltage value greater than or equal to
set value. When the actual voltage greater than or equal to set voltage the timer start and trip
the relay contacts when the timer reach set value set time value. Now the display of VPL-05
module shows,
RELAY TRIPPED
DUE TO OVER VOLT
S.T= 0.2 C.T=2.0
S.V=2.00 T.V=230

S.T-Set Time (TMS)

S.V-Set Voltage
T.V-Tripping Voltage
C.T-Calculated Time
Now the LED of VPL-05 module glows red light.

8. The calculated time for the relay is obtained from the formula,

[( ) ]
K
t=TMS∗ ∝−1
+C
V
Vs

TMS -Time Multiplier Setting

The IDMT used is of normal inverse type. So the values K,α, C are constants and Where,
K=0.14, α=0.02, C=0.
V-Fault Voltage of relay unit.
Vs-Set Voltage of relay unit.

9. Do the procedure for various set voltage value and noted down the readings in
tabulation.
 Calculated
Fault Voltage
Time Relay Actual Relay
Set Voltage or Trip
Sl. No. Multiplier or tripping tripping time
(V) Voltage
Set Time (s) time (s)
(V)
(s)

PROCEDURE TO DO THE EXPERIMENT BY USING PC INTERFACE

FOR DMT MODE

1. Keep the voltage source variac at zero position.

2. Click the shortcut icon of Over/Under Voltage relay which is in the desktop of PC
3. Click ‘main window’ at the left hand top corner of the screen or monitor.
4. Click the port button. Port button is for interfacing the module with PC. Select the
communication port number(COM1 to COM8) from our software. Before that you
should check the serial port number in PC.
5. After selecting COM port click ‘port open’.
6. Select PC mode in earth fault relay by pressing the button 2 in VPL-05 module.
7. Now the display of main window shows,

1. OVER VOLT RELAY

2. UNDER VOLT RELAY

8. Press ‘down’ button to select Under voltage relay. Now the display of main window
shows
1. DMT
2. IDMT

9. To select DMT mode click ‘up’ arrow key function in main window. Now the display
shows,
DMT SET TIME
SET TIME 00.00s
(1-50.00 SEC)

We can select set time up to 50 seconds.

10. Now set the set time value by using down scroll key. Here for e.g 1
Sec. Now the display of main window shows,
 DMT SET TIME
SET TIME 01.00s
(1-50.00 SEC)
Press enter button in main window and the display shows,
UNDER VOLTAGE
SET VOLT=0V
ACTUAL VOLT=100V
11.At the instant when actual voltage greater than set voltage the relay time starts and trip
the relay. Now the display of main window shows,
RELAY TRIPPED
DUE TO UNDER VOLT
S.T(SET TIME)= 1.00
S.V(SET VOLTAGE)=100 T.V(TRIPPING VOLTAGE)=102

S.T-Set Time (TMS)

S.V-Set Voltage
T.V-Tripping Voltage

FOR IDMT MODE

1. Repeat steps from 1 to 8.

2. To select IDMT mode click ‘down’ arrow key in main window. Now the display shows,

IDMT SET TIME

SET TIME 00.00s
(0.1-1.00 SEC)

We can select set time up to 1 second.

3. Now set the set time value by using down scroll key. Here for e.g 0.2
Sec. Now the display of main window shows,
DMT SET TIME
SET TIME 0.20s
(0.1-1.00 SEC)
Press enter button in main window and the display shows,
UNDER VOLTAGE
SET VOLT=100V
ACTUAL VOLT=0V
4. At the instant the relay time starts and trip the relay. Now the display of main window shows,
RELAY TRIPPED
DUE TO UNDER VOLT
S.T= 0.2 S.V=100
C.T=2.00 T.V=50

S.T-Set Time (TMS)

 S.V-Set Voltage
T.V-Tripping Voltage

5. Click reset button to get normal potion.

6. After that you select memory => IDMT for seeing relay potion.
7. Then you click ‘graph’ to plot characteristics.
8. Then click corresponding set time to graph. You can click the set time by click the 0.1 sec
option and you have to go step by step to see different time characteristics.
9. The calculated time for the relay is obtained from the formula,
t=TMS×[K/(V/Vs)^α-1]+C
TMS-Time Multiplier Setting
THE IDMT used is of normal inverse type. So the values K,α, C ate constants and are
K=0.14, α=0.02, C=0.
V-Fault Voltage of relay unit.
Vs-Set Voltage of relay unit.

10. Do the procedure for various set voltage value and noted down the readings in
tabulation.

Serial no. Set Fault Voltage Time Calculated Actual

Voltage or Trip Multiplier Relay Relay
(Volts) Voltage(Volts or Set tripping tripping
) Time(Sec) time(Sec) time(Sec)

Result: The experiment has been performed.

Ex. No: 9

Date:

DIRECTIONAL OVERCURRENT RELAY

AIM:

To test the characteristics of directional Over Current Relay (OCR)

THEORY
In the overcurrent protection scheme considered in previous experiments, we had implicitly assumed
that,
1. System is radial.
2. There is a single source.

This is quite true for traditional distribution systems but it does not hold true for sub-transmission or
Transmission system with multiple sources. Fig 9.1 shows a system which is radial but it has two
sources connected to it. If relays for protection are installed only at one end of transmission line say
towards source A end, it is obvious that after opening of relay in red, the fault will continue to be fed
from source B. Hence, relays are also installed at other end of line to detect fault and disconnect
transmission line from the other end as well. Similar situation will exist even for a single source system
if parallel paths exist (fig 9.2). Hence, systems which have multiple paths to source require relays at
both ends. However, installing relays at both ends does not provide a complete relaying solution. To
understand the reason, consider the action of red relay in fig 9.1 with respect to two likely faults F1 and
F2.

Fig.9.1 A radial distribution system with 2 sources

If the fault is at F1 then it is responsibility of red relays to open. If fault is at F2, then it is the green
relays which should trip the line. However, it is quite likely that for fault F2, the circled red relay may
trip before circled green relay opens to disconnect feed from the source B, the reason being that both
relays are subjected to same fault current. In other words, circled red relay competes with circled green
relay to clear fault. Opening of circled red relay unnecessarily causes loss of service to load at bus P
and it should be classified as wrong operation

Fig.9.2 A distribution system with parallel paths

To overcome this limitation, the relay element has to be provided with additional discrimination feature
to distinguish between faults that it should respond to, and others that it should not respond to. Further,
this 'selectivity' will not be sufficient if it is based upon magnitude of pick up current (or fault currents).
From the fig 9.3, it is apparent that such discrimination will hold between relay sequences R1 R3 R5
and R6 R4 R2.

Fig.9.3 Example to illustrate the discrimination Issue

However, it is not possible to provide such time discrimination between relays like R2 and R3. Now
consider two possible fault locations with respect to relay R3 as shown in fig 9.4. The relay R2 should
operate if fault is at F1 because it is on primary feeder but not behind i.e. at F2. With polarity of CT
connection as shown in fig 9.5, it is apparent that for fault F1 current I1 seen by the relay lags Vp by 90
degrees (fig 9.6). This is under the assumption of bolted fault and reactive nature of circuit impedance.
However, when the fault is in the position F2, then relay current leads the bus voltage 'Vp'.

Fig.9.4 The Discrimination Problem

Fig. 9.5 The discrimination feature by comparison with reference phasor

Thus, if we measure the bus voltage phasor Vp and compute the phase angle of relay current with
respect to bus voltage, then we can use the following logic to provide selectivity. If the relay 'detects
fault' and current lags VR (= Vp), then permit relay tripping. If the relay 'detects fault' and current leads
VR (= Vp), then inhibit the relay tripping. The 'discrimination principle' based on phase angle
comparison between a set of phasors, one of which is used as reference is called 'directional
discrimination principle'. Relays with this principle are called directional relays. For example,
overcurrent relays can be made directional by adding above discrimination logic to well-known
overcurrent logic. Such relays are called as directional overcurrent relays. They are used in distribution
system or sub transmission system where 'ring main' configuration is used to provide more reliability of
service. Cost of this relaying scheme is higher than 'non-directional' overcurrent due to additional cost
of VT.

Fig. 9.6 Directional Tripping Logic

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

PROCEDURE
CHARACTERISTICS TEST

1. Switch on the MCP – DP switch

2. Connect the current probes and timer probes from the relay to the test fkit
3. Set the voltage at 110 V
4. Set the TMS and PMS values as indicated in the tabular column
5. Keep TEST/SET mode switch in SET mode
6. Switch on the source
7. Apply current and slowly increase the current till the current reaches the set value
8. Switch off the source
9. Keep TEST/SET mode switch in TEST mode
10. Switch on the source
11. Wait for the relay to trip and note down the trip time as indicated in the timer
12. Tabulate the values
13. Plot the graph of current versus time
14. Switch off the MCP –DP switch to shut down the equipment
15. Remove all test wiring after completion of test

TABULAR COLUMN

CHARACTERISTICS TEST

S.n Current in Amps PSM = 100 %, TMS = 1 , V = 110 V

o
Actual time from the curve Observed time (Sec)
(Sec)

1. 5

2. 4.5

3. 3.5

4. 3.2

5. 3

6.

DIRECTIONAL TEST
 S.no Current in Amps PSM = 100 %, TMS = 1 , V = 110 V

Current direction Relay trip condition

1. 5 Straight

2. 5 Reversed

RESULT

Thus the OCR characteristics are tested.

Ex. No: 10
Date:
MEASUREMENT OF SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES.
AIM: Determination of negative sequence and zero sequence reactance of a Synchronous Generator.

APPARATUS:

1) Alternator (3phase, 415V, 4.2A, 1500rpm)

2) DC motor (8A, 220V, 1500rpm, shunt)
3) Voltmeter (0-300V, 0-75V) AC
4) Ammeter (0 – 5A) AC, (0 – 2A) DC
5) Dimmer stat (1phase, 230V, 50Hz)
6) Wattmeter (150V, 5A)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PART (A): NEGATIVE SEQUENCE REACTANCE
 PART (B): ZERO SEQUENCE REACTANCE

THEORY:

PROCEDURE:
PART (A): NEGATIVE SEQUENCE REACTANCE
1. Make connection as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Run DC motor with synchronous speed.
3. Keeping the speed constant, vary the excitation and measure the voltmeter, ammeter and
wattmeter reading.
4. Take 3 to 4 reading for different excitation (The excitation should not be increased beyond
the rated capacity of synchronous machine 4.2A).

PART (B): ZERO SEQUENCE REACTANCE

1. Make connection as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Set the dimmer stat output to zero volts and switch on the supply.
3. Gradually increase dimmer stat output and note the ammeter reading for suitable voltage
applied.
4. Repeat reading for suitable voltage applied.
5. It should be kept in mind that the ammeter reading should not exceed the rated current
capacity of the machine (4.2A).
OBSERVATION TABLE FOR NEGATIVE SEQUENCE REACTANCE

S. VRY ISC W Avg. X2

No (V) (A) (watt)
Z 2=
V RY
√❑
X 2 =Z 2 ( W
V RY I SC ) (Ω)

01.

02.

03.

04.

OBSERVATION TABLE FOR ZERO SEQUENCE REACTANCE

VRY ISC
3 V RY
S. No. X 0= Avg. X0 (Ω)
(V) (A) I SC

01.

02.

03.

04.

RESULT:
The negative sequence reactance and zero sequence reactance of an alternator are found to be
X2 =
X0 =
VIVA QUESTION:
01. Define X2 and Xo.
02. What are sequence currents?
03. What are the effects of Negative currents on the rotor (field) winding?
04. What are the effects of zero sequence currents on the rotor (field) winding?
 05. Give the equivalent circuits of synchronous machine under the influence of the three
sequence currents.

Ex. No: 11

Date:

NUMERICAL DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAY

AIM:

To test the parallelogram characteristics of numerical distance relay protection.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

AZM1114+ Relay

PROCEDURE:

1. Set the values for RF, XF, RB, XB and RCA in the relay settings.

2. Plot the parallelogram characteristics w.r.t. the settings above.

 3. Calculate the values of V (Voltage) and Current (I) from the set values.
4. Keep V constant and increase I from (I/2) in steps of 0.1 till relay picks up.
5. Note down R,I and X when the relay trips.
6. Tabulate the readings by increasing the phase angle from 0 degree to 360 degrees in steps of
10 degree.
RF (forward resistance), XF (forward reactance), RB (backward resistance), XB (backward
reactance) and RCA (relay characteristics angle) are the settings available with the relay to
determine the Parallelogram characteristics.

Observation Table:

Sl. No. V I Phase R X

Angle
(between
V and I)

10

RESULT

Thus the parallelogram characteristics of distance relay protection is tested.