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Implementation and Evaluation a SIMULINK Model of a Distance Relay in
MATLAB/SIMULINK
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Implementation and Evaluation a SIMULINK Model of a Distance Relay in MATLAB/SIMULINK Omar G. Mrehel Hassan B. Elfetori AbdAllah O. Hawal Electrical and Electronic Dept. Operation Department Electrical and Computer dept University of Tripoli Waha Oil Company University of Al-mergib O_rhoma@hotmail.com h.elfetori@yahoo.com aohawal@elmergib.edu.ly
ABSTRACT In order to understanding the function of
Relays, software relay models must be realized, This paper describes the opportunity of modeling of protective relays offer an economic implementing a model of a Mho type distance relay and feasible alternative to studying the with a three zones by using MATLAB/SIMULINK performance of protective relays. Relay models package. SimPowerSystem toolbox was used for have been long used in a variety of tasks, such as detailed modeling of distance relay, transmission line designing new relaying algorithms, optimizing and fault simulation. The proposed model was verified relay settings. Electric power utilities use under different tests, such as fault detection which includes single line to ground (SLG) fault, double line computer-based relay models to confirm how the fault (LL), double line to ground fault (LLG) and three relay would perform during systems disturbances phase fault, all types of faults were applied at different and normal operating conditions and to make the locations to test this model. Also the Mho R- jX plain necessary corrective adjustment on the relay was created inside this model to show the trajectory of settings. [3][4]. measured apparent impedance by the relay. The results One of the world-wide recognized, show that the relay operates correctly under different powerful analysis software package, is a locations for each fault type. The difficulties in MATLAB/SIMULINK, which has the capability understanding distance relay can be cleared by using for modeling, simulating, and analyzing dynamic MATLAB/SIMULINK software. systems using SimPowerSystems toolbox, in side Simulink package, different parts of a system such KEYWORDS as three phase transformer, three phase load, distributed parameters line, circuit breaker, etc can Power system protection, distance relay, line protection, MATLAB/SIMULINK, apparent be used for AC and DC applications. [5]. Impedance. MATLAB/SIMULINK provides a well-known tool for modeling digital protective relays. 1 INTRODUCTION SIMULINK offers a wide selection of libraries that allow detailed simulation digital relays. Distance protection is the most widely Aspects of digital relaying, such as signal used method to protect transmission lines. The conditioning, analog-to-digital conversion, digital fundamental principle of distance Relying is based filtering, phasor estimation, protection algorithms, on the local measurement of voltages and currents, and relay trip logic, can be modeled using general where the Relay responds to the impedance purpose blocks, special blocks from the signal between the relay terminal and the fault location processing block set and user-defined blocks [1]. There are many types of distance relay written in S-functions. [6]. characteristic such as mho, reactance, admittance, The goal of this paper is to explain the building quadrilateral polarized-mho, offset mho etc. Every process of Simulink model for distance relay, type of characteristics has different intended inside the modeling, fault detection, apparent function and theories behind [2]. impedance calculation for all types of faults, zone coordination were designed and implemented, a
Mho type distance characteristic was chosen to be as the protection scheme for this relay is the developed model can be included in one block set only by creating the subsystem for the developed model. The created subsystem block set also can be copied and pasted at any space or file thus eliminates the multiple building of the model.
2 BUILDING DISTANCE RELAY MODEL
In the following, the main functions included in Figure 2. Logical fault detection scheme the digital relay model are presented. 1- Fault detection; 2- Impedance measurement; 2.2 Impedance Measurement Block 3- Zone protection coordination The fault detection block, determines the 2.1 Fault Detection Block fault type, and then sends a signal to the impedance measurement block to determine which The relay permit direct detection of the impedance measurement algorithm must be used. phases involved in a fault or called faulted phase The impedance measurement block consists of selection, which then permits the appropriate different subsystems used to compute the fault distance-measuring zone to trip. Without phase impedance for different types of fault. selection, the relay risks having over or Table 1 shows the different algorithm used underreach problems, or tripping three phases to compute the apparent impedance at the relay when single-pole fault clearance is required. The location for a various types of fault [3][7]. An ‘Delta’ algorithm techniques [7], was selected for illustration of computed impedance for a single a phase selection, which comparing the step phase to ground fault, and double phase to ground change of level between pre-fault load, and fault fault, being developed in SIMULINK current, this is achieved by a logic circuit. environment, are shown in Figure 3, and figure 4, Figure.1 shows the fault detection block respectively. built in MATLAB, it is clear the relay can discriminate all types of fault. While figure 2 Table 1. Fault impedance Algorithm for various fault types represents the scheme logic designed in Fault type Algorithm MATLAB/SIMULINK, where a function block parameter if [5], the If blocks, along with If (VA / IA) or (VB / IB) or ABC or ABCG Action subsystems containing Action Port blocks (VC / IC) were used to achieve this logic circuit. AB or ABG (VA – VB)/( IA – IB)
Where: A, B and C indicates faulty phases, G indicates ground fault. VA, VB and VC indicate voltage phases IA, IB and IC indicate current phases Z0 = line zero-sequence impedance Z1 = line positive-sequence impedance K1 = residual compensation factor where k0 = (Z0-Z1)/KZ1. K can be 1 or3 depend on the relay design. I0 = (Vs / Z0+2Z1) Where Vs is phase voltage during the phase to ground fault Figure 5. Zone coordination Subsystem
2.4 Building Shape Mho Characteristics
The final stage of the model is to develop
the Mho characteristics of the distance relay. This stage enhances the understanding of the distance relay behavior. To obtain the shape of mho characteristic by using M-file MTALAB, the calculations of the setting impedance for each zone has to be performed first, and then attaching Figure 3. Apparent impedance model for SLG Fault the corresponding results in a specific code in M- file MTALAB , which draws the shape of each zone of Mho relay characteristic, as presented in figure 6.
Figure 4. Apparent impedance model for DLG Fault
2.3 Zone Protection Coordination
Careful selection of the reach settings and tripping times for the various zones of measurement enables correct coordination between distance relays on a power system. Subsystem zone coordination model was created which comprise time settings for a 3- zone Figure 6. Mho shape characteristics distance protection as shown in Figure.5 The whole model of a Distance relay developed in SIMULINK is shown in Figure 7. With mention of its inputs and outputs.
3 SIMULATION AND RESULTS 9 Line Capacitance (C0) 7.751e-9 F/km The network under study consists of one 10 Total zero sequence impedance 116.51∟76.720 Ω three phase power supply as a power station supplying 400kv transmission line, the three Total positive sequence 11 32.739 ∟87.960 Ω separate transmission line each 100-km, is impedance designed to deliver power of 260 MVA, to the load at the end of transmission line, the bus bars Relay setting are equipped by current measurement and voltage measurement, Each line is equipped separately by Time two main circuit breaker at the sending and receiving ends as is shown in figure 8. Zone Setting Values (Ω) setting The relay model developed in SIMULINK (S) is integrated with the power system model in the Instanta MATLAB/SIMULINK, Several operating and Zone1 80% T.L-1 27.82 neous fault conditions have been simulated in order to validate the relay model. The parameters of the Zone2 T.L-1+20% T.L-2 39.28 0.3 power system model and the settings of the relay model used are in Table 2. Zone3 T.L-1+T.L-2+20% T.L-3 72.07 0.6
fault at 70 km .The impedance trajectory fall in the first zone of R-jX plain which is correct function of the relay. while figure 10(b) and figure 10(c) demonstrate the impedance measured by the Mho distance relay under SLG fault at the distance of 115 km and 210 km from the relay location respectively, the results shows that the relay has indicate impedance in the second and third zone respectively ( correct function).
Figure 8. Overall simulation model
3.1 Case.1. Fault Detection
In this case a phase A to ground fault was
performed on the line, it is clear from the figure 9, Figure 10(a). R-jX plot Impedance for a fault at 70 km that the relay can discriminate the type of fault distance which give output 1 that mean phase A to ground fault occur.
Figure 10(b). R-jX plot Impedance for a fault at 115 km
distance
Figure 9. Phase A to ground fault output
3.2 Case 2 Zones of Protection
In this case the relay will determine the correct
zone of the measured impedance for different locations of each fault type.
3.2.1. Single Line to Ground Fault
Figure 10(a). Shows trace of apparent impedance Figure 10(c). R-jX plot Impedance for a fault at 210 km as seen by the Mho distance relay due to SLG distance
Three phase fault where set at distance 30 A Mho type distance relay was km, 90 km and 130 km to check the behavior of successfully developed based on Mho distance relay of this type of fault. MATLAB/SIMULINK package, (each part of the The impedance trajectory seen by the Mho relay is implemented as a separate function). Each distance relay due to this type of fault is shown in function has been created using special blocks of figure 11(a, b, c). SIMULINK. By testing the behavior of the developed relay model under different fault conditions, the relay model was able to recognize the appropriate fault type. From perspective impedance calculations, the relay model has the ability of indicating the correct zone of operation in all cases. The relay identifiers the fault locations as expected, as the fault location is changed, the measured impedance change consequently. The impedance path which reflects the behavior of the model under different fault conditions was Figure 11(a). R-jX plot Impedence for a fault at 30 km presented and discussed.
5 REFERENCES [1] Anderson. P.M.”Power System Protection”, ISBN 0-07- 134323-7 McGraw-Hill,1999.
[2] Muhd Hafizi Idris, Mohd Saufi Ahmad, Ahmad Zaidi
Abdullah, Surya Hardi “Adaptive Mho Type Distance Relaying Scheme with Fault Resistance Compensation” 2013 IEEE 7th International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO2013), Langkawi, June 2013.
[3] M. H. Idris, S. Hardi and M. Z. Hassan, “Teaching
Distance Relay Using Matlab/Simulink Graphical User Interface”, Malaysian Technical Universities Conference on Engineering and Technology, Figure 11(b). R-jX plot Impedance for a fault at 90 km November 2012.
[4] L. C. Wu, C. W. Liu and C. S. Chen, “Modeling and
testing of a digital distance relay using Matlab/Simulink”, IEEE 2005.
[5] The Math Works, Inc., “SimPowerSystems user‟s
guide”, Version 4.6, 2008.
[6] Christos A. Apostolopoulos.,y and George N. Korres “
Real-time Implementation of digital relay models using MATLAB/SIMULINK and RTDS” Euro. Trans. Electr. Power (2008).
[7] “Network Protection & Automation Guide” - NEW
Edition ALSTOM.
Figure 11(c). R-jX plot Impedence for a fault at 130 km
