M ^0 I CHAPTER 7
M ^0 I CHAPTER 7
M ^0 I CHAPTER 7
Resistance
Unit: ohm
Resistor
A resistor is a device designed to produce resistance. Resistors can be used to limit current,
divide voltage, or generate heat.
#Types of Resistors:
Different types of fixed resistors include carbon-composite, metal film chip, chip array,
resistor network, and radial-lead for PC board.
Each fixed resistor has its own unique value, as well as a tolerance value of either 5% or
10%. Depending on the type of resistor you have, you can check its value by the coding
on the outer shell
Variable resistors
Variable resistors are used when it is necessary to change the values of a resistor easily.
The two main uses of a variable resistor are as a potentiometer and a rheostat.
A potentiometer is a device with three terminals used to divide voltage in a circuit. Two
of the terminals have a fixed resistance between them, while the third is connected to a
wiper, or moving contact.
This method is a rapid, simple and moderately accurate technique for measuring
resistance when one has only voltmeters and ammeters
It uses one ammeter to measure current, I and one voltmeter to measure voltage, V and
we get the value of resistance as
Ohmmeters
The ohmmeter is a simple instrument that applies the fixed voltage of a battery across
two resistors in series.
One is an equivalent resistor of known value and on the other the one being measured.
To find the value of unknown resistance, we need the galvanometer and DC voltage
source.
Hence, one of these two are placed in one diagonal of Wheatstone’s bridge and the
other one is placed in another diagonal of Wheatstone’s bridge
We can balance the bridge, by varying the resistance value of resistor, R3R3.
The above bridge circuit is balanced when no current flows through the diagonal arm,
DB.
That means, there is no deflection in the galvanometer, when the bridge is balanced.
The bridge will be balanced, when the following two conditions are satisfied.
MEASUREMENT OF CAPACITANCE, INDUCTANCE, AND IMPEDANCE
HAYS BRIDGE
Hay’s bridge is a modified version of Maxwell’s bridge, which we get by modifying the
arm, which consists of a parallel combination of resistor and capacitor into the arm,
which consists of a series combination of resistor and capacitor in Maxwell’s bridge.
Hay’s bridge is used to measure the value of high inductance. The circuit diagram of
Hay’s bridge is shown in the below figure.
Schering Bridge
Schering bridge is an AC bridge having four arms, which are connected in the form of a
rhombus or square shape, whose one arm consists of a single resistor, one arm
consists of a series combination of resistor and capacitor, one arm consists of a single
capacitor & the other arm consists of a parallel combination of resistor and capacitor.
The AC detector and AC voltage source are also used to find the value of unknown
impedance, hence one of them is placed in one diagonal of Schering bridge and the
other one is placed in other diagonal of Schering bridge.
Schering bridge is used to measure the value of capacitance. The circuit diagram of
Schering bridge is shown in the below figure.
Maxwell's Bridge
Maxwell’s bridge is an AC bridge having four arms, which are connected in the form of a
rhombus or square shape. Two arms of this bridge consist of a single resistor, one arm
consists of a series combination of resistor and inductor & the other arm consists of a
parallel combination of resistor and capacitor.
An AC detector and AC voltage source are used to find the value of unknown
impedance. Hence, one of these two are placed in one diagonal of Maxwell’s bridge and
the other one is placed in other diagonal of Maxwell’s bridge.
Maxwell’s bridge is used to measure the value of medium inductance. The circuit
diagram of Maxwell’s bridge is shown in the below figure.
The advantage of Maxwell’s bridge is that both the values of resistor, R4R4 and an
inductor, L4L4 are independent of the value of frequency.