Detailed Report Uncertainties

Detailed Report
**Objective of the Experiment:**
The experiment aims to calculate the uncertainties associated with physical measurements. This helps eva
**Theoretical Part:**
1. **Uncertainty in Direct Measurement:**
- **Absolute Uncertainty (\(\Delta g\)):** Represents the maximum possible error in a measurement. It is e
\(G = g + \Delta g \) or \( g - \Delta g < G < g + \Delta g\).
Example: \(\Delta g = | g_{ext{theoretical}} - g_{ext{measured}} |\).
- **Relative Uncertainty (\(\Delta g/g\)):** Compares the precision of two measurements. The smaller this
2. **Absolute and Relative Uncertainty in Calculated Measurements:**
- If \(g\) depends on several variables (\(x\), \(y\), ...), uncertainties can be calculated using differential rela
- \(g = Ax + By \implies \Delta g = A \Delta x + B \Delta y\)
- \(g = Axy \implies \Delta g/g = \Delta x/x + \Delta y/y\).
3. **Application to Concentration:**
For the concentration \(C = n/V\), where \(n = m/Mx\):
\[
rac{\Delta C}{C} = rac{\Delta m}{m} + rac{\Delta Mx}{Mx} + rac{\Delta V}{V}
\]
The absolute uncertainty is then:
\[
\Delta C = C \left( rac{\Delta m}{m} + rac{\Delta Mx}{Mx} + rac{\Delta V}{V} ight)
\]
**Experimental Part:**
1. **Materials and Products:**
- Graduated cylinder, burette, water.
2. **Procedure:**
1. Fill the graduated cylinder to the 10 ml mark.
2. Pour its contents into a burette and record the indicated volume.
3. Repeat the operation five times.
3. **Results and Calculations:**
- Calculate the volume uncertainty based on the measurements obtained.
- For a solution of \( ext{H}_3ext{PO}_4 \) (volume: 50 ml, mass: 20 g, mass uncertainty \(\Delta m = 0.02
1. Calculate the absolute and relative uncertainties of the mass concentration.
2. Calculate the absolute and relative uncertainties for the normality.
---
**Answers to Questions:**
1. **Uncertainty in Volume:**
The absolute uncertainty can be determined by comparing the average measured values with the theoret
2. **For the \( ext{H}_3ext{PO}_4 \) Solution:**
- **Mass Concentration (\(C\)):**
\[
C = rac{m}{V} = rac{20}{50} = 0.4 \, ext{g/ml}

\]
Relative uncertainty:
\[
rac{\Delta C}{C} = rac{\Delta m}{m} + rac{\Delta V}{V} = rac{0.02}{20} + rac{\Delta V}{50}
\]
Assuming a volume uncertainty \(\Delta V\), the value of \(\Delta C\) can be calculated.
- **Normality (\(N\)):** Depends on the definition of \(N\) (molar ratio and equivalent), to be determined ac
---
**Calculation Details for \( ext{H}_3ext{PO}_4 \):**
### **Data:**
- Volume of solution (\( V \)) = \( 50 \, ext{ml} = 0.050 \, ext{L} \)
- Mass of \( ext{H}_3ext{PO}_4 \) (\( m \)) = \( 20 \, ext{g} \)
- Uncertainty on mass (\( \Delta m \)) = \( 0.02 \, ext{g} \)
- Uncertainty on volume (\( \Delta V \)) = \( 0.1 \, ext{ml} = 0.0001 \, ext{L} \).
### **1. Mass Concentration (\( C \)) and Associated Uncertainty:**
\[
C = rac{m}{V}
\]
\[
C = rac{20 \, ext{g}}{0.050 \, ext{L}} = 400 \, ext{g/L}
\]
#### Relative Uncertainty:
\[
rac{\Delta C}{C} = rac{\Delta m}{m} + rac{\Delta V}{V}
\]
\[
rac{\Delta C}{C} = rac{0.02}{20} + rac{0.0001}{0.050} = 0.001 + 0.002 = 0.003
\]
#### Absolute Uncertainty:
\[
\Delta C = C \cdot rac{\Delta C}{C} = 400 \cdot 0.003 = 1.2 \, ext{g/L}
\]
### **2. Normality (\( N \)) and Associated Uncertainty:**
For \( ext{H}_3ext{PO}_4 \), 1 mole releases 3 moles of \( H^+ \), so:
\[
N = Molarity imes Number \, of \, Equivalents
\]
#### Molarity (\( M \)):
Molar mass of \( ext{H}_3ext{PO}_4 \) (\( M_{ext{H}_3ext{PO}_4} \)) = \( 98 \, ext{g/mol} \).
\[
n = rac{m}{M_{ext{H}_3ext{PO}_4}} = rac{20}{98} = 0.204 \, ext{mol}
\]
\[
M = rac{n}{V} = rac{0.204}{0.050} = 4.08 \, ext{mol/L}
\]
#### Normality:
\[
N = M \cdot 3 = 4.08 \cdot 3 = 12.24 \, ext{N}
\]
#### Relative Uncertainty:
\[
rac{\Delta N}{N} = rac{\Delta M}{M} = rac{\Delta m}{m} + rac{\Delta V}{V}
\]
\[
rac{\Delta N}{N} = 0.003
\]
#### Absolute Uncertainty:
\[
\Delta N = N \cdot rac{\Delta N}{N} = 12.24 \cdot 0.003 = 0.037 \, ext{N}
\]
**Summary of Results:**
1. **Mass Concentration:**
\( C = 400 \, ext{g/L} \)
\( \Delta C = 1.2 \, ext{g/L} \)
\( rac{\Delta C}{C} = 0.3 \% \)
2. **Normality:**
\( N = 12.24 \, ext{N} \)
\( \Delta N = 0.037 \, ext{N} \)
\( rac{\Delta N}{N} = 0.3 \% \)

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Detailed Report

**Objective of the Experiment:**

1. **Uncertainty in Direct Measurement:**

\(G = g + \Delta g \) or \( g - \Delta g < G < g + \Delta g\).

Example: \(\Delta g = | g_{ext{theoretical}} - g_{ext{measured}} |\).

2. **Absolute and Relative Uncertainty in Calculated Measurements:**

- \(g = Ax + By \implies \Delta g = A \Delta x + B \Delta y\)

- \(g = Axy \implies \Delta g/g = \Delta x/x + \Delta y/y\).

For the concentration \(C = n/V\), where \(n = m/Mx\):

rac{\Delta C}{C} = rac{\Delta m}{m} + rac{\Delta Mx}{Mx} + rac{\Delta V}{V}

The absolute uncertainty is then:

\Delta C = C \left( rac{\Delta m}{m} + rac{\Delta Mx}{Mx} + rac{\Delta V}{V} ight)

1. **Materials and Products:**

- Graduated cylinder, burette, water.

1. Fill the graduated cylinder to the 10 ml mark.

3. Repeat the operation five times.

3. **Results and Calculations:**

- Calculate the volume uncertainty based on the measurements obtained.

1. Calculate the absolute and relative uncertainties of the mass concentration.

2. Calculate the absolute and relative uncertainties for the normality.

2. **For the \( ext{H}_3ext{PO}_4 \) Solution:**

- **Mass Concentration (\(C\)):**

C = rac{m}{V} = rac{20}{50} = 0.4 \, ext{g/ml}

rac{\Delta C}{C} = rac{\Delta m}{m} + rac{\Delta V}{V} = rac{0.02}{20} + rac{\Delta V}{50}

**Calculation Details for \( ext{H}_3ext{PO}_4 \):**

- Volume of solution (\( V \)) = \( 50 \, ext{ml} = 0.050 \, ext{L} \)

- Mass of \( ext{H}_3ext{PO}_4 \) (\( m \)) = \( 20 \, ext{g} \)

- Uncertainty on mass (\( \Delta m \)) = \( 0.02 \, ext{g} \)

### **1. Mass Concentration (\( C \)) and Associated Uncertainty:**

C = rac{20 \, ext{g}}{0.050 \, ext{L}} = 400 \, ext{g/L}

rac{\Delta C}{C} = rac{\Delta m}{m} + rac{\Delta V}{V}

rac{\Delta C}{C} = rac{0.02}{20} + rac{0.0001}{0.050} = 0.001 + 0.002 = 0.003

#### Absolute Uncertainty:

\Delta C = C \cdot rac{\Delta C}{C} = 400 \cdot 0.003 = 1.2 \, ext{g/L}

### **2. Normality (\( N \)) and Associated Uncertainty:**

For \( ext{H}_3ext{PO}_4 \), 1 mole releases 3 moles of \( H^+ \), so:

N = Molarity imes Number \, of \, Equivalents

#### Molarity (\( M \)):

Molar mass of \( ext{H}_3ext{PO}_4 \) (\( M_{ext{H}_3ext{PO}_4} \)) = \( 98 \, ext{g/mol} \).

n = rac{m}{M_{ext{H}_3ext{PO}_4}} = rac{20}{98} = 0.204 \, ext{mol}

M = rac{n}{V} = rac{0.204}{0.050} = 4.08 \, ext{mol/L}

N = M \cdot 3 = 4.08 \cdot 3 = 12.24 \, ext{N}

#### Relative Uncertainty:

rac{\Delta N}{N} = rac{\Delta M}{M} = rac{\Delta m}{m} + rac{\Delta V}{V}

rac{\Delta N}{N} = 0.003

#### Absolute Uncertainty:

\Delta N = N \cdot rac{\Delta N}{N} = 12.24 \cdot 0.003 = 0.037 \, ext{N}

\( \Delta C = 1.2 \, ext{g/L} \)

\( rac{\Delta C}{C} = 0.3 \% \)

\( rac{\Delta N}{N} = 0.3 \% \)

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Objective of the Experiment:

1. Uncertainty in Direct Measurement:

2. Absolute and Relative Uncertainty in Calculated Measurements:

1. Materials and Products:

3. Results and Calculations:

2. For the \( ext{H}_3ext{PO}_4 \) Solution:

- Mass Concentration (\(C\)):

Calculation Details for \( ext{H}_3ext{PO}_4 \):

### 1. Mass Concentration (\( C \)) and Associated Uncertainty:

### 2. Normality (\( N \)) and Associated Uncertainty: