PRACTICAL WORK EXPERIENCE ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF CHAIN LINTEL

FOR THE PROPOSED CONCRETE AND BRICKLAYING WORKSHOP FOR

DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

BY:

FATAI TOHEEB ADEMOLA

MATRIC NUMBER: 2022703020016

BEING A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY, FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES,

THE POLYTECHNIC, IBADAN.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR

THE AWARD OF THE NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY.

SEPTEMBER, 2024.

i
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this work was carried out by Fatai Toheeb Ademola with matriculation
number 2022703020016 of the department of building technology, the polytechnic, Ibadan under
the supervision of Bldr. Adefisoye S.A in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the award of
national diploma in building Technology, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Oyo state.

And is in accordance with the requirement needed in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of national diploma (ND) building technology.

________________________ ____________

Bldr. Adefisoye S.A Date

Supervisor

_______________________ ____________

Dr. Bldr (Mrs) B.F. Akinbile Date

H.O.D

_______________________ ___________

External moderator Date

ii
 DEDICATION

This report is dedicated to God Almighty for his care protection, throughout my training. I also
dedicate this to my parents Mr. & Mrs. Fatai for their support giving to me in other to complete
my training; I pray that Almighty God will continue to bless them.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Glory be to Almighty God, The Author and Finisher of my faith for making it possible for me to
complete this programme. I appreciate him for seeing me through this course. I also thank him so
much for his guidance and provision throughout this course.

My appreciation also goes to my H.O.D in person of Dr. Bldr. (Mrs.) B.F. Akinbile and also my
supervisor in person of Bldr. Adefisoye S.A and also our coordinator Bldr H.F. Olaniran and the
entire staff of the department of building technology for their contribution towards the
completion of the programme. May God bless you all.

I will never forsake the appreciation of the effort of my intelligent and wonderful supervisor
Bldr. Adefisoye S.A for sharing out his vital time to supervise this work. May God continue to
increase his wisdom (Amen).

I hereby appreciate my loving parents Mr. & Mrs. Fatai and my family member too for their
support, care, and advice throughout the course of the programme. I love you all.

And to all who have contributed in one way or the other towards the success of my programme, I
appreciate and love you all.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CERTIFICATION............................................................................................................................................ii
DEDICATION...............................................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT................................................................................................................................iv
TABLE OF CONTENT.....................................................................................................................................v
List of Tables..............................................................................................................................................vii
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................viii
CHAPTER ONE: PROJECT DOCUMENTS.......................................................................................................1
1.0 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING..................................................................................................1

1.1 STRUCTURAL DRAWING........................................................................................................2

CHAPTER TWO: PROJECT DETAILS..............................................................................................................3

2.0 Concrete & Bricklaying..............................................................................................................3

2.1 The Importance of Building Construction Workshop..................................................................3

2.2 Project Team................................................................................................................................3

2.3 Project Organizational Structure..................................................................................................4

CHAPTER THREE: PREVIOUS WORKS..........................................................................................................5

3.0 List of Previous Work..................................................................................................................5

CHAPTER FOUR: CONSTRUCTION OF REINFORCED CHAIN LINTEL.............................................................6

4.0 SITE VISITATION.....................................................................................................................6

4.1 SITE RECONNAISSANCE........................................................................................................6

4.2 PLANNING.................................................................................................................................6

4.3 SITE CLEARING AND PREPARATION..................................................................................7

4.4 PROCUREMENT OF MATERIALS..........................................................................................8

4.5 FORMWORK..............................................................................................................................9

4.5.1 Resources:...............................................................................................................................10

4.5.2 Dimension of the formwork.....................................................................................................10

4.5.3 Using Leveling Instrument.....................................................................................................11

v
 4.5.4 Propping.................................................................................................................................11

4.5.5 Construction methodology of formwork..................................................................................12

4.5.6 Health and safety management on formwork construction......................................................12

4.6 REINFORCEMENT (Placing Of Reinforcement).....................................................................13

4.6.1 Cutting and Bending of Reinforcement....................................................................................13

4.6.2 Placing of reinforcement in beam.............................................................................................14

4.6.3 Quality:......................................................................................................................................15

4.6.4 Resources:..................................................................................................................................15

4.6.5 Construction Methodology........................................................................................................15

4.6.6 Health and Safety Management.................................................................................................16

4.7 CHAIN LINTEL (CASTING OF CHAIN LINTEL)...................................................................16

4.7.1 Batching.....................................................................................................................................18

4.7.2 Mixing.......................................................................................................................................18

4.7.3 Transporting Of Concrete..........................................................................................................18

4.7.4 Placing.......................................................................................................................................19

4.7.5 Construction Methodology........................................................................................................19

4.7.6 Health & Safety.........................................................................................................................19

4.7.7 Quality management..................................................................................................................20

4.8 DEMOULDING..........................................................................................................................20

4.9 CURING......................................................................................................................................20

CHAPTER FIVE: CHALLENGES FACED DURING THE PROJECT....................................................................21

CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................................21

REFERENCE........................................................................................................................................22

APPENDIX I: WORK ESTIMATE CALCULATION.........................................................................23

APPENDIX II: GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION.................................................................................26

vi
 List of Tables

Table 1: Project Architectural Drawing..........................................................................................1

Table 2: Project Structural Drawing...............................................................................................2
Table 3: Project Team.....................................................................................................................3
Table 4: Project Procurement of Materials.....................................................................................8
Table 5: Total Cost Summary..........................................................................................................9

vii
 INTRODUCTION

This report writing entails the current 2023/2024 and the brief information on the previous set
practical report of the final year project for the completion of the National Diploma (ND)
program from the Department of Building Technology, Faculty of Environmental Studies, The
Polytechnic, Ibadan.

The project work started with the 2015/2016 set which took off with the clearing of the site,
creation of access road to the site, digging of well, remover of vegetable top soil, setting out,
excavation of foundation trenches and column bases, blinding of column bases, bending and
installation of reinforcement to starter column bases and foundation footing and filling of laterite
in foundation.

The 2016/2017 set took off from where the last set stopped and continued with substructure
block work setting, formwork for starter column, casting of starter column and backfilling.

The 2017/2018 set was able to complete the substructure work and started with the super
structure work. The work carried out by those sets include anti-termite treatment, placing of
hardcore, hollow filling with weak concrete, laying of wire mesh, formwork for over site
concrete, casting of over site concrete which rounded up the substructure work and the
construction of fourteen columns at the super structure.

2019/2020 set was able to complete the construction of columns at the super structure. The
current work carried out includes: Site visitation and investigation, planning, site clearance and
preparation, site organization, materials purchasing, construction of kicker formwork,
construction of column form work, casting of kicker, cutting bending and binding of
reinforcement, demolding of kicker formwork, erection of reinforcement, erection of formwork,
casting of reinforced concrete column, demolding of formwork.

2020/2021 set took off where the last set stopped by constructing and casting the reinforced
concrete chain lintel. The work carried out include: Site visitation and investigation, planning,
site clearance and preparation, site organization, materials purchasing, construction of lintel
formwork, construction of lintel reinforcement, casting of reinforced concrete lintel.

viii
2022/2023 set took off where the last set stopped by constructing and casting of reinforced
concrete lintel. The work carried out includes: Site visitation and investigation, planning, site
clearance and preparation, site organization, materials purchasing, construction of lintel
formwork, construction of lintel reinforcement, casting of reinforced concrete lintel.

2023/2024 the current set continued from where the last set stopped by constructing and casting
of reinforced concrete lintel. The work carried out includes: Site visitation and investigation,
planning, site clearance and preparation, site organization, materials purchasing, construction of
lintel formwork, construction of lintel reinforcement, casting of reinforced concrete lintel.

ix
 CHAPTER ONE: PROJECT DOCUMENTS

The project document for the proposed concrete & bricklaying workshop at the department of
building technology, faculty of environmental studies, the polytechnic Ibadan includes
architectural and structural drawings.

1.0 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING

An architectural drawing is a technical drawing for building project that falls within the
definition of architect. Architectural drawing is used by architect and others for member of
purpose to develop a design or idea into a coherent proposal to communicate ideas and concept,
to convince client merit of design to enable a building contractor to construct it’s, as a record of a
complete work and to make a record of building that already exists.

1.100. Its features include the mains workshop, stores, two offices and male & female toilet.

Two entrances which also provides to access the workshop.

Table 1: Project Architectural Drawing

S/N Description Drawing numbers

1. Ground floor plan 01

2. Roof plan 02

3. Section A-A 03

4. Approach elevation 04

5. Right side elevation 05

6. Rear elevation 06

7. Left side elevation 07

8. Septic tank and soak away 08

1
1.1 STRUCTURAL DRAWING
A structural drawing is a type of engineering drawings; it’s a plan or set of plans and details for
how a building or other structure will be built. Structural drawings are generally prepared by
registered professional engineers, and based on information provided by architectural drawings.
The structural drawings are primarily concerned with the load-carrying members of a structure.
They outline sizes and types of materials to be used, as well as the general demands for
connections. They do not address architectural details like surface finishes, partition walls, or
mechanical system. The structural drawings communicate the design of the buildings structures
to the building authority for review, structural drawings also includes a proposed building
contract documents which guide contractors in detailing fabricators and installing parts of the
structures.

Table 2: Project Structural Drawing

S/N Description Drawing numbers

1. Foundation layout 01

2. Section B-B 02

3. Column base details 03

4. Column layout 04

5. Column details 05

6. Roof beam layout 06

7. Roof beam layout 07

8. Column base 08

9. Lintel schedule 09

2
 CHAPTER TWO: PROJECT DETAILS

2.0 Concrete & Bricklaying

A concrete & bricklaying workshop is a building construction environment that provides the
student the basis working knowledge required for the production of various engineering
products. In a concrete and bricklaying construction workshop, the practices of a workshop is
learnt which comprises of the various construction in building , function , use and application of
different working tools, equipment, machines as well as the technique of manufacturing products
from its raw materials to its finished products . The section available in a building construction
workshop includes; carpentry, fittings and plumbing, electrical, sheet metal, welding etc.

2.1 The Importance of Building Construction Workshop

The main importance of a concrete & bricklaying workshop enables the practical aspects of
theories learnt to be put into practice. The function and appropriate use of the each plants and
tools/equipment used in the construction work can be carried out in line with the professional
standards.

2.2 Project Team

Table 3: Project Team

S/
PROJECT TEAM Name Address
N

Building Technology
1 CLIENT The Polytechnic, Ibadan
Department

Project-ONE Group, Architect Plot 42B, Ilupeju Zone II,

2 Architect Builder and construction Adogba Area, Monatan, Oyo
manager State.

Golry Land Estate Road 2,

3 Structural engineer KUNLE ADEDOKUN &CO House 214 Akobo, Ojurin
Area, Ibadan Oyo State.

4 Main Contractor Building Technology team The Polytechnic, Ibadan

3
2.3 Project Organizational Structure

RECTOR

DEAN(FES)

HOD/CONTRACT MANAGER

COORDINATOR OR PROJECT MANAGER

LECTURERS/CONSTRUCTION MANAGER

SUPERVISOR

STRUCTUTAL
CAPENTRY MASON
STEEL
GROUP
LEADER

STUDENT/
APPRENTICE

4
 Fig 1: Project Organization Structure.

CHAPTER THREE: PREVIOUS WORKS

3.0 List of Previous Work

i. Site clearing
ii. Construction of Access Road
iii. Removal of Vegetable Top Soil
iv. Provision of Water
v. Excavation of Foundation
vi. Blinding
vii. Fabrication and Installation of Starter Bars
viii. Foundation footing
ix. Sub-Structural Work
x. Formwork to Starter Column
xi. Casting of Column starter
xii. Backfilling
xiii. Compaction of backfilled material
xiv. Foundation
xv. Laterite filling
xvi. Anti-termite treatment
xvii. Placing of hardcore
xviii. Sand Blinding
xix. Hollow Block Filling
xx. Leveling
xxi. Formwork to sides of foundation
xxii. Damp Proof Course
xxiii. Laying of BRC wire mesh
xxiv. Oversite Concrete
xxv. Casting of columns
xxvi. Casting of reinforced chain lintel.

5
 CHAPTER FOUR: CONSTRUCTION OF REINFORCED CHAIN LINTEL

4.0 SITE VISITATION

Site visitations are interactive experiences that enhanced student understanding of real
construction practices. The following are the previous work we met on site before we started the
current work;

i. Existing foundation
ii. Oversite concrete
iii. Columns
iv. Well
v. Reinforced chain lintel

4.1 SITE RECONNAISSANCE

On getting to the site we discover the following

1. Absence of access road

2. Absence of working space due to site being filled with vegetation and trees
3. The project has gotten to erection of reinforced chain lintel i.e. the project has foundation,
oversite and columns and part of the constructed reinforced chain lintel.

With the above information, NDII 2023/2024 Section was to complete the construction of chain
lintel.

4.2 PLANNING
The planning started by finding solution to the following questions.

1. How to provide access road?

2. How to provide workable space around the perimeter of the building?
3. How to get construction resources?
4. When to purchase or request for the construction resources needed for the construction?

6
 5. How to manage the following construction resources? Men, money, machine, method,
materials.
6. The duration of the construction activities.

Solutions

1. To provide access road manually by cutting down the bushes.

2. To provide working space manually, by cutting the grasses and bushes around the site,
this should be done after the provision of access road for effective transportation of
workmen and hand tool.
3. To make provision for at least one meter working environment around the perimeter of
the building.
4. To get some of the construction resources before the site activities start (money, men,
method and materials like aggregate and reinforcement) and other should be gotten as the
work proceed.
5. There must be rules and regulation guiding the construction resources and proper
supervision by the appointed site supervisor.
6. Contract manager approved that the site activities duration should be within a month after
the semester examination.

4.3 SITE CLEARING AND PREPARATION

Site clearing is the process of removing or clearing a site of any unwanted material especially
vegetation and surface soil. This is the first task of site preparation. It involves the remover of
tress, demolishing building, removing any or all old underground infrastructures and any other
obstacle that might affect the construction process in the future or hinder the project to be done.

i. Construction of access road: The provision of access road was done mechanically by
cutting and removing vegetation, these activities was done using cutlass and shovel.
a. The access road was constructed temporarily to allow site workers, suppliers and
machineries to move conveniently.
ii. Parking unwanted materials off the site.

7
 iii. Provision of workable space around the perimeter of the building: 1.5m space was
provided around the perimeter of the building, this was done manually. The resources
that was inputted was men (student), tools (cutlass, shovel, Head pan)
iv. Uprooting its roots: we were able to do these manually. The resources that was inputted
was men (student), tools (cutlass, shovel, Head pan, axe, digger)

4.4 PROCUREMENT OF MATERIALS

Table 4: Project Procurement of Materials.

Item No Description Qty Unit Rate (#) Amount (#)

A Reinforcement

I Iron Bar Y 16 20 Mᶾ 26,000 520,000

Ii Iron Bar Y 10 5 Mᶾ 11,000 55,000

Iii Binding Wire 20 Kg 25,000 25,000

Labour 28,000

TOTAL 660,000

B Form work

i Plywood 16 M2 22,000 352,000

ii Plank 2 x 2 45 inches 950 42,750

iii Plank 2 x 3 5 inches 950 4,750

iv Bamboo 50 M 950 47,500

iv Inch & half (Nail) Gross Kg 8000 8000

v Tornado `1 pack M3 1000 1000

vi Inch & quarter (Nail) Gross Kg 8000 8000

vii Labour 56,000

Total 521,000

C Concrete

I Cement 18 Mᶾ 10,000 180,000

8
ii Granite 20 Tons 250,000 250,000

TOTAL 430,000

Some of the materials were met on site before the construction activities started.

9
 Table 5: Total Cost Summary

Item No Description Amount # Total #

A Reinforcement 632,000

B Formwork 465,000

C Concrete 430,000

D Workmanship 84,000

E Grand total 1,611,000

The above materials were gotten before the construction activities started.

4.5 FORMWORK
Formwork is the term used for the process of creating a temporary mould into which concrete is
poured and formed. Traditional formwork is fabricated using timber, but it can also be
constructed from steel, glass fiber reinforced plastics and other materials.

Importance of Formwork in Construction

Formwork is essential for any construction; its main advantage is that it can’t be replaced with
any other technology.

Using formwork concrete structures can be constructed quickly and in the most affordable way.

During all construction work period, a formwork offers appropriate access and working
platforms that considerably enhance workers’ scaffold safety.

(1) Formwork helps in lowers the timeline and costs of the project by lowering the floor-to-floor
construction cycle time, which means more projects can fulfill their budgetary demands.

(2) Formwork facilitates construction managers to offer exact on-time shuttering and de–
shuttering of formwork resources, which results in improving project effectiveness and resource
usage.

10
(3) Formwork mainly associated with concrete. It helps in producing smooth finished surface of
the concrete.

(4) It provides good structural safety by offering solutions against all overlay loads, producing
exceptionally safe and practical structures.

4.5.1 Resources:
Material
i. marine board,
ii. Tornado nail,
iii. bamboo,
iv. inch and half nail,
v. inch & quarter nail,
vi. 2 x 2 wood
vii. 2 x 3 wood

Tools
i. Line
ii. Pinches
iii. Bar
iv. Saw
v. Screwing machine

4.5.2 Dimension of the formwork

Dimension is 225mm (width) x 250mm (depth) x 50000mm length

Bracing and Alignment of Formwork

Bracing are structural component or assemblies that are intended to prevent buckling or reduce
the effective unsupported length of columns, truss chords, and other members or structural
loading compression in particular cases, the same bracing is also used to withstand externally
applied loads.

11
Important Of Bracing

I. To make sure the formwork did not fall apart

II. To make sure the formwork gets a proper durability after alignment.
III. Bracing to resist the force, wind and vibration.

Material and tools

I. Bamboo
II. 2x2 wood
III. Nails
IV. Spirit level.
V. Line

Alignment

This is to determine the alignment of the total length of the building and to align the columns
together, so none of the column will fall apart from each other.

4.5.3 Using Leveling Instrument

The leveling instrument was set up on a site to know the height of the column, alignment
accuracy, using foot screw (leveling screws). The operators look through the eyepieces of the
telescope while assistant holds a staff vertical at the point under measurement

4.5.4 Propping
Propping is a system of structural members used temporarily to support load during
construction. The forces arising from these loads must be fully resolved using props or columns
to provide all the support needed for the work under construction, such as beams, formwork, etc.,
propping is often required during construction.

To archive this, we follow several steps in the process of propping the foremost on site

i. First, we calculate all the loads to be supported.

ii. Then we consider the characteristics of the support points
iii. On the basis of these, we select appropriate materials.
iv. Then we calculate all the forces and make a propping design to resolve those forces.

12
4.5.5 Construction methodology of formwork
Materials: 1.2 x 2.4m marine board was sawn to useable size of 50mm x 750mm x 3600mm
wood stakes nails.

Tool: measuring tape, carpentry pencil, try – square, circular saw and hammer.

Labour: 1 carpenter with students.

The 2.4m marine boards were used for the construction of the forms, the 50mm x 750mm x
3600mm wood stakes was used to lock the formwork into position to receive the concrete and
nails was used to fasten the formwork together.

The 50mm x 750mm x 3600mm wood were cuts to sizes to braces the 300mm marine boards to
the forms for firmness.

The formwork was done in eight days.

4.5.6 Health and safety management on formwork construction

The use of safety booth, clothing and helmet was adopted

Likely Hazards

i. Wood off cuts could pierce into hands

ii. Wood off cuts could pierce into legs.
iii. Injury during nailing
iv. Wood sawn dust could enter into the eyes when sawing.
v. Tools falling from the top to the head.

Preventive Precautionary Measures.

i. Wearing of safety boot

ii. Wearing of hand gloves
iii. Wearing of safety goggle
iv. Wearing of overall.
v. Wearing of helmet

13
Quality Management

Formwork should be: Strong enough to withstand dead and live loads. Capable of retaining its
shape by being efficiently propped and braced horizontally and vertically. Designed constructed
to prevent leakage of cement grout, with sealed joints.

The periphery of the formwork should be flat and straight, the joints should be tight, the height
difference of the joints should be no more than 2mm, and the flatness should be no more than
3mm. The formwork should be checked and accepted before pouring concrete.

4.6 REINFORCEMENT (Placing Of Reinforcement)

What is reinforcement?

The action of strengthening or encouraging something: the state of being reinforced. The
reinforcement in concrete may be simple bar or series of bars, bend to a given schedule which is
known as bar schedule and tied accordingly.

4.6.1 Cutting and Bending of Reinforcement.

Cutting means divide into pieces with a hacksaw.

Materials

i. 16mm reinforcement rod.

ii. 10mm reinforcement rod.
iii. Binding wire

Tools

i. Template or plate bender.

ii. Measuring tape
iii. Hacksaw
iv. Table
v. Pinches
vi. Benders

14
Length of reinforcement in Chain Lintel

Length of reinforcement in chain lintel generally is 50m; four were used 200mm link center to
center (Y16 200 C/C)

Bending of ring (Stirrup)

Bending(also known as flexure) characterizes the behavior of a slender structural element

subjected to an external load applied perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis of the clement
Bending done producing stirrup (rings) using 10mm bar .

Ring dimension

Dimension of the bending is 175mm x 175mm x 75mm x 75mm

4.6.2 Placing of reinforcement in beam

Placing along the length of the beams (longitudinal reinforcement): In two successive
beams that have the same section, the longitudinal pairs placed both inside the upper and lower
stirrup corners are collinear therefore, it is compulsory for the one to be bent so as to bypass the
other. This bending must be vertically done in order to have adequate space for the proper
concreting.

When using large diameter (greater than Ø 14), the bending cannot be manually done during the
implementation therefore, it has to be done prior to placement by means of a double bending
machine.

An effective rule to follow in cases like this is:

(a) The bars placed in beams with odd numbers 1, 3, 5… to be straight and

(b) The corner bars placed in beams with even numbers 2, 4, 6… to be appropriately bent.

15
4.6.3 Quality:
Reinforcement bar - Y16 - 20nr

Total length of bar - 12m

Links - Y10 – 18nr

Length of links - 850mm

Total length size after bending of rings for each side - 175mm each

Lapping of - 75mm

4.6.4 Resources:

Material: Qty - reinforcement bar (iron rod)

Test - Nil

Spec - Nil

Labour: Qty - 2 workers

Output/day - 2days

Tools used - saw blade, measurements tape, step ladder

Plant: Qty – Nil

4.6.5 Construction Methodology

Placing of reinforcement was done for two days by the laborer. The iron bender cut 12m length
of Y16 and we use 4nos of the reinforcement bar.

While producing links we use reinforcement bar size of Y10 with the length of 850mm and we
bend it into four sides in which the actual length for each side is 175mm with lapping of 75mm.
And the links was joined with the bar with wire mesh using 200c/c spacing.

Material: Reinforcement and binding wire

Tools: Hack saw, bending rod, hammer, and pinches.

16
Labour: students

4.6.6 Health and Safety Management

The use of protective overall was adopted and handling of the reinforcement was at the highest
degree of carefulness to avoid cuts in the hands.

Likely Hazards

i. The reinforcement piercing into the foot

ii. The reinforcement piercing into the hands

Preventive Precautionary Measures.

i. Wearing of safety boot

ii. Wearing of hands gloves
iii. Wearing of overall

Quality Management

There are no possible hazards that might have cause danger to the workers.

4.7 CHAIN LINTEL (CASTING OF CHAIN LINTEL)

A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the beam's axis. Its
mode of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam result in reaction
forces at the beam's support points.

The loads applied to the beam result in reaction forces at the beam's support points. The total
effect of all the forces acting on the beam is to produce shear forces and bending moments within
the beams that in turn induce internal stresses, strains and deflections of the beam. Beams are
characterized by their manner of support, profile (shape of cross-section), equilibrium conditions,
length, and their material.

Beams are traditionally descriptions of building or civil engineering structural elements, where
the beams are horizontal and carry vertical loads. However, any structure may contain beams, for
instance automobile frames, aircraft components, machine frames, and other mechanical or

17
structural systems. In these structures, any structural element, in any orientation, that primarily
resists loads applied laterally to the element's axis would be a beam element.

Procedures

(1) Measurements of materials (cement, granite and sand) with the appropriate mixing ratio

(2) Pouring of desired water to the mixed material in the concrete mixer at ratio 0.5 meter

(3) Mixing of materials (cement, granite and sand) with the help of concrete mixer

(4) Pouring of mixed material (concrete) from the concrete mixer

(5) Casting of beam

Quantity:

Ratio mix for beam was 1:2:4, i.e. 1 head pan cement, 2head pan of sand and 4 head pan of
granite

Resources:

Materials used for casting

 Cement
 sand
 granite
 water

Output/day: One worker mix with the concrete mixer, 25 students did the carrying of materials
to the mixer, and 20 did the carrying of mixed concrete and 3 students did the pouring. It takes
two days.

Tools:

 concrete mixer
 shovel
 head pan

18
  Hand trowel.

4.7.1 Batching
The process of measuring ingredient or materials to prepare concrete. Batching is the process of
weighing or volumetrically measuring and introducing into the mixer the ingredient for a batch
of concrete. Batching can be done properly to get quality concrete mix and we batch by volume

Method of batching concrete used on site

Volume batching

i. In volume batching, materials are measured on basis of volume with head pan. It is
less precise method of batching
ii. Using volume of ratio 1:2:4. One head pan of cement, two head pan of sand and four
head pan of granite.

4.7.2 Mixing
Mixing concrete is simply defined as the ‘complete blending of the materials which are required
for the production of a homogenous concrete. Concrete mixing machine (mixer) was used to mix
all the materials thoroughly before can transporting.

4.7.3 Transporting Of Concrete.

Transporting the concrete mix is defined as the transferring of concrete from the mixing plant to
the construction site the main objectives in transporting concrete is to ensure that the water-
cement ratio, slum or consistency, air content, and homogeneity are not modified from their
intended status.

Important factors in choosing transportation

There are many elements of transportation that need to be considered in order to ensure that a
mix does not change it state in specified in the contract. The two keys goals when transporting
concrete from the mixing plant to the construction site are to prevent segregation and not reduce
the workability of the mix. This transportation process must be well thought out and organized
effectively.

19
20
Methods of Concrete Transportation.

i. Head pan
ii. Bucket

4.7.4 Placing
The deposition, distribution, and compacting of freshly mixed concrete in the place where it is to
harden (often inappropriately referred to as pouring)

4.7.5 Construction Methodology

Materials: coarse and fine aggregate, cement and water

Tools: head pan, shovel, bucket, spirit level, theodolite, line.

Equipment: 1 concrete mixer

Labour: 1 concrete mixer operator with students

With the supervision of the project coordinator, lining, batching by volume, mechanical mixing,
placing, spreading, leveling and curing.

4.7.6 Health & Safety

We ensure the tools were in good condition before the commencement of the job and handle
carefully while in use. Also all students use personal protective equipment.

Hazard Likely To Occur.

i. Tools handling wrongly.

ii. Stepping on sharp objects (nails and hardcore).
iii. Injury to expose body.
iv. Inhaling of cement dust can be injurious to health.

Preventive Precautionary Measures.

i. Training on how to operate the use of tools.

ii. Wearing of safety boot.
iii. Wearing of overall.
iv. Wearing of nose cover.

21
4.7.7 Quality management
Materials are used to ensure they were of good quality. The sand and granite was also
investigated to ensure it was not filled with impurities. Water- cement ratio was in the right
proportion

4.8 DEMOULDING
This operation can be done by tilting the mold with the tile over jig. Instead of the jig a mold
specially made for this purpose may also be used. Demoulding can also be done by sliding the
tile and the interface sheet from the mold and holding the tile gently in the palm of the hand.
Remove the interface sheet by pulling it across the tile (shirt dimension) and remove and fresh
mortar. They place the tile on the text mold.

Time of Demoulding

Do not demould earlier than one week after construction.

4.9 CURING
Curing is the process of maintaining satisfactory moisture content and temperature in freshly cast
concrete for a definite period of time immediately following placemen. It prevents or replenishes
the loss of moisture from the concrete; it maintains a favorable temperature for hydration to
occur for a definite period.

Purpose of curing

i. It retains moisture in the columns so that the concrete continues to gain strength.
ii. It delays drying shrinkage until the concrete is strong enough to resist shrinkage
cracking.
iii. Properly curing concrete improves strength, durability, water tightness, and wear
resistance.

Curing of concrete.

Water curing: the concrete is flooded or mist sprayed. This is the most effective curing method
for preventing mix water evaporation. Make sure you allow proper time for water curing with the
help of raining.

22
 CHAPTER FIVE: CHALLENGES FACED DURING THE PROJECT

1. Accident on site: during the construction of the chain lintel, an iron bar accidentally hit
a lady on the face, causing injury. This incident highlighted the importance of ensuring
safety measures are in place on site.
2. Concrete mix error: too much water was added to the concrete mix, which affected the
strength and quality of the concrete. This mistake was rectified by re-mixing the concrete
with the correct proportions.
3. Formwork failure: the formwork burst while pouring concrete, resulting in a significant
delay and additional cost. This incident emphasized the need for proper formwork design
and construction.
4. Delay in material delivery: there were delays in delivery of materials, which affected
the project timeline. This challenge was addressed by sourcing materials from alternative
suppliers and adjusting the project schedule accordingly.

These challenges were overcome through a combination of quick thinking, problem solving,
and effective communication among the project team. Despite these setbacks, the project was
completed successfully, and the lesson learned will be applied to future projects.

CONCLUSION
The goal of this project is to construct reinforce concrete beam while these report intends to
present the details of the construction processes followed in the execution of the project. This has
been achieved through Site visitation and investigation, planning, site clearing &preparation, site
organization, materials purchasing, construction of beam formwork, construction of lintel
reinforcement, casting of concrete chain lintel.

The project of work was carried out in five weeks and construction processes like resources
estimation, health & safety management where followed in the construction process.

The purpose of the report is to give the technical report of the work done. At the end of the day
the chain lintel was successfully done.

23
 REFERENCE
The American Institute Of Architects (AIA) – Www.Aia.Org
The National institute Of Building Sciences (NIBS) – Www.Nibs.Org
The Building Research of Establishment (BRE) – Www.Bre.Co.Uk
Reinforced Concrete: Mechanics and Design" by James K. Wight and James G. MacGregor
Building Construction: Principles, Materials, and Systems" by Madan Mehta, Walter
Scarborough, and Diane Armpriest
ACI 347R-14: "Guide to Formwork for Concrete" - Published by the American Concrete
Institute (ACI),
ACI 318-19: "Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary" - Another
valuable publication by the ACI
Design of Reinforced Concrete" by Jack C. McCormac and Russell H. Brown.

24
 APPENDIX I: WORK ESTIMATE CALCULATION
Reinforcement Y16 iron bar
Y 16 full length (12m) @ #26,000
Length of chain lintel = 30925mm 31m
Breath of chain lintel = 18700mm 19m
Overall length = 49625mm 50m
Therefore, 1 length of reinforcement = 50m ÷ 12m = 4.17 5nr
5x4 = 20 (four side reinforcement) = 20
#26,000 x 20 = #520,000

A full length of Y10 iron bar (12m) @ #11,000

Length of chain lintel = 50m
No of rings (stirrups) rod @ 200mmc/c = 50m ÷ 0.2m = 250nr of rings
1 rod = 850mm
250rings = 250 x 0.85m = 212.5m
No of length of Y10 = 212.5m ÷ 12m = 17.7 ~ 18nr of Y10 length
⸫ 18nr of Y10 @ #11,000 = 18 x 11,000 = #198,000
Binding wire 20kg @ #25,000

PLY WOOD
Marine board at #22000
1200 x 2400 @ 1 marine board
300mm for side cover = 1200 x 2400
300
50000 ÷ 9600 = 5.2 ~ 6 = 6 board x 2 sides = 12 boards

25
 = 12boards x 22,000 = #264,000
225mm for bottom cover = 1200 x 2400 = 12800
225

= 50,000 = #2,734
12800
3.9 ~ 4boards x22.000 = #88,000
Bamboo @ 950 each x 50 pieces = #47,500
Plank for bracing 2x2 a @ 950 each x 50 pieces = #47,500

BRACING
Total length to be braced = 50m
Soffit spacing = 500mm = 0.5m
Length of 2 by 2 = 3.6m
Length of brace = 0.4m
Sides to be braced = 4sides
50 ÷ 0.5 x 0.4 x 4 = 160
160 ÷ 3.6 = 44.4 ~ 45nr
#950 x 45 = #42,750
2 by 3 @950 = #950 x 5 = # 4,750.
PROPPING

Height of Bamboo = 6.0m

Height of chain lintel = 2.4m
Length of chain beam = 50m
Soffit spacing = 500mm = 0.5m
6.0 ÷ 2.4 = 2.5 ~ 2nr
50 x 2 = 100nr
100 ÷ 0.5 = 50nr of bamboo
Bamboo @ #950 x 50 = #47,500

26
CONCRETE Using 1:2:4
Perimeter = 50m
Width = 0.225m
Depth = 0.250m
Volume of concrete required = 50 x 0.225 x 0.250 = 2.81m3of concrete
Add shrinkage & waste (50%) = 0.50 x 2.81 = 1.41m3
2.81m3 + 1.41m3 = 4.2m3 of concrete.
CEMENT
1 = 1 x 4.2 = 0.6m3
1+2+4 7
1m3 of cement = 29bags
0.6m3 of cement = 29 x 0.6 = 17.4 bags ~ 18bags
FINE AGGREGATE
2 x 4.2 = 1.2m3
7
3.83m3 of sand = 1 lorry load (5 tons)
1.2m3 of sand = 1 x 1.2 = 0.32 ~ 0.4 lorry load.
3.83
= 1.2 x 5 = 1.6tons ~ 2 tons of sand.
3.83
COARSE AGGREGATE
4 x 4.2 = 2.4m3

3.83m3 of granite = 5 tons

2.4m3 of granite
= 2.4 x 5 = 3.13 ~ 4tons of granite
3.83

27
APPENDIX II: GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION

Picture 1: Approach view of the workshop building under construction

Picture 2: Site Clarence

28
 Picture 4: Construction of formwork

Picture 5: Cutting and Arranging of reinforcement bars

29
Picture 6: Casting of Reinforced Concrete lintel

Picture 7: Structural Drawing

30