Lab Manual 1

UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR Faculty of Engineering
Mechanics of Deformable Bodies 85-218
Winter 2012
Experiment 1 Tension Test

Objectives: 1. 2. 3. 4. To carry out quasi-static tension tests on ductile and brittle materials. To determine the mechanical properties of ferrous and non-ferrous materials. To study the behaviour of materials under load. To observe the fracture of specimen.
Equipment: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Universal Testing Machine Tinius Olsen Extensometer Tinius Olsen Datascan Analog Measurement Processor Dalite Datascan Configurator Micrometer, scales, dividers, etc.
Specimens: Specimens of ferrous and non-ferrous materials (steel, aluminum and cast iron). Each group should test one specimen of cast iron, one specimen of steel and one specimen of aluminum. Procedure: 1. Measure the diameter of the specimen to be tested at several places along the gauge with a micrometer. Use the average diameter to calculate the cross-sectional area. 2. Examine the punch marks on the specimen to establish the gauge length. 3. Examine the grips in the Universal Testing Machine. Zero the machine for all load ranges to be used. 4. Place the specimen in the grips so that the punch marks face the operator and the grips are properly aligned.
5. Examine the extensometer and attach it to the specimen. Observe the precautions as pointed out by the instructor to avoid damaging the extensometer. 6. Open the Dalite Datascan Configurator. Open defbod1.ovl file and click on the monitor every second window. Check if the load and extend readings are zero. 7. Apply a load of approximately 2 kN to ensure that the extensometer is working properly. If it is working properly reduce the load to zero. 8. Begin to load the specimen slowly. Take readings of elongation in the monitor window at the following load increments: 2 kN increments for cast iron, 4 kN increments for aluminum and steel. In the inelastic range, use elongation increments as the basis of when to take readings. 9. Continue taking readings until the limit of extensometer has been reached, or when rapid increases in elongation are observed. To protect the extensometer from being damaged, the extensometer will be removed at a load of 32 kN for the aluminum specimen, 52 kN for the steel specimen and 20 kN for the cast iron specimen. 10. Observe and record the maximum load and the load at failure on the load window of the Dalite Datascan Configurator. 11. Place the two parts of the specimen together after rupture and measure the total elongation of the gauge. For ductile materials, measure the smallest neck diameter with the micrometer. Observe the appearance of the specimen after failure. 12. Repeat this same procedure for the other specimens to be tested.
Report: Prepare the Lab report according to the outline provided in the course syllabus. This is a formal report that should be written using a word processor; the only hand writing allowed is for the sample calculations. Include the following results in the report: 1. Prepare a table (identical to Data Sheet No.2) for each specimen tested showing the load, elongation, stress and strain. Note that the original cross-sectional area and gauge length are used in these calculations. 2. Plot a graph of the complete stress-strain curve for each specimen. Indicate significant points on the graph. (Stress on the y-axis and strain on the x-axis). It will be necessary to estimate the shape of the curve for portions where the strain was not recorded. 3. For the material which exhibits a yield point, plot a graph showing the elastic portion of the curve, including the yield point, to an enlarged strain scale. 4. Complete Data Sheet No.1. 5. Provide one sample calculation for each mechanical property in Data Sheet No.1 6. Sketch the fracture surface by hand, describe the characteristics of the fracture and comment on the reasons for the fracture, for each specimen tested.
Hints for completing data sheets load original cross - sectional area change in length original length 3. Reduction of area at fracture (%) (original cross = sectional area - final cross - sectional area) original cross 100 - sectional area (final gauge length - original gauge length) original 100 gauge length
1. Stress =
2. Strain =
4. Elongation (%) =
5. Proportional limit is to be obtained from the stress-strain curve. It is the stress at which the stressstain curve is no longer linear. stress
6. Modulus of elasticity = proportional limit.
; it is the slope of the stress-strain curve below the strain
7. Yield stress at 0.2% offset: (see figure)
STRESS (MPa)
Yield stress 3
0 STRAIN 0.002
8. Ultimate Stress (tensile strength) =
maximum load original cross - sectional area
9. Fracture Stress (rupture stress) = 10. Modulus of Resilience
load at fracture original cross sectional area
= energy stored per unit volume at the elastic limit = triangular area under the stress-strain diagram up to the elastic limit 1/2 (proportional limit) (strain at proportional limit) 11. Modulus of Toughness = energy stored per unit volume required to rupture the material = total area under the stress-strain diagram overall average stress strain at rupture
D N M a S p D i
A r e
R e d G a u
E l o P r o M o d Y i e U l t R u p M o d M o d
Data Sheet No. 2 (a) Tension Test Data for Ferrous and NonFerrous Materials Type of Material:
L o
Data Sheet No. 2 (b) Tension Test Data for Ferrous and NonFerrous Materials Type of Material:
L o
Data Sheet No. 2 (c) Tension Test Data for Ferrous and NonFerrous Materials Type of Material:
L o

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UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR Faculty of Engineering

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies 85-218

Experiment 1 Tension Test

6. Modulus of elasticity = proportional limit.

; it is the slope of the stress-strain curve below the strain

7. Yield stress at 0.2% offset: (see figure)

8. Ultimate Stress (tensile strength) =

maximum load original cross - sectional area

9. Fracture Stress (rupture stress) = 10. Modulus of Resilience

load at fracture original cross sectional area

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