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Computer Networks

The document provides an overview of computer networks, including definitions, goals, types, devices, transmission media, topologies, protocols, IP addressing, wireless technologies, network security, cloud computing, modes of data transmission, networking models, and communication techniques. It categorizes networks based on size and architecture, outlines key network devices and their functions, and discusses various transmission media and topologies. Additionally, it addresses network security threats and preventive measures, as well as cloud computing services and data transmission modes.

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sachin04012009
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2 views

Computer Networks

The document provides an overview of computer networks, including definitions, goals, types, devices, transmission media, topologies, protocols, IP addressing, wireless technologies, network security, cloud computing, modes of data transmission, networking models, and communication techniques. It categorizes networks based on size and architecture, outlines key network devices and their functions, and discusses various transmission media and topologies. Additionally, it addresses network security threats and preventive measures, as well as cloud computing services and data transmission modes.

Uploaded by

sachin04012009
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter: Computer Networks - Class 12

CBSE
1. Introduction to Computer Networks

 Definition: A computer network is a collection of interconnected devices that


communicate with each other to share resources, data, and applications.
 Key Goals:
1. Resource Sharing: Share hardware (e.g., printers), software, and files.
2. Reliability: Ensure data is available even if a device fails.
3. Scalability: Easily add new devices to the network.
4. Cost Efficiency: Share expensive devices like servers.

2. Types of Networks

 Based on Size:
1. PAN (Personal Area Network): Small-scale, used for personal devices (e.g.,
Bluetooth, smartphones, smartwatches).
2. LAN (Local Area Network): Covers a small geographical area (e.g., office,
school).
3. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Spans a city (e.g., cable TV networks).
4. WAN (Wide Area Network): Covers a large area (e.g., the Internet).
 Based on Architecture:
1. Client-Server: Central server manages requests from clients.
2. Peer-to-Peer (P2P): No central server; devices act as both clients and servers.

3. Network Devices

 Switch: Connects devices in a LAN and forwards data to the intended recipient.
 Hub: Broadcasts data to all devices in a network.
 Router: Connects multiple networks (e.g., a LAN to the Internet).
 Gateway: Acts as a translator between two different protocols.
 Access Point: Extends wireless network coverage.
 NIC (Network Interface Card): Hardware to connect devices to a network.

4. Transmission Media

 Guided Media (Wired):


1. Twisted Pair Cable: Used in LANs; low cost; susceptible to interference.
2. Coaxial Cable: Higher bandwidth than twisted pair; used in cable TV.
3. Fiber Optic Cable: Uses light; high speed and long-distance communication.
 Unguided Media (Wireless):
1. Radio Waves: Used in Wi-Fi, Bluetooth.
2. Microwaves: Used for long-distance communication (e.g., satellites).
3. Infrared: Used in remote controls.
4. Satellite Communication: Used for global broadcasting.

5. Network Topologies

 Definition: The layout pattern of connections in a network.


 Types:
1. Star Topology: Devices connect to a central hub. Easy to troubleshoot but
fails if the hub fails.
2. Bus Topology: Single backbone cable connects devices. Inexpensive but
prone to failure if the backbone breaks.
3. Ring Topology: Devices form a circular connection. Data flows in one
direction; failure at one point affects the entire network.
4. Mesh Topology: Every device is connected to every other device. Expensive
but provides redundancy.
5. Tree Topology: Combination of star and bus. Used in hierarchical setups like
schools.

6. Protocols

 Definition: A set of rules for data communication.


 Examples:
o HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol): Used for web browsing.
o FTP (File Transfer Protocol): For transferring files.
o SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): For sending emails.
o IMAP/POP3: For retrieving emails.
o TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): Fundamental
protocols for the Internet.
o DNS (Domain Name System): Converts domain names to IP addresses.

7. IP Addressing

 Definition: A unique address assigned to each device in a network.


 Types:
1. IPv4: 32-bit address (e.g., 192.168.0.1).
2. IPv6: 128-bit address (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).
 Classification of IPv4:

o Class A: Large networks (1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0).


o Class B: Medium-sized networks (128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0).
o Class C: Small networks (192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.0).

8. Wireless Technologies

 Wi-Fi: Wireless local area networking standard (802.11).


 Bluetooth: Short-range wireless technology.
 3G/4G/5G: Cellular technologies for Internet access.
 NFC (Near Field Communication): Used in contactless payments.

9. Network Security

 Threats:
o Malware: Viruses, worms, ransomware.
o Phishing: Deceptive emails/websites to steal information.
o Hacking: Unauthorized access to systems.
 Preventive Measures:

1. Firewalls: Monitor and block unauthorized traffic.


2. Antivirus Software: Detects and removes malware.
3. Encryption: Secures data during transmission.
4. Authentication: Ensures only authorized users access the network.

10. Cloud Computing

 Definition: Delivery of computing services (e.g., storage, databases) over the Internet.
 Types:
o IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): Virtual machines, servers (e.g., AWS).
o PaaS (Platform as a Service): Platforms for development (e.g., Google App
Engine).
o SaaS (Software as a Service): Software accessed via a browser (e.g., Google
Docs).
 Advantages:
o Cost-effective, scalable, and accessible from anywhere.

11. Modes of Data Transmission

 Simplex: One-way communication (e.g., TV broadcasting).


 Half-Duplex: Two-way communication, one at a time (e.g., walkie-talkies).
 Full-Duplex: Two-way simultaneous communication (e.g., phone calls).
12. Networking Models

 OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection):


1. Physical Layer: Hardware transmission (e.g., cables).
2. Data Link Layer: Error detection and frame handling.
3. Network Layer: Routing and addressing (e.g., IP).
4. Transport Layer: End-to-end communication (e.g., TCP).
5. Session Layer: Session management between applications.
6. Presentation Layer: Data translation (e.g., encryption).
7. Application Layer: End-user services (e.g., HTTP, FTP).
 TCP/IP Model:
1. Network Interface: Physical and data link layers combined.
2. Internet: Network layer (e.g., IP).
3. Transport: Similar to OSI transport layer (e.g., TCP).
4. Application: Combines session, presentation, and application layers.

13. Communication Techniques

 Synchronous: Data sent at regular intervals.


 Asynchronous: Data sent as needed with start/stop bits.
 Bandwidth: Maximum data transfer rate of a network.

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