1 Angle and its measurement

Now we will differentiate between such

Let's Study angles.

• Directed angle. Let's Learn

• Angles of different measurements
• Units of measure of an angle 1.1 Directed Angles:
• Length of an arc of a circle. Consider the
• Area of a sector of a circle. ray OA. Rotate
it about O till it
takes the position
OB as shown in
Let's Recall
Fig. 1.3. Then
angle so obtained
• We know how to draw the acute angles due to the rotation
of different measures. is called directed
• In a circle we can find arc length and area angle AOB. We Fig. 1.3
of a sector in terms of the central angle define the notion
and the radius. of directed angle as follows:

Activity No. 1 Definition:

Draw the angle ABC of measure 40° The ordered pair of rays (OA,OB ) together
with the rotation of the ray OA to the position
of the ray OB is called the directed angle
∠AOB.
If the rotation of the initial ray is
anticlockwise then the measure of directed
angle is considered as positive and if it is
clockwise then the measure of directed angle
Fig. 1.1 is considered as negative. In the ordered pair
(OA,OB ), the ray OA is called the initial arm
and the ray OB is called the terminal arm.

Fig. 1.2
In the Fig.s 1.1 and 1.2 both the angles are
of 40°. But one is measured in anticlockwise
direction and the other is measured in clockwise
Fig. 1.3(a) Fig. 1.3(b)
direction.
1
O is called the vertex as shown in fig 1.3(a) and, half of one rotation angle is straight
and 1.3(b). angle.
Observe Fig 1.3(b) and note that Right angle:
(OA,OB ) ≠ (OB ,OA) One fourth of one rotation angle is called
as one right angle, it is also half of a straight
∠ AOB ≠ ∠ BOA
angle. One rotation angle is four right angles.
∠ AOB ≠ ∠ BOA even though they have
same amount of rotation.
Zero angle:
If the ray OA has zero rotation, that is
it does not rotate, the initial arm itself is a
terminal arm OB, the angle so formed is zero
angle.

Fig. 1.4
One rotation angle:
Fig. 1.7
After one complete rotation if the initial
ray OA coincides with the terminal ray OB Angles in Standard position :
then so formed angle is known as one rotation In the rectangular co-ordinate system, a
angle m∠ AOB = 360°. directed angle with its vertex at origin O and
the initial ray along the positive X-axis, is
called angle in standard position.

Fig. 1.5
Straight angle:
After the rotation, if the initial ray OA and
the terminal ray OB are in opposite directions
then directed angle so formed is known as
straight angle (fig. 1.6).

Fig. 1.8

Fig. 1.6 In adjoint Fig. 1.8, ∠XOP, ∠XOQ and

∠XOR are in standard positions. But, ∠POQ
Note that in this case AOB is a straight is not in standard position.
line.

2
Angle in a Quadrant:
A directed angle in standard position
is said to be in a particular quadrant if its
terminal ray lies in that quadrant.
Fig. 1.10 (b)
In Fig. 1.8, directed angles ∠XOP,
∠XOQ and ∠XOR lie in first, second and In Fig. 1.10(a), the directed angles having
third quadrants respectively. measure 30°, 390°, −330° have the same initial
arm, ray OA and the same terminal arm, ray
Quadrantal Angles:
OB. Hence, these angles are co-terminal angles.
A directed angle in standard position
whose terminal ray lies along X-axis or Y-axis If the two directed angles are co-terminal
is called a quadrantal angle. angles then difference between measures of
these two directed angles is an integral multiple
of 360° e.g. in figure 1.10(a), 390° − (−330)°
= 720° = 2 × 360°.

1.1.1 Measures of angles:

The amount of rotation from the initial ray
OA to the terminal ray OB gives the measure
of angle AOB. It is measured in two systems.

Fig. 1.9

In Fig. 1.9, ∠XOP, ∠XOQ, ∠XOR and x

∠XOS are all quadrantal angles.
Co-terminal angles:
Fig. 1.11
Directed angles of different amount of
rotation having the same positions of, initial 1) Sexagesimal system (Degree measure)
rays and terminal rays are called co-terminal 2) Circular system (Radian measure)
angles.
1.1.2 Sexagesimal System (Degree Measure):
In this system, the unit of measurement
of angle is a degree.
One rotation angle is divided into 360
equal parts, the measure of each part is called
as one degreee angle.
th
∴ 1 part of one complete rotation
360
Fig. 1.10 (a) is called one degree and is denoted by 1°.

3
 1 th part of one degree is called one Theorem :
60 The radian so defined is independent of the
minute and is denoted by 1'. radius of the circle used and πc = 1800.
Proof: Let us consider a circle with
1 th part of one minute is called one centre at O and radius r. Let AB be an arc of
60
length r. Join OA and OB. Then ∠AOB = 1c.
second and is denoted by 1''. Produce AO to meet the circle at C.

1° = 60'
1' = 60''

m ∠ (one rotation angle) = 360°

m ∠ (straight angle) = 180°
m ∠ (right angle) = 90°

1.1.3 Circular System (Radian Measure):

In this system, the unit of measurement
of an angle is a radian.
Let r be the radius of a circle with centre Fig. 1.13
O. Let A and B be two points on circle such
that the length of arc AB is r. Then the Clearly, ∠AOC = a straight angle
measure of the central angle AOB is defined = 2 right angles
as 1 radian. It is denoted by 1c. Since measures of the angles at the centre
of a circle are proportional to the lengths of
the corresponding arcs subtending them:
l (arcAB)
∴ =
l (arcABC)

= =

∴ m∠AOB = . m∠AOC

(2 right angles)
∴ 1c = m∠AOB = ,
π
Fig. 1.12
a constant independent of r.
Thus, one radian is the measure of an
Hence one radian is well defined.
angle subtended at the centre of a circle by
Also, πc = 2 right angles = 1800.
an arc whose length is equal to the radius of
the circle. Hence, a radian is a constant angle and two
right angles = 180° = πc

4
Activity 2 : Verify the above result by taking v) Relation between angle and time in a
the circles having different radii. clock. (R is rotation.)
Let an angle have its measure r in radian Min Hand Hr Hand
and θ in degrees. Then its proportion with the 1R = 360° 1R = 360°
straight angle is the same in either measure. 1R = 60 min 1R = 12 Hrs
r θ p 60 min = 360° 12 Hrs = 360°
\ = \ rc = θ° ×
p 180 180 1min = 6° rotation 1 Hr = 30°
We use this relation to convert radian 1 Hr = 601
measure into degree and vice-versa. 60 min = 30°
Notes: 1°
1 min =
2
i) To convert degree measure into radian The word ‘minute’ is used for time
p measurement as well as 60th part of degree
measure, multiply degree measure by .
180 of angle.
ii) To convert radian measure into degree vi) Please note that “minute” in time and
180 “minute” as a fraction of degree angle are
measure, multiply radian measure by .
p different.
iii) Taking π = 3.14,
SOLVED EXAMPLES
 180 °
we have 1 = 
c

 π 
Ex. 1) Convert the following degree measures
= 57.3248° in the radian measures.
Here fractional degree is given in decimal  1 °
i) 70° ii) -120° iii)  
fraction. It can be converted into minutes 4
and seconds as follows π
c

Solution : We know that θ° = θ ×

0.3248° = (0.3248 × 60)' 180
π
c
= 19.488' i) 70° = 70 ×
180
= 19' + (.488 × 60)''
7π
c

≈ 19' 29'' ∴ 70° =

18
Thus, 1c = 57° 19' 29''
π
c

ii) -120° = – 120 ×

iv) In the table given below, certain degree 180
measures are expressed in terms of radians. 2π
c

∴ -120° = -
Degree 15 30 45 60 90 120 180 270 360
3

π π π π π 2π 3π 1 0
1 π
c

Radian π 2π iii) = ×
12 6 4 3 2 3 2 4 4 180
0
1 π
c

∴ =
4 720
5
Ex. 2) Convert the following radian measures = 74°52'+(0.2×60)''
in the degree measures. = 74°52'12''
c
7π c
-π
c
4
i) ii) iii) 7 ii) −30.6947° = −[30°+0.6947°]
3 18
= −[30°+(0.6947×60)']
180 °
Solution : We know that θ = θ × c
= −[30°+41.682']
π
= −[30°+41'(0.682×60)'']
180 °
c
7π 7π
i) = × = −[30°41'40.92'']
3 3 π
c = −30°41'41'' approximately
7π
∴ = 420°
3 Ex. 4) The measures of the angles of the
triangle are in A. P. The smallest angle
is 40. Find the angles of the triangle in
-π 180 °
c
-π degree and in radians.
ii) = ×
18 18 π
Solution : Let the angles of the triangle be
a − d, a, a + d in degrees.
-π c

∴ = −10° ∴ a − d + a + a + d = 180°
18
∴ 3a = 180°
Note that,
∴ a = 60°
180° = πc
Also, smallest angle
Hence,
c
= 40°
 π   180  °
1° =   , 1c =   ∴ a - d = 40°
 180   π 
∴ 60° - d = 40°

4 c
4 180 ° ∴ 60° - 40° = d
iii) = × π
7 7
∴ d = 20°
4 c
720 ° 360 ° Now, a + d = 60° + 20° = 80°
∴ = 7π =
7 11
Hence the angles are 400, 600, 800
Ex. 3) Express the following angles in degrees,
40
minutes and seconds. if they are q1c, q2c, q3c, 400 = q1c, then =
180
i) 74.87° ii) −30.6947° q1 2πc 60 πc
π so that q = q = × π =
Solution:
1 9 2
180 3
80 4
i) 74.87° = 74°+0.87° = π = 9 πc
180
= 74°+(0.87×60)'
2πc πc 4πc
Hence the angles are , and .
= 74°+(52.2)' 9 3 9
= 74°52'+0.2'

6
 The angles of a triangle in degrees are ∴ Sum of the remainging three angles is
2π π
c c 360° − 40° = 320°
40°, 60° and 80° and in radians , and Since these threee angles are in the ratio
9 3
4π
c
3:5:8.
9 ∴ Degree measures of these angles are 3k,
5k, 8k, where k is constant.
Ex. 5) The difference between two acute angles ∴ 3k + 5k + 8k = 320°
7π
c
∴ 16k = 320°
of a right angled triangle is .
30 ∴ k = 20°
Find the angles of the triangle in ∴ The measures of three angles are
degrees. (3k)° = (3 × 20)° = 60°
Solution : Let x and y be the acute angles of a (5k)° = (5 × 20)° = 100°
triangle in degrees. and (8k)° = (8 × 20)° = 160°

7π 7π 180 °
c
Ex. 7) Find the number of sides of a regular
Here, x - y = = ×
30 30 π polygon if each of its interior angle is
= 42° 4π c
.
∴ x - y = 42° .......... (I) 5

The triangle is right angled. Solution:

Let the number of sides be ‘n’.
∴ x + y = 90° .......... (II)
4π c
adding, (I) + (II), each interior angle =
5
we get x - y + x + y = 42° + 90° 4π c
180 °
= × = 144°
∴ 2x = 132° 5 π

∴ x = 66° Exterior angle = 180° − 144° = 36°

°
Put in (I) ∴ 360 = 36°
n
66° - y = 42° ∴ 66° - 42° = y
360
∴ y = 24° ∴ n = 36
∴ The angles of a triangle are 66°, 90° ∴ n = 10
and 24°.
∴ number of sides of the regular polygon
2π is 10.
Ex. 6) One angle of a quadrilateral is
9
Ex. 8) Find the angle between hour hand and
radian and the measures of the other minute hand of a clock at
three angles are in the ratio 3:5:8, find
i) Quarter past five
their measures in degree.
ii) Quarter to twelve
Solution : The sun of angles of a quadrilateral
is 360°. Solution :
2π
c
1) When a hour hand moves from one clock
One of the angles is given to be = mark to the next one, it turns through an
0
9
2π 180 360°
× = 40° angle of = 30º.
9 π 12
7
 At quarter past 5, B) Draw the angles of the following measures
miniute hand is pointing and determine their quadrants.
to 3. Hour hand has i) –140° ii) 250° iii) 420° iv) 750°
gone past 5. So the
angle between them is v) 945° vi) 1120° vii) –80° viii) –330°
more than 60º. In one ix) –500° x) –820°
minute hour hand turns Q.2 Convert the following angles in to radian.
ο
Fig. 1.14 through
1
hence in
2 i) 85° ii) 250°
15 minutes it has turned iii) −132° iv) 65°30′
ο
 15  v) 75°30′ vi) 40°48′
through   = 7.5º.
 2
Q.3 Convert the following angles in degree.
Thus the angle between
7π c -5π c
the hands is equal to i) ii) 3 iii) 5c
12
Fig. 1.15 60º + 7.5º = 67.5º. c
11π c -1
ii) At quarter to twelve, minute hand is pointing iv) v)
18 4
to 9, hour hand is between 11 and 12 though
it is nearer 12. It will take 15 minutes i.e. Q.4 Express the following angles in degree,
7.5º to reach 12. minute and second.
1 c
∴ the angle between the hands is equal to i) (183.7)° ii) (245.33)0 iii)
5
90º − 7.5º = 82.5º.
Q.5 In ∆ ABC, if m∠ A = 7π c ,
36
Note:
m∠ B = 120°, find m∠ C in degree and
In radian.
0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 180° 270° 360
degrees
5π c
In πc πc π π 3π Q.6 Two angles of a triangle are and
0c πc 2πc 9
radians 6 4 3 2 2 5π c
. Find the degree and radian measure
18
of third angle.
EXERCISE 1.1 Q.7 In a right angled triangle, the acute angles
are in the ratio 4:5. Find the angles of
the triangle in degree and radian.
Q.1 A) Determine which of the following pairs
of angles are co-terminal. Q.8 The sum of two angles is 5πc and their
i) 210°, −150° ii) 360°, −30° difference is 60°. Find their measures in
degree.
iii) −180°, 540° iv) −405°, 675°
Q.9 The measures of the angles of a triangle
v) 860°, 580° vi) 900°, −900° are in the ratio 3:7:8. Find their measures
in degree and radian.

8
Q.10 The measures of the angles of a The area A of a sector is in the proportion
triangle are in A.P. and the greatest is of its central angle θ.
5 times the smallest (least). Find the
If the central angle θ is in radian,
angles in degree and radian.
θ A
Q.11 In a cyclic quadrilateral two adjacent =
2π Area of the circle
angles are 40° and π . Find the angles
c

3 θ A
∴ = 2
of the quadrilateral in degree. 2π π r

Q12 One angle of a quadrilateral has measure θ r2 1

∴ A= = r 2θ
2π c 2 2
and the measures of other three
5
The arc length S of a sector is in the
angles are in the ratio 2:3:4. Find their
proporation of its central angle. If the central
measures in degree and radian.
angle is θ radians.
Q.13 Find the degree and radian measure of
θ S
exterior and interior angle of a regular =
2π circumference of the circle
i) Pentagon ii) Hexagon
iii) Septagon iv) Octagon θ S
∴ =
2π 2π r
Q.14 Find the angle between hour-hand and
∴ S = rθ.
minute-hand in a clock at
i) ten past eleven
ii) twenty past seven
SOLVED EXAMPLES
iii) thirty five past one
iv) quarter to six
Ex. 1) The diameter of a circle is 14 cm. Find
v) 2:20 vi) 10:10
the length of the arc, subtending an angle of
Let’s Understand 54° at the centre.
Solution : Here diameter = 14 cm
1.2 ARC LENGTH AND AREA OF A
∴ Radius = r = 7 cm
SECTOR:-
3π
c
π
c

θ = 54 × 180
c
=
10
To find s, we know that s = rθ

3π 7 × 3 22 66
= 7 × = × =
10 10 7 10
∴ arc length = 6.6 cm
Ex. 2) In a circle of radius 12 cms, an arc PQ
subtends an angle of 30° at the centre. Find the
Fig. 1.16 area between the arc PQ and chord PQ.

9
Solution : To find s and A. 1 2
We know that s = rθ and A = r θ
r = 12cms, 2
2π
∴ s = 15 × = 10π and
θc = 30° 3
1 2π
A = × 15 × 15 × = 75π
=  30 × π 
c
2 3
 180  ∴ s = 10π cm and A = 75π sq.cm.
π
c

θ = Fig. 1.17 Ex. 4) The perimeter of a sector is equal to

6 half of the circumference of a circle. Find the
1 2
Area of sector OPQ = rθ measure of the angle of the sector at the centre
2 in radian.
1 π
= ×12 ×12 × Solution : Let r be the radius of a circle.
2 6
Perimeter of a sector = half of the
= 12π sq.cm. ...... (1) circumference
1
QR ∴ l(OA) + l(OB) + l(arc APB) = (2πr)
Draw QR ⊥ OP, ∴ sin 30° = 2
12
1 ∴ r + r + r.θ
∴ QR = 12 × = 6 cms = πr
2
= Height of ∆ OPQ 2r + r.θ = πr
1
Area of ∆ OPQ = × base × height ∴ 2 + θ = π
2
∴ θ = (π − 2)c
1
= × 12 × 6
2 Ex. 5) A pendulum of
Fig. 1.18
length 21cm oscillates
= 36 sq.cm ........(2) through an angle of
By (1) and (2), 36°. Find the length of its path.
Required Area = A(Sector OPQ)−A (∆OPQ) Solution : Here r = 21 cm
= (12π − 36)sq.cm. p c π c

= 12(π − 3)sq.cm θ = 36° = 36 × 180 =

5
Length of its path =
Ex. 3) The area of a circle is 225π sq. cm.
Find the length of its arc subtending an angle l(arc AXB)
of 120° at the centre. Also find the area of = s = rθ
the corresponding sector. π
= 21 ×
Solution : Let ‘r’ be the radius of a circle 5
whose 21 22 66
area is 225π sq. cm. = × =
5 7 5
∴ πr2 = 225π
Length of path = Fig. 1.19
∴ r2 = 225 13.2 cm
∴ r = 15 cm.
Ex. 6) ABCDEFGH is a regular octgon
 π 
c
2π c inscribed in a circle of radius 9cm. Find the
θ = 120° = 120 ×
c
 = 3
 180  length of minor arc AB.

10
Solution : Here r = 9cm (7) OAB is a sector of the circle having
360
o
πc centre at O and radius 12 cm. If
θ = = 45° = m∠AOB = 45o, find the difference
8 4
between the area of sector OAB and
l(minor arc AB) triangle AOB.
= S
(8) OPQ is the sector of a circle having
= rθ centre at O and radius 15 cm. If
  m∠POQ = 30o, find the area enclosed
π  by arc PQ and chord PQ.
= 9   cm
4
(9) The perimeter of a sector of the circle
of area 25π sq.cm is 20 cm. Find the
area of the sector.
Fig. 1.20 (10) The perimeter of the sector of the circle
of area 64π sq.cm is 56 cm. Find the
area of the sector.
EXERCISE 1.2

(1) Find the length of an arc of a circle Let's Remember

which subtends an angle of 108o at the
centre, if the radius of the circle is 15
cm. • If an angle is r radians and also θ degrees
r θ
(2) The radius of a circle is 9 cm. Find the then =
π 180°
length of an arc of this circle which
c
cuts off a chord of length, equal to  π  , 1° = (0.01745)c
• o
θ = θ × 
length of radius.  180 
(3) Find the angle in degree subtended at o
the centre of a circle by an arc whose • c  180  , 1c = 57°17′48″
θ = θ × 
length is 15 cm, if the radius of the  π 
circle is 25 cm. • Arc length = s = rθ. θ is in radians.
(4) A pendulum of length 14 cm oscillates 1 2
• Area of a sector A = r θ , where θ is
through an angle of 18o. Find the length 2
of its path. in radians.
(5) Two arcs of the same lengths subtend • Two angles are co-terminal if and only
angles of 60o and 75o at the centres of if the difference of their measures is an
two circles. What is the ratio of radii of integral multiple of 360.
two circles ?
• Exterior angle of a regular polygon of n
(6) The area of a circle is 25π sq.cm. Find
o
the length of its arc subtending an angle 360 
sides =  
of 144o at the centre. Also find the area  n 
of the corresponding sector.
• In one hour, hour’s hand covers 30o and
a minutes hand covers 360o.

11
• In 1 minute, hour hand turns through 7) If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio
1
o
1:2:3, then the smallest angle in radian is
  and minute hand turns through 6°. π π π π
2 A) B) C) D)
3 6 2 9

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE - 1 8) A semicircle is divided into two sectors

whose angles are in the ratio 4:5. Find
I Select the correct option from the given the ratio of their areas?
alternatives. A) 5:1 B) 4:5 C) 5:4 D) 3:4
 22π 
c
1)   is equal to 9) Find the measure of the angle between
 15  hour-hand and the minute hand of a clock
A) 246o B) 264o C) 224o D) 426o at twenty minutes past two.

o A) 50o B) 60o C) 54o D) 65o

2) 156 is equal to
17π  c
13π 
c
11π 
c 10) The central angle of a sector of circle of
A)   B)   C)   area 9π sq.cm is 600, the perimeter of the
 15   15   15  sector is
c
D)  7π  A) π B) 3+π C) 6+π D) 6
 
 15 
II Answer the following.
3) A horse is tied to a post by a rope. If the
horse moves along a circular path, always 1) Find the number of sides of a regular
keeping the rope tight and describes 88 polygon if each of its interior angle is
meters when it traces the angle of 72o at 3π c
the centre, then the length of the rope is .
4
A) 70 m. B) 55 m. C) 40 m. D) 35 m.
2) Two circles, each of radius 7 cm,
4) If a 14cm long pendulum oscillates intersect each other. The distance
through an angle of 12o, then find the between their centres is 7 2 cm. Find
length of its path. the area of the portion common to both
13π 14π 15π 14π the circles.
A) B) C) D)
14 13 14 15
3) ∆ PQR is an equilateral triangle
5) Angle between hands of a clock when it with side 18 cm. A circle is drawn
shows the time 9.45 is on the segment QR as diameter. Find
A) (7.5)o B) (12.5)o C) (17.5)o D) (22.5)o the length of the arc of this circle within
the triangle.
6) 20 meters of wire is available for fancing
off a flower-bed in the form of a circular 4) Find the radius of the circle in which
sector of radius 5 meters, then the central angle of 60o intercepts an arc of
maximum area (in sq. m.) of the flower- length 37.4 cm.
bed is
A) 15 B) 20 C) 25 D) 30

12
5) A wire of length 10 cm is bent so as to 9) A train is running on a circular track of
form an arc of a circle of radius 4 cm. radius 1 km at the rate of 36 km per
What is the angle subtended at the hour. Find the angle to the nearest
centre in degrees ? minute, through which it will turn in 30
seconds.
6) If two arcs of the same length in two
circles subtend angles 65o and 110o at 10) In a circle of diameter 40 cm, the length
the centre. Find the ratio of their radii. of a chord is 20 cm. Find the length of
minor arc of the chord.
7) The area of a circle is 81π sq.cm.
11) The angles of a quadrilateral are in A.P.
Find the length of the arc subtending an and the greatest angle is double the
angle of 300o at the centre and also the least. Find angles of the quadrilateral in
area of the corresponding sector. radian.
8) Show that minute hand of a clock gains
5o30' on the hour hand in one minute.

13