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50+ Core Java interview questions & answers for 1 to 3 years experience

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Top 50 core Java interview questions covering core Java concepts

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== Vs equals(…) 300+ Big Data Interview

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Q1. What is the difference between “==” and “equals(…)” in
250+ Python interview
comparing Java String objects?
A1. When you use “==” (i.e. shallow comparison), you are actually
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comparing the two object references to see if they point to the same
object. When you use “equals(…)”, which is a “deep comparison” that
compares the actual string values. For example: Key Areas & Companion
Techs FAQs

1 public class StringEquals { 16+ Tech Key Areas FAQs 

2 public static void main(String[ ] args) {
3 String s1 = "Hello";
10+ Companion Tech Q&As 
4 String s2 = new String(s1);
5 String s3 = "Hello";
6
7 System.out.println(s1 + " equals " + s2 + "--> " + s1.equ
8
9 System.out.println(s1 + " == " + s2 + " --> " + (s1 == s2) 
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10 System.out.println(s1 + " == " + s3 + " -->" + (s1 == s3)) 800+ Enterprise & Core
11 } Java Q&As
12 }
13
300+ Core Java Q&As 

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The variable s1 refers to the String instance created by “Hello”. The
object referred to by s2 is created with s1 as an initializer, thus the
contents of the two String objects are identical, but they are 2
distinct objects having 2 distinct references s1 and s2. This means Java & Big Data Tutorials
that s1 and s2 do not refer to the same object and are, therefore, not
==, but equals( ) as they have the same value “Hello”. The s1 == s3 is Tutorials - Golang 
true, as they both point to the same object due to internal caching.
Tutorials - Big Data 
The references s1 and s3 are interned and points to the same object
Tutorials - Enterprise Java 
in the string pool.

String Pool Caches and you create a String object as a literal without the “new” keyword for caching

In Java 6 — all interned strings were stored in the PermGen – the

fixed size part of heap mainly used for storing loaded classes and
string pool.

In Java 7 – the string pool was relocated to the heap. So, you are not
restricted by the limited size.

String class
Q2. Can you explain how Strings are interned in Java?
A2. String class is designed with the Flyweight design pattern in
mind. Flyweight is all about re-usability without having to create too
many objects in memory.

A pool of Strings is maintained by the String class. When the intern( )

method is invoked, equals(..) method is invoked to determine if the
String already exist in the pool. If it does then the String from the
pool is returned instead of creating a new object. If not already in the
string pool, a new String object is added to the pool and a reference
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to this object is returned. For any two given strings s1 & s2,
s1.intern( ) == s2.intern( ) only if s1.equals(s2) is true.

Two String objects are created by the code shown below. Hence s1
== s2 returns false.

1 //Two new objects are created. Not interned and not recommende
2 String s1 = new String("A");
3 String s2 = new String("A");
4

s1.intern() == s2.intern() returns true, but you have to remember to

make sure that you actually do intern() all of the strings that you’re
going to compare. It’s easy to forget to intern() all strings and then
you can get confusingly incorrect results. Also, why unnecessarily
create more objects?

Instead use string literals as shown below to intern automatically:

1 String s1 = "A";
2 String s2 = "A";
3

s1 and s2 point to the same String object in the pool. Hence s1 ==

s2 returns true.

Since interning is automatic for String literals String s1 = “A”, the

intern( ) method is to be used on Strings constructed with new
String(“A”).

Q3. Why String class has been made immutable in Java?

A3. For performance & thread-safety.

1. Performance: Immutable objects are ideal for representing values

of abstract data (i.e. value objects) types like numbers, enumerated
types, etc. If you need a different value, create a different object. In
Java, Integer, Long, Float, Character, BigInteger and BigDecimal are
all immutable objects. Optimisation strategies like caching of
hashcode, caching of objects, object pooling, etc can be easily
applied to improve performance. If Strings were made mutable,
string pooling would not be possible as changing the string with one
reference will lead to the wrong value for the other references.

2. Thread safety as immutable objects are inherently thread safe as

they cannot be modified once created. They can only be used as 
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read only objects. They can easily be shared among multiple threads
for better scalability.

10 Java String class interview questions and answers

Q. Why is a char array i.e char[] preferred over String to store a

password?
A. String is immutable in Java and stored in the String pool. Once it
is created it stays in the pool until garbage collected. This has
greater risk of 1) someone producing a memory dump to find the
password 2) the application inadvertently logging password as a
readable string.

If you use a char[] instead, you can override it with some dummy
values once done with it, and also logging the char[] like
“[C@5829428e” is not as bad as logging it as String “password123”.

9 Java Garbage Collection interview questions and answers

Java Stack Vs Heap coding

problem
Q4. Can you describe what the following code does and what parts
of memory the local variables, objects, and references to the objects
occupy in Java?

1
2 public class Person {
3
4 //instance variables
5 private String name;
6 private int age;
7
8 //constructor
9 public Person(String name, int age) {
10 this.name = name;
11 this.age = age;
12 }
13
14 public static void main(String[] args) {
15 Person p1 = new Person("John", 25); // "p1" is object
16 String greeting = "Hello"; // "greeting" is a
17 p1.addOneAndPrint(greeting);
18 }
19
20 public void addOneAndPrint(String param) {
21 int valToAdd = 1; // local pri
22
23
this.age = this.age + valToAdd; // instance
System.out.println(param + "! " + this); // calls toS
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24 }
25
26 @Override
27 public String toString() {
28 return name + " you are now " + age;
29 }
30 }
31
32

A4. The above code outputs “Hello! John you are now 26”. The
following diagram depicts how the different variable references &
actual objects get stored.

Java Stack, Heap, and String Pool

Stack: is where local variables both primitives like int, float, etc &
references to objects in the heap and method parameters are stored
as shown in the above diagram.
Heap: is where objects are stored. For example, an instance of
“Person” with name=”John” and age=25. Strings will be stored in
String Pool within the heap.

Java modifiers are a must-know

Q5. In Java, what purpose does the key words final, finally, and
finalize fulfil?
A5. ‘final‘ makes a variable reference not changeable, makes a
method not overridable, and makes a class not inheritable.

‘finally’ is used in a try/catch statement to almost always execute

the code. Even when an exception is thrown, the finally block is
executed. This is used to close non-memory resources like file
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handles, sockets, database connections, etc till Java 7. This is is no

longer true in Java 7.

Java 7 has introduced the AutoCloseable interface to avoid the

unsightly try/catch/finally(within finally try/catch) blocks to close a
resource. It also prevents potential resource leaks due to not properly
closing a resource.

//Pre Java 7

1 BufferedReader br = null;
2 try {
3 File f = new File("c://temp/simple.txt");
4 InputStream is = new FileInputStream(f);
5 InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(is);
6 br = new BufferedReader(isr);
7
8 String read;
9
10 while ((read = br.readLine()) != null) {
11 System.out.println(read);
12 }
13 } catch (IOException ioe) {
14 ioe.printStackTrace();
15 } finally {
16 //Hmmm another try catch. unsightly
17 try {
18 if (br != null) {
19 br.close();
20 }
21 } catch (IOException ex) {
22 ex.printStackTrace();
23 }
24 }
25

Java 7 – try can have AutoCloseble types. InputStream and

OutputStream classes now implements the Autocloseable interface.

1 try (InputStream is = new FileInputStream(new File("c://temp/

2 InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(is);
3 BufferedReader br2 = new BufferedReader(isr);) {
4 String read;
5
6 while ((read = br2.readLine()) != null) {
7 System.out.println(read);
8 }
9 }
10
11 catch (IOException ioe) {
12 ioe.printStackTrace();
13 }
14 
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“try” can now have multiple statements in the parenthesis and each
statement should create an object which implements the new
java.lang.AutoClosable interface. The AutoClosable interface
consists of just one method. void close() throws Exception {}. Each
AutoClosable resource created in the try statement will be
automatically closed without requiring a finally block. If an exception
is thrown in the try block and another Exception is thrown while
closing the resource, the first Exception is the one eventually thrown
to the caller. Think of the close( ) method as implicitly being called
as the last line in the try block. If using Java 7 or later editions, use
AutoCloseable statements within the try block for more concise &
readable code.

In Java 7: When a resource (i.e. dbConnect) is defined outside the

try-with-resource block you need to close it explicitly in the finally
block. You can’t define an object reference in your try-with-resource
block, which was a bug.

1 Connection dbConnect = DriverManager.getConnection("db-url",

2 try (ResultSet rs = dbConnect.createStatement().executeQuery(
3 while (rs.next()) {
4 //read results from rs
5 }
6 } catch (SQLException e) {
7 e.printStackTrace();
8 } finally {
9 if (null != dbConnect)
10 dbConnect.close();
11 }
12 }
13

Java 9 fixed it:

1 Connection dbConnect = DriverManager.getConnection("db-url",

2 try (dbConnect; ResultSet rs = dbConnect.createStatement().exe
3 while (rs.next()) {
4 //read results from rs
5 }
6 } catch (SQLException e) {
7 e.printStackTrace();
8 }
9

‘finalize’ is called when JVM figures out that an object needs to be

garbage collected. You rarely need to override it. It should not be
used to release non-memory resources like file handles, sockets,
database connections, etc because systems have only a finite
number of these resources and you do not know when the Garbage 
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Collection (i.e. GC) is going to kick in to release these non-memory

resources through the finalize( ) method. The finalize is deprecated
from Java 9 onwards, hence should not be used.

So, final and finally are used very frequently in your Java code, but
the modifier finalize is hardly or never used.
It has been deprecated from Java 9 onwards.

6 Java Modifiers every interviewer likes to Quiz you on

What is wrong with this core Java

code?
Q6. What is wrong with the following Java code?

1
2 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
3
4 class Counter extends Thread {
5
6 //instance variable
7 Integer count = 0;
8
9 // method where the thread execution will start
10 public void run() {
11 int fixed = 6; //local variable
12
13 for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
14 System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName
15 + performCount(fixed));
16 try {
17 TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
18 } catch (InterruptedException e) {
19 e.printStackTrace();
20 }
21 }
22 }
23
24 // let’s see how to start the threads
25 public static void main(String[] args) {
26 System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() +
27 Counter counter = new Counter();
28
29 //5 threads
30 for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
31 Thread t = new Thread(counter);
32 t.start();
33 }
34
35 }
36
37 //multiple threads can access me concurrently 
38 private int performCount(int fixed) {
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39 return (fixed + ++count);
40 }
41 }
42

A6. Above code is NOT thread-safe. This is explained in detail at

Heap Vs Stack, Thread safety and Synchronized keyword

More What is wrong with this Java code?

Java Generics – many struggle

with
Q7. When using Generics in Java, when will you use a wild card, and
when will you mot use a wild card?
A7. It depends on what you are trying to do with a collection.

When working with Collection & Generics, you need to ask 4

important questions.

1) Can the RHS be assigned to the LHS?

2) What types of objects can I add to the collection?
3) Is it a read only or read & write collection?
4) When to use which wild card (“? extends”, “? super”) ?

If you do the wrong thing, you will get “compile-time” errors. Also,
note that you can’t use wildcards on the RHS when assigning and
Java 8 supports empty “<>” on the RHS.

“?” is a wild card meaning anything. “? extends Pet” means “anything

that extends a Pet”. Two key points to remember when using the
wild card character “?” are:

Key point 1: you can add

When you are using wildcard List<? super Dog>, means assignable
from anything of type Dog, or any superclasses of type Dog. You can
add any subclasses of type Dog because of polymorphism where a
parent type reference can hold its subclass types.

Key point 2: read only

When you are using wildcard List<? extends Dog>, means assignable
from anything of type Dog, or any subclasses of type Dog. This is
read only, and can’t add anything to this collection.
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In summary:

1. Use the ? extends wildcard if you need to retrieve object from a

data structure. That is read only. You can’t add elements to the
collection.
2. Use the ? super wildcard if you need to add objects to a data
structure.
3. If you need to do both things (i.e. read and add objects), don’t use
any wildcard.

Java Generics in no time interview questions & answers

Java OO concepts
Q8. Can you describe “method overloading” versus “method
overriding”? Does it happen at compile time or runtime?
A8. Overloading deals with multiple methods in the same class with
the same name but different method signatures. Both the below
methods have the same method names but different method
signatures, which mean the methods are overloaded.

1 public class {
2 public static void evaluate(String param1); // overloaded
3 public static void evaluate(int param1); // overloaded
4 }
5

This happens at compile-time. This is also called compile-time

polymorphism because the compiler must decide which method to
run based on the data types of the arguments. If the compiler were
to compile the statement:

1 evaluate(“My Test Argument passed to param1”);

2

It could see that the argument was a “string” literal, and generates
byte code that called method #1.

If the compiler were to compile the statement:

1 evaluate(5);
2

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It could see that the argument was an “int”, and generates byte code
that called method #2.

Overloading lets you define the same operation in different ways for
different data.

Overriding deals with two methods, one in the parent class and the
other one in the child class and has the same name and same
signatures. Both the below methods have the same method names
and the signatures but the method in the subclass “B” overrides the
method in the superclass (aka the parent class) “A”.

Parent class

1 public class A {
2 public int compute(int input) { //method #3
3 return 3 * input;
4 }
5 }
6

Child class

1 public class B extends A {

2 @Override
3 public int compute(int input) { //method #4
4 return 4 * input;
5 }
6 }
7

This happens at runtime. This is also called runtime polymorphism

because the compiler does not and cannot know which method to
call. Instead, the JVM must make the determination while the code
is running.

The method compute(..) in subclass “B” overrides the method

compute(..) in super class “A”. If the compiler has to compile the
following method:

1 public int evaluate(A reference, int arg2) {

2 int result = reference.compute(arg2);
3 }
4

The compiler would not know whether the input argument ‘reference‘
is of type “A” or type “B”. This must be determined during runtime

whether to call method #3 or method #4 depending on what type of
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object (i.e. instance of Class A or instance of Class B) is assigned to

the input variable “reference”.

1 A obj1 = new B( );
2 A obj2 = new A( );
3 evaluate(obj1, 5); // 4 * 5 = 20. method #4 is invoked as sto
4 evaluate(obj2, 5); // 3 * 5 = 15. method #3 is invoked as sto
5

Overriding lets you define the same operation in different ways for
different object types. It is determined by the “stored” object type,
and NOT by the “referenced” object type.

Q. Are overriding & polymorphism applicable static methods as well?

A. No. If you try to override a static method, it is known as hiding or
shadowing.

Core Java Interview Questions & answers will not be complete

without Class Loaders.

How are Java classes loaded into

JVM?
Q9. What do you know about class loading? Explain Java class
loaders? If you have a class in a package, what do you need to do to
run it? Explain dynamic class loading?
A9. Class loaders are hierarchical. Classes are introduced into the
JVM as they are referenced by name in a class that is already
running in the JVM. So, how is the very first class loaded? The very
first class is specially loaded with the help of static main( ) method
declared in your class. All the subsequently loaded classes are
loaded by the classes, which are already loaded and running. A class
loader creates a namespace. All JVMs include at least one class
loader that is embedded within the JVM called the primordial (or
bootstrap) class loader. The JVM has hooks in it to allow user
defined class loaders to be used in place of primordial class loader.
Let us look at the class loaders created by the JVM.


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Java Class Loader Basics

Class loaders are hierarchical and use a delegation model when

loading a class. Class loaders request their parent to load the class
first before attempting to load it themselves. When a class loader
loads a class, the child class loaders in the hierarchy will never
reload the class again. Hence uniqueness is maintained. Classes
loaded by a child class loader have visibility into classes loaded by
its parents up the hierarchy but the reverse is not true as explained in
the above diagram.

Q10. Explain static vs. dynamic class loading?

A10. In static class loading Classes are statically loaded with Java’s
“new” operator. In this case, the retrieval of class definition and
instantiation of the object is done at compile time.

1 class MyClass {
2 public static void main(String args[]) {
3 Car c = new Car( );
4 }
5 }
6

Dynamic loading is a technique for programmatically invoking the

functions of a classloader at runtime. Dynamic class loading is done
when class name is not known at compile time.

Let us look at how to load classes dynamically.

1 //static method which returns a Class

2 Class clazz = Class.forName ("com.Car"); // The value "com.Ca
3

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The above static method “forName” & the below instance (i.e. non-
static method) “loadClass”

1 ClassLoader classLoader = MyClass.class.getClassLoader();

2 Class clazz = classLoader.loadClass(("com.Car"); //Non-static
3

return the class object associated with the class name.Once the
class is dynamically loaded the following method returns an
instance of the loaded class. It’s just like creating a class object with
no arguments.

1 // A non-static method, which creates an instance of a

2 // class (i.e. creates an object).
3 Car myCar = (Car) clazz.newInstance ( );
4

The string class name like “com.Car” can be supplied dynamically at

runtime. Unlike the static loading, the dynamic loading will decide
whether to load the class “com.Car” or the class “com.Jeep” at
runtime based on a runtime condition.

1
2 public void process(String classNameSupplied) {
3 Object vehicle = Class.forName (classNameSupplied).newInsta
4 //......
5 }
6

Static class loading throws NoClassDefFoundError if the class is NOT

FOUND whereas the dynamic class loading throws
ClassNotFoundException if the class is NOT FOUND.

Q. What is the difference between the following approaches?

1 Class.forName("com.SomeClass");

and

1 classLoader.loadClass("com.SomeClass");

A.

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Class.forName(“com.SomeClass”)
— Uses the caller’s classloader and initializes the class (runs static
intitializers, etc.)

classLoader.loadClass(“com.SomeClass
”)
— Uses the “supplied class loader”, and initializes the class lazily (i.e.
on first use). So, if you use this way to load a JDBC driver, it won’t get
registered, and you won’t be able to use JDBC.

The “java.lang.API” has a method signature that takes a boolean flag

indicating whether to initialize the class on loading or not, and a
class loader reference.

1
2 forName(String name, boolean initialize, ClassLoader loader)
3

So, invoking

1 Class.forName("com.SomeClass")

is same as invoking

1 forName("com.SomeClass", true, currentClassLoader)

Q. What are the different ways to create a “ClassLoader” object?A.

1
2 ClassLoader classLoader = Thread.currentThread().getContextCla
3 ClassLoader classLoader = MyClass.class.getClassLoader();
4 ClassLoader classLoader = getClass().getClassLoader();
5

Q. How to load property file from classpath?

A. getResourceAsStream() is the method of java.lang.Class. This
method finds the resource by implicitly delegating to this object’s
class loader.

1
2 final Properties properties = new Properties(); 
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3 try (final InputStream stream = this.getClass().getResourceAsS
4 properties.load(stream);
5 /* or properties.loadFromXML(...) */
6 }
7

Note: “Try with AutoCloseable resources” syntax introduced with

Java 7 is used above.

Q. What is the benefit of loading a property file from classpath?

A. It is portable as your file is relative to the classpath. You can
deploy the “jar” file containing your “myapp.properties” file to any
location where the JVM is.

Loading it from outside the classpath is

NOT portable

1
2 final Properties properties = new Properties();
3 final String dir = System.getProperty("user.dir");
4
5 try (final InputStream stream = new FileInputStream(dir + "/m
6 properties.load(stream);
7 }
8

As the above code is NOT portable, you must document very clearly
in the installation or deployment document as to where the
.properties file is loaded from because if you deploy your “jar” file to
another location, it might not already have the path “myapp”
configured.

So, loading it via the application classpath is recommended as it is a

portable solution.

Q. What tips would you give to someone who is experiencing a class

loading or “Class Not Found” exception?
A. “ClassNotFoundException” could be quite tricky to troubleshoot.
When you get a ClassNotFoundException, it means the JVM has
traversed the entire classpath and not found the class you’ve
attempted to reference.

3 Java class loading interview questions and answers

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Brushing up for Core Java

interview?
100+ Core Java Interview questions and answers to brush-up prior
to job interviews.

Learn Core Java via Q&As?

300+ Core Java interview questions and answers.

New to Java?
If you are new to Java you can look at: Core Java interview Q&As for
freshers and 17 Java Beginner Interview Questions and Answers.

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repetition

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About Latest Posts

Arulkumaran Kumaraswamipillai
Mechanical Engineer to self-taught Java engineer in 1999. Contracting since 2002 as a Java Engineer &
Architect and since 2016 as a Big Data Engineer & Architect. Preparation & key know-hows empowered me
to attend 150+ job interviews, choose from 130+ job offers & negotiate better contract rates. Author of the
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06/12/2024, 19:05 Top 50+ Core Java interview questions & answers
Don't be overwhelmed by the number of Q&As. Job interviews are not technical contests to see who gets most number of questions right.
Nobody knows everything. The Clarity of the answers you give with real-life examples will go a long way in getting you multiple job offers.
It pays to brush-up & choose from 2-6 job offers. Experienced interviewers can easily judge your real experience from a few open-ended
questions & the answers you provide.

If you are pressed for time, popular categories are pinned 📌

for you to prioritise based on the job description. Here are my top career
making know-hows & tips to open more doors as a Java/Big Data Engineer, Architect or Contractor.

1. Feeling stagnated?
2. How to earn more?
3. Freelancing Vs contracting?
4. Self-taught professional?
5. Job Interview Tips
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06/12/2024, 19:05 Top 50+ Core Java interview questions & answers

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