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The document outlines an experiment to verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) both theoretically and practically. It includes a list of required apparatus, theoretical background on KVL and KCL, a procedure for conducting the experiment, and observations to be recorded. Additionally, it discusses the applications of Kirchhoff's Laws and provides a set of viva questions related to the topic.

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Vikas Rohal
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

exp2

The document outlines an experiment to verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) both theoretically and practically. It includes a list of required apparatus, theoretical background on KVL and KCL, a procedure for conducting the experiment, and observations to be recorded. Additionally, it discusses the applications of Kirchhoff's Laws and provides a set of viva questions related to the topic.

Uploaded by

Vikas Rohal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ex No:

Date :
2. VERIFICATION OF KVL & KCL
AIM: To verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law and Kirchhoff’s Current Law theoretically and
practically.

APPARATUS:

S.No Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity


.
1 Voltmeter (0-20) V Digital 4
2 Ammeter (0-200) mA Digital 3
3 Regulated power supply (0-15) V Dual 1
4 Multimeter --------- Digital 1
5 Kit Board --------- --------- 1
6 Resistors 1Kω Fixed 3
7 Connecting wires As required

THEORY:

We saw in the Resistors tutorial that a single equivalent resistance, (R T) can be found
when two or more resistors are connected together in either series or parallel or
combinations of both, and that these circuits obey Ohm’s Law.
However, sometimes in complex circuits such as bridge or T networks, we
cannot simply use Ohm’s Law alone to find the voltages or currents circulating within
the circuit. For these types of calculations we need certain rules which allow us to
obtain the circuit equations and for this we can use Kirchhoff’s Circuit Law.
In 1845, a German physicist, Gustav Kirchhoff developed a pair or set of rules
or laws which deal with the conservation of current and energy within electrical circuits.
These two rules are commonly known as: Kirchhoff’s Circuit Laws with one of
Kirchhoff’s laws dealing with the current flowing around a closed circuit, Kirchhoff’s
Current Law, (KCL) while the other law deals with the voltage sources present in a
closed circuit, Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law, (KVL).

This law is also called Kirchhoff's point rule, Kirchhoff's junction rule (or nodal
rule), and Kirchhoff's first rule. It states that, "In any network of conductors, the
algebraic sum of currents meeting at a point (or junction) is zero".
1. Kirchhoff’s First Law – The Current Law, (KCL)
Kirchhoff’s Current Law or KCL, states that the “total current or charge entering a
junction or node is exactly equal to the charge leaving the node as it has no other
place to go except to leave, as no charge is lost within the node“. In other words the
algebraic sum of ALL the currents entering and leaving a node must be equal to zero,
I(exiting) + I(entering) = 0. This idea by Kirchhoff is commonly known as the
Conservation of Charge.

Kirchhoff’s Current Law

2. Kirchhoff’s Second Law – The Voltage Law, (KVL)


Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law or KVL, states that “in any closed loop network, the total
voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same
loop” which is also equal to zero. In other words the algebraic sum of all voltages
within the loop must be equal to zero. This idea by Kirchhoff is known as the
Conservation of Energy.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1) To verify KVL, Connections are made as shown in the Fig-(a)

2) Supply is given to the circuit and the readings of the voltmeters are noted down.

3) Kirchhoff’s Voltage law can be verified by Vs=V1+V2+V3 (v).

4) To verify KCL, Connections are made as shown in the Fig-(b)

5) Supply is given to the circuit and the readings of the Ammeters are noted down.

6) Kirchhoff’s Current law can be verified by I=I1+I2 (A).

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law Kirchhoff’s Current law


Vs(V) V1(V) V2(V) V3(V) V1+V2+V3(V I(A) I1(A) I2(A) I1+I2(A)
)
Theoretical
Values
Practical
Values

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Loose connections are to be avoided.


2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error.
RESULT:

APPLICATIONS:

1. Kirchhoff's Laws are applications of two fundamental conservation laws: the Law of
Conservation of Energy, and the Law of Conservation of Charge.
2. The current distribution in various branches of a circuit can easily be found out by
applying Kirchhoff Current law at different nodes or junction points in the circuit.
3. After that Kirchhoff Voltage law is applied, each possible loop in the circuit generates
algebraic equation for every loop.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the statement of KVL?
2. What is the statement of KCL?
3. What is the statement of Ohm’s law?
4. Give the limitations of Kirchhoff’s laws?
5. What is the Condition of Ohm’s law?
6. Please Define Ohm’s Law for A.C (Alternating Current)?
7. What is Voltage Divider Rule?
8. What is Current Divider Rule (CDR)?
9. Differentiate between Kirchhoff’s First law and Kirchhoff’s Second law?
10. What is the function of Capacitor in Electrical Circuits?
11. Why Inductors are installed in electrical Circuits?
12. Briefly explain the purpose of Inductor in an electric circuit?
13. What do you mean by dependent and independent voltage sources?
14. Differentiate between ideal and non-ideal voltage sources?
15. What does the term “Voltage Regulation” means?
16. What is DC Current source? Differentiate between ideal and non ideal current
sources?
17. What is the difference between power and energy?
18. Define steady state?

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