TUTORIAL

1. What are the common characteris cs of embedded systems? How does a digital camera sa sfy
those characteris cs?
2. Using the simplified revenue model, derive the percentage revenue loss equa on for any rise angle,
rather than just for 45 degrees.
3. What is an embedded system? Describe its various applica ons.
4. What is design metric and what are the design metrices sued in embedded system. Explain the
purpose of embedded system.
5. Design a single purpose processor that gives the LCM of two digit 8-bit numbers. Start with the
algorithm, translate it into state diagram and state transi on table. Also draw the required data-
path.
6. Design a single purpose processor that gives the GCD of two numbers. Start with the algorithm,
FSMD, Datapath. Also design the controller.
7. Design a single-purpose processor that outputs Fibonacci numbers up to ‘n’ places. Start with a
func on compu ng the desired result, translate it into a state diagram, and sketch a probable
Datapath.
8. What is op miza on? Explain in detail about the op miza on of custom single purpose processor
with suitable example.
9. What do you mean by pipeline? Explain 5 stage pipelining. Describe features of DSP.
10. Draw the basic architecture of general-purpose processor and explain the control unit sub opera on
with suitable example.
11. Explain the design flow of embedded so ware development. Explain in brief about programmer’s
view of general-purpose processor.
12. How ASIP serves as a compromise between the general-purpose processor and single purpose
processor? Describe different forms of ASIP.
13. Compose 4K*16 ROM using 1K*8 ROM. Determine which cache memory is be er:
Size Miss Rate Hit Cost Miss Cost
Cache A 2 KB 15% 2 cycles 30 cycles
Cache B 8 KB 5% 4 cycles 30 cycles

14. Define write ability and storage permanence of memory. Explain associa ve cache mapping
technique with its merits and demerits.
15. What are the basic techniques of cache mapping? How direct mappings differ from fully associa ve
mapping.
16. Define interfacing and explain the needs of interfacing. Explain Daisy Chain arbitra on with the help
of a block diagram and steps.
17. What is arbitra on? Explain priority arbitra on with the help of a block diagram and steps along with
its types.
18. What is the difference between memory-mapped I/O and standard I/O. Explain the opera on of
peripheral to memory transfer without DMA, using vectored interrupt.
19. Describe two-level architecture in detail. Explain about I2C bus protocol.
20. Briefly explain the different states of task. Consider three processes with process IDs P1, P2, P3 and
P4 with es mated comple on me 53,17,68,24 ms respec vely, enters the ready queue together in
 order P1, P2, P3, P4. Calculate wai ng me and turn-around me for each process and average
wai ng mes and average turn-around me in Round Robin algorithm with me slice 4 ms. Assume
there is no I/O wai ng for the process. List Coffman Condi on for deadlock.
21. Three processes with process IDs P1, P2, P3 with es mated comple on me 10, 5, 7 ms and
priori es 0, 2, 3 (0=highest, 3=lowest) respec vely, enters the ready queue together in order P1, P2,
P3 (assume only P1 is present in the Ready queue when the scheduler picks it up and P2 & P3 enter
ready queue a er that). Now a process P4 with es mated comple on me 6 ms and priority 1
enters the ready queue a er 6 ms of execu on of P1. Calculate wai ng me and TAT for each
process and average wai ng me and average TAT. Assume there is no I/O wai ng for the processes
and priority-based non-preemp ve scheduling.
22. How RTOS is different from GPOS? Differen ate between process and thread.
23. How is a closed loop system be er than Open loop controller? Explain with the example of a cruise
control system. Why is an integral controller needed in a control system.
24. Design an open loop automobile cruise controller and derive the condi on for no oscilla on and
reduc on of road disturbance and determine the performance parameter.
25. Explain the opera on of PID control with a neat block diagram. What are the benefits of computer-
based control implementa ons.
26. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of full-custom IC technology. Explain the basic steps of
photolithography process.
27. Explain the importance of photolithography in IC manufacturing. Explain the two broad categories of
Semi-Custom IC technology.
28. Describe briefly about full custom VLSI technology. Draw the MOS circuit for NAND, NOR and NOT
gates and derive their truth tables.
29. How are microcontrollers different from microprocessors? Write the features of 8051
microcontroller. Assume that XTAL=11.0592 MHz, write a program to generate a square wave of 1
kHz frequency on pin 1.5 of microcontroller using mer.
30. Explain the addressing modes used in 8051 microcontrollers with example. Write an assembly
language programming to blink the 8 Led connected at Port 2 of 8051 microcontroller.
31. Write a program to read an 8-bit temperature in Celsius from Port 1 and to output the Fahrenheit
temperature equivalent onto Port 2.
32. Explain about PORT 3 of 8051 microcontroller. Using 8051 instruc ons, control rate of blink of LED at
pin 1.1 by two switches at P2.1 and P2.2 (one switch to increase the rate of blink, another to
decrease the rate of blink).
33. Explain different models in VHDL. Write a VHDL code for a full adder using two half adders and one
OR gate in structural model.
34. Explain COMPONENT with its declara on. Write a VHDL code for a JK flip-flop using PROCESS,
35. Write an algorithm and VHDL code for a custom processor that calculate GCD of two numbers.
36. What is the use of VHDL code in embedded system? Describe and write a code for 2*4 Decode using
VHDL.