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    Properties of Pure Substances

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    aathithyayan
    A pure substance can exist in solid, liquid, or vapor phases and has a uniform chemical composition throughout. It undergoes phase changes at characteristic temperatures and pressures, as seen in pressure-temperature and temperature-volume diagrams. The heat required for phase changes is called latent heat. Various equations of state like the ideal gas law, van der Waals, and Virial equations relate pressure, temperature, and specific volume and account for deviations from ideal behavior at different conditions.

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    Properties of Pure Substances

    Uploaded by

    aathithyayan
    436 views19 pages
    A pure substance can exist in solid, liquid, or vapor phases and has a uniform chemical composition throughout. It undergoes phase changes at characteristic temperatures and pressures, as seen in pressure-temperature and temperature-volume diagrams. The heat required for phase changes is called latent heat. Various equations of state like the ideal gas law, van der Waals, and Virial equations relate pressure, temperature, and specific volume and account for deviations from ideal behavior at different conditions.

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    A pure substance can exist in solid, liquid, or vapor phases and has a uniform chemical composition throughout. It undergoes phase changes at characteristic temperatures and pressures, as seen in pressure-temperature and temperature-volume diagrams. The heat required for phase changes is called latent heat. Various equations of state like the ideal gas law, van der Waals, and Virial equations relate pressure, temperature, and specific volume and account for deviations from ideal behavior at different conditions.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    436 views19 pages

    Properties of Pure Substances

    Uploaded by

    aathithyayan
    A pure substance can exist in solid, liquid, or vapor phases and has a uniform chemical composition throughout. It undergoes phase changes at characteristic temperatures and pressures, as seen in pressure-temperature and temperature-volume diagrams. The heat required for phase changes is called latent heat. Various equations of state like the ideal gas law, van der Waals, and Virial equations relate pressure, temperature, and specific volume and account for deviations from ideal behavior at different conditions.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 19

    Properties of Pure Substances

    What is a Pure Substance?

    Pure substance has homogeneous and invariable chemical composition.

    It can exist in different phase, but should have uniform chemical composition
    throughout the extend of mass.
    Solid-Liquid-Vapour Phase Equilibrium of Pure Substances

    The present study is based on an experiment, in which a substance is heated at


    constant pressure.
    The substance is allowed to pass through three different phases, temperature and
    specific volume are recorded.
    The change of state occurring in this process are carefully studied and plotted in
    p-v, p-t and t-v diagrams. 100 kPa

    100 kPa
    100 kPa
    100 kPa

    ice at -15°C Water at 0°C Water at 100°C Steam at 120°C


    The heat required for change of solid to liquid phase is called latent heat of fusion.

    A saturation state is a state from which a change of phase may occur without a
    change in pressure or temperature.
    Ice at 0°C is at saturated solid state and water at 100°C is at saturated vapour
    state for a pressure of 100kPa

    T
    T-v diagram for heating of a pure substance at constant pressure
    T 1200C
    p=100kPa

    1000C

    40C
    00C

    -150C

    v
    The variation of saturation temperature with pressure for water
    T 0C

    p = 0.8455 bar
    95

    0.00103 1.982
    v m3/kg

    p bar

    T = 127.40C
    2.5

    0.00106 0.7187
    v m3/kg
    A pure substance can exist as part liquid and part vapour during a vaporisation
    process and the part of saturated liquid decreases as it progresses. For
    thermodynamic analysis of such mixtures, the proportions the liquid and vapour
    phase is to be determined. It is done with the help of a new property called quality
    (x) which is defined as the ratio of the mass of vapour to total mass of the mixture.

    mg
    x=
    mf + mg

    The specific volume, internal energy, and enthalpy of a pure substance which is a
    mixture of saturated liquid and saturated vapour can be evaluated by knowing its
    quality as follows

    v = v f + xv fg
    u = uf + xufg
    h = hf + xhfg
    Thermodynamic properties in superheated vapour region
    Properties of Saturated Water (Liquid–Vapor): Temperature Table

    Properties of Superheated Water Vapor p = 10 bar

    T 0C u =u f+ x u( −
    g uf ) =h +h f xh fg
    400 Superheated state
    x = 0.7 mixture of saturated liquid
    and saturated vapour

    180
    p = 10bar

    v m3/kg
    vf = 0.0011274 vg = 0.1941 0.3066

    u=
    u+ g(
    f − u
    xu f )
    h=
    h+x
    fh fg
    The Ideal Gas Equation of State
    Equation of state relates pressure, temperature, and specific volume. An ideal-
    gas equation of state which predicts p –v –T behaviour of a gas is given by

    pv = RT
    R is gas constant of the gas under consideration R
    R=
    M
    The deviation from ideal behaviour can be easily accounted by introducing a
    correction factor called compressibility factor pv = ZRT

    Different gases behave differently from ideal behaviour as pressure and


    temperature are varied.
    But they behave alike if pressures and temperatures are normalised with respect
    to critical pressures and temperatures.
    Thus reduced pressure (pr) and reduced temperature (Tr) obtained by
    normalisation is
    p T
    pr = and T r =
    pcr Tcr
    Comparison of compressibility factors for some gases
     a 
    2 (
    The Van der waals equation of state  p + v − b ) = RT
     V 
    27R 2Tcr2 RT
    a= and b = cr
    64pcr 8pcr

    RT a( T ) b (T ) c (T ) d (T )
    The Virial equation of state p= + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
    + ...
    v v v v v

    The Beattie-Bridgemann equation of state

    RT  c  A
    pv = 1 −
     vT 3  ( v + B ) −
    v2   v2

     a  b
    A = A0  1−  and B = B0  1− 
     v  v

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