GPSà

What is GPS…?
 “Global Positioning System.”

 Gives 3-D coverage of the Earth 24
hours a day in all weather
conditions.
 It is a world-wide radio based
navigation system constellation of
24 satellites and their ground
stations.
 “man-made stars”.
GPS Segments…..
3 segments will be there…
 Space Segment
 Control Segment
 User Segment
Working of GPS……
 Satellite x’mit info. Onto the Earth
 Triangulation theory
 Receivers compares time signal x’mitted
by satellites with time it was received.
 Time difference tells distance of satellite
 With multiple satellites data, receiver can
determine user’s position.
 Then other info. such as speed, distance,
sunrise and sunset time and more.
Receiver location from one
satellite measurement….
Location narrowed by two
satellites measurement…
Location narrowed by three
satellites measurement…
Practical GPS……
Signal Info…..
 Two low power radio signals
 Transmitting at line of sight
 Two types of frequencies
• L1 freq. Of 1575.42 Mhz (for Civilian purposes)
• L2 freq. Of 1227.6 Mhz.
 Three bit of info
• Pseudorandom code – an ID code for satellites
• Ephemeris data – constantly transmitting by each
satellite info (current date,time and its status)
• Almanac data tells GPS receiver where each satellite
should be at any time thought the day including
orbital data and for that and also for other satellites
Receivers……
 Very high precision receivers
developed by Jet Propulsions (JP)
Lab (NASA).
 Available with atomic clock
 Hand-held receivers used by
general purpose, army personnel,
mountaineers.
Navigational Receivers…
 Features:
– Lightweight ,C/A code based, hand held
– Single frequency
– Single channel
– Track 4 satellites either sequentially or
multiplexing techniques
– Inexpensive
– 4 or 5 channels also available
Surveying Receivers…
 Features:
– Multi channel
– Single frequency
– Expensive than navigational receivers
– Engineering surveys
– Data can directly be converted into GIS
s/w package/formats.
– Mostly used in DGPS mode
Geodetic Receivers…
 Features:
– Multi channel
– Dual frequency
– P-code based
– Heaviest
– Expensive
– Cm-based accuracy
– Mm-based can also be achieved
GPS Receiver….
Differential GPS…
 Two type of receivers:
– One stationary at accurately surveyed location
– One roving receiver making measurements &
attacks equation backwards.
– Radio link between them
– Compares actual data with incoming data
from all the visible satellites.
– Sends “error correction” to roving receivers.
Post processing GPS…
 Roving receivers record all measured
positions and time for recording.
 Data is merged with corrections recorded
at a reference receiver for final data.
 Radio link not needed.
 Internet instead of reference receiver.
Inverted DGPS…
 Reference receiver not required
 Standard GPS receivers send back
positions to tracking office (computer) via
transmitter.
 It performs calculations.
 Cheaper technique.
Sources of GPS errors…
 Ionosphere & troposphere delays
 Signal multipath
 Receiver clock errors
 Orbital errors
 No. of satellite visible
 Satellite Geometry/shading
 Selective Availability
Advantages……
 GPS receivers have been miniaturized to
few integrated ckts so becoming
economical.
 Very high accuracy (in 3ns) due to atomic
clock .
 All weather operations
 System based on satellites…
– Wide coverage area
– Mobile wireless comm. Independent on
location
– Wide bandwidth
Disadvantages……
 Information based on numeric analysis
may be with errors requiring more
precise technology. This limits the
accuracy of GPS.
 As based on radio signals it has to suffer
from disadvantage of radio signals.
 It may not work well within forest,
mountains like areas or areas covered by
tall buildings.
Applications…..
 In defense
 In vehicle tracking solution
 PC hacking
 For a variety of application on land, at sea and in
the air
 In GIS (Geographical Info. System)
 In Remote Sensing applications
 Automobiles for security
 Surveying
 Earthquake monitoring & disaster mngt.
 Water resources and environment mngt.
NAVSTAR GPS….
 Navigation Satellite
Timing and Ranging.
 Developed by DoD
(U.S.) in 1972.
 A rotation in 12 hours.
 Speed 7000 miles per
hour.
 At height of 12000
miles.
 21 working, 3 for
substitution.
Back
Space Segment……
 24 satellites
 Inclination of orbit 55*.
 Altitude of about 20000 km.
 12-hour per rotation near circular
orbit
 At least 4 satellites in view at any
time on any object
More
Control Segment……
 Controls GPS satellites by tracking &
providing them with corrected orbital and
timing information.
 1 Master control station (MCS)
 4 monitoring stations- constantly receive
data from satellite and send info. to the
MCS
 MCS corrects the satellites data and
uplinks the info.to the GPS satellites.
Back
User Segment……
 Consists of user and GPS receiver
 Hand-held or installed on general & defense
vehicles, buildings
 >100 different models available
 Latest smaller than Cellular-phone
 2 types of receivers
• Single Channel Design
– Older design
– Receives signals from toughest environments
• Multi-channel Design
– Multiple receivers ckts working in parallel each for one
satellite satellite signal
More

GPSà

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What is GPS…?

 “Global Positioning System.”

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