Presentation on

PLASMONICS

Presented by
Name :- Pradeep Singh Rawat
Roll no. :- 13EJIEC069
 CONTENT
What is Plasmonics ?
Why do we need Plasmonics ?
Working Mechanism of Plasmonics.
Unique Features of Plasmonics.
Application of Plasmonics in Optical
communication.
Application of Plasmonics.
Future scope of Plasmonics.
 WHAT IS PLASMONICS ?
The term PLASMONICS is derived from Plasmons.
Plasmonics is a branch of science and technology dealing with coupling of
photons to free electron oscillations at the interface between a conductor
and a dielectric.
Though the concept of plasmons was introduced more than a century ago
(G. Mie, 1908), only today practical realization of the plasmonics becomes
feasible thanks to new nanofabrication technology and powerful simulation
tools.
Plasmonics main entity is surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), which are
twodimensional electromagnetic waves that propagate between conductors
(metals) and dielectrics.
These surface waves are excited when light strikes the dielectric-metal
interface; the energy of the photons is transferred to the metal and
resonantly excites the oscillations of free electrons.
The electrons response results in the creation of dynamic charges on the
 NEED FOR PLASMONICS
Electronic circuits provide us with the ability to control the
transport and storage of electrons. However, the performance of
electronic circuits is now becoming rather limited when digital
information needs to be sent from one point to another.
Photonics offers an effective solution to this problem by
implementing optical communication systems based on optical
fibers and photonic circuits.
Unfortunately, the micrometer-scale bulky components of
photonics have limited the integration of these components into
electronic chips, which are now measured in nanometers.
Surface plasmonbased circuits, which merge electronics and
photonics at the nanoscale, may offer a solution to this size-
compatibility problem.
 The ideas of Plasmonics illustrate the rich array of optical properties that
inspire researchers in this field. By studying the elaborate interplay between
electromagnetic waves and free electrons, investigators have identified new
possibilities for transmitting data in our integrated circuits, illuminating our
homes and fighting cancer.
One key advantage of plasmonic devices is that they have the ability to
confine electromagnetic oscillations at optical frequencies to volumes that are
much smaller than the wavelength that would be generated in free space at
that frequency. This is useful for the generation of light by devices much
smaller than the wavelength, as in plasmonic lasers such as spasers (surface
plasmon lasers).
Optical fibers now span the globe, guiding light signals that convey
voluminous streams of voice communications and vast amounts of data.
Unfortunately, the size and performance of photonic devices are constrained
by the diffraction limit; because of interference between closely spaced light
waves, the width of an optical fiber carrying them must be at least half the
light's wavelength inside the material.
 WORKING MECHANISM OF
PLASMONICS
Light beam striking a metal surface generates plasmons, electron
density waves that can carry huge amounts of data. If focused on
surface etched with circular groove the beam produces concentric
waves organizing electrons into high & low density rings.
Surface plasmons can be excited on a flat nano-film, nanostrip or other
shaped nanoparticles such as nanosphere, nanorod, nanocube and
nanostar. When nanoparticles are used to excite surface plasmons by
light, these are known as localised surface plasmons. Silver and gold
are of particular interest due to their high field enhancement and
resonance wavelength lying in the visible spectral regime. The speed of
these surface plasmons is almost equal to that of light with wavelength
of the order of tens of nanometres.
 UNIQUE FEATURES OF PLASMONICS
Surface plasmons are those plasmons that are confined to surfaces and that interact
strongly with light resulting in a polaritons. They occur at the interface of a vacuum or
material with a positive dielectric constant with that of a negative dielectric constant
(usually a metal or doped dielectric). They play a role in Surface Enhanced Raman
Spectroscopy in explaining anomalies in diffraction from metal gratings, among other
things. Surface Plasmon Resonance is used by biochemists to study the mechanisms
and kinetics of ligands binding to receptors (i.e. a substrate binding to an enzyme).
Surface Plasmon Polaritons (SPP):
Electro-magnetic wave confined at the metal surface
Overcome diffraction limit
Nano-optical components light on a wire
Strongly enhanced local fields
Resonant build-up, lightning-rod effect & non-linear optical effects, sensors
To study propagation of SPP a photon scanning tunneling microscope(PSTM) may be
used
 An SPP propagating along a metal-dielectric interface.

Schematic of the operation of a PSTM that enables the study

of SPP propagation along metal film surfaces
 APPLICTION OF PLASMONICS IN
OPTICAL FIBRE COMMUNICATION
To meet the demand of delivering ever-increasing Internet traffic, optical
network must response by increasing its transmission capacity. Since
transmission capacity of an individual fiber is still well exceed the capacity of
transmitters (TXs) and receivers (RXs), wavelength-division multiplexing
(WDM), in which many TXs and RXs at the transmitting ends of a fiber are
used to send and receive many signals, becomes the necessary technology
for increasing the transmission capacity of each link of an optical network.
This trend, however, demands for increasing density not only the TXs and
RXs, but optical-communications
From the all other components standpoint,
at the sending
the mostandimportant
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plasmonic is thatlinks.
the SPPs can be seen as new optical information carrier that
enables signal manipulation at the scale below diffraction limit. The
fundamental challenge in using a plasmonic signal propagating through a
metallic material is that it experiences huge resistive and radiation losses at
 Among the plasmonic devices for optical communications, the great
interest is hold in WDM demultiplexers for the following reasons:
WDM beam emerging from an optical fiber contains today up to 80
wavelengths and each of these wavelengths must be directed to an
individual photodiode (PD).
On the other hand, to minimize the size and power consumption of a
receiver, we usually use an array of PDs built in micro scale. Thus, the
emerging beam with the diameter around 10 m covers the whole
array, which doesnt allow for working with individual PD.
The other problem with todays WDM demultiplexers is that these
devices are still bulky because it based on individual optical
components.
Plasmonic WDM demultiplexer, by overcoming the diffraction limit
and introducing the better characteristics in a smaller volume with
minimal power consumption, might help in solving these problems.
This is why the development of plasmonic demultiplexers caused the
considerable interest in research community. Among many proposed
 OTHER APLICATION OF PLASMONICS
1. SPASER PLASMONIC ANALOG OF LASER :
. The acronym SPASER stands for Surface Plasmon Amplification of
Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
.It can be fabricated using semiconductor quantum dots and metal particles.
.Radiative energy from the quantum dots would be transformed into
plasmons, which would then be amplified in a plasmonic resonator.
.Because the plasmons generated by a SPASER would be much more tightly
localized than a conventional laser beam, the device could operate at very
low power and selectively excite very small objects.
.As a result, SPASERs could make spectroscopy more sensitive and pave the
way for hazardous-materials detectors that could identify minute amounts
of chemicals or viruses.
2. PLASMONSTER - A FASTER CHIP:
Slot waveguides could significantly boost the speed of computer chips by rapidly funneling
large amounts of data to the circuits that perform logical operations.
The Plasmonsters are composed of slot waveguides that measure 100nm across at their
broadest points and only 20nm across at the intersection.

3. INVISIBILITY CLOAKS
The most fascinating potential application of plasmonics would be the invention of an
invisibility cloak. A material's refractive index is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to
the speed of light in the material.
Exciting a plasmonic structure with radiation that is close to the structure's resonant
frequency can make its refractive index equal to air's, meaning that it would neither bend nor
reflect light.
The structure would absorb light, but if it were laminated with a material that produces optical
gain--amplifying the transmitted signal just as the resonator in a SPASER would--the increase
in intensity would offset the absorption losses.
The structure would become invisible, at least to radiation in a selected range of frequencies.
A true invisibility cloak, however, must be able to hide anything within the structure and work
for all frequencies of visible light. It is showed that a shell of meta-materials can reroute the
electromagnetic waves traveling through it, diverting them around a spherical region within.
4. PLASMONIC NANOCELL THERAPY:
Nanoshell that consists of a thin layer of gold--typically about
10 nanometers thick--deposited around the entire surface of a
silica particle about 100 nanometers across.
Exposure to electromagnetic waves generates electron
oscillations in the gold shell; because of the coupling
interaction between the fields on the shell's inner and outer
surfaces, varying the size of the particle and the thickness of
the gold layer changes the wavelength at which the particle
resonantly absorbs energy.
In this way, investigators can design the nanoshells to
selectively absorb wavelengths as short as a few hundred
nanometers (the blue end of the visible spectrum) or as long
as nearly 10 microns (the near infrared). This phenomenon has
turned nanoshells into a promising tool for cancer treatment.
5. PLASMONIC LED :
. Plasmonic materials may also revolutionize the lighting industry by making
LEDs bright enough to compete with incandescent bulbs.
.Beginning in the 1980s, researchers recognized that the plasmonic
enhancement of the electric field at the metal-dielectric boundary could
increase the emission rate of luminescent dyes placed near the metal's
surface.
.More recently, it has become evident that this type of field enhancement can
also dramatically raise the emission rates of Quantum dots and quantum
wells--tiny semiconductor structures that absorb and emit light-thus
increasing the efficiency and brightness of solid-state LEDs.
.Furthermore, plasmonic nano particles may enable researchers to develop
LEDs made of silicon. Such devices, which would be much cheaper than
conventional LEDs composed of gallium nitride or gallium arsenide, are
currently held back by their low rates of light emission.
. It is found that coupling silver or gold plasmonic nanostructures to silicon
quantum-dot arrays could boost their light emission by about 10 times.
Moreover, it is possible to tune the frequency of the enhanced emissions by
adjusting the dimensions of the nanoparticle.
 LIMITATIONS OF PRESENT MODE
Presently, electronics plays an important role in communication. In laboratories,
though, photonics has started replacing electronics where a high data transfer rate is
required. Electronics deals with the flow of charge (electrons). When the frequency of
an electronic pulse increases, the electronic device becomes hot and wires become
very loose. Hence by the principle of the higher the frequency ,the higher the data
transfer rate, a huge amount of data cannot be transferred.
On the other hand, when the size of an electronic wire reduces, its resistance (inversely
proportional to the cross-sectional area of the wire) increases but the capacitance
remains almost the same. This leads to time delay effects. In photonics, optical fibres
(cylindrical dielectric/non-conducting waveguides) are used. These transmit light along
their axis by the process of total internal reflection. The fibre consists of a core
surrounded by a cladding layer, both of which are made of dielectric materials.
To confine the optical signal in the core, the refractive index of the core must be
greater than of the cladding. The lateral confinement size of the optical cable is
approximately half the wavelength of the light used. Hence the size of the optical cable
is of the order of hundreds of nanometreslarger than todays electronic devices.
 FUTURE SCOPE IN PLASMONICS
The future challenge may be
Developing high-gradient accelerators of charged
particles (table-top colliders!).
Designing novel nano structures that will contribute to
nano scale optical imaging and spectroscopy of
chemicals and bio molecules.
Increasing the synergy between these technologies,
plasmonics may be able to unleash the full potential of
nano scale functionality and become the next wave of
chip-scale technology.
 CONCLUSION
We can conclude that plasmonics is the field that will
change the future of the world by increasing the
communication through optical fiber also plasmonics can
help in different fields like medical field, the plasmonic
nanaoshell will prove to be vital step in the medical field
and may lead to the cure of cancer. We also reviewed the
current status of application of plasmonics to optical
communications and demonstrated a significant interest
of the research community in developing plasmonic WDM
demultiplexers.
 REFERANCE
Journals and papers
i. Plasmonics By PIERRE BERINI, Fellow IEEE
ii. Plasmonic Communications: Light on a Wire, By -Juerg Leuthold
and colleagues
iii. Plasmonics for Optical Communications: The Use of Graphene
for Optimizing Coupling Efficiency, By - Djafar K. Mynbaev &
Vitaly Sukharenko
.Sites
i. Wikipedia
ii. IEEE Xplore
iii. www.seminarsonly.com
Thank You