Chapter 2 - Soil Behavior: - Particulate Nature of Soil

Chapter 2 – Soil Behavior
• Particulate Nature of Soil:

– Discrete Particles
– Not Strongly Bonded
Together like Metal
– Relative Free To Move
– Particles sizes vary
depending on soil type
“clay” or “Gravel”
– Collection of Particles
sometimes called the “soil
skeleton” or “mineral
skeleton”
Nature of Soil Deformation
• In case of dry soil,
applied forces are
transferred through
particle contact
forces: Normal, N and
Shear, T or Tangential
• Individual particles
deform as result of
contact forces
Nature of Soil
Deformation
• Types of Particle
Deformation
– Particle Compression
– Relative Motion of
Particles due to
bending of platelike
particles (mica)
– Relative Motion of
Particles due to
interparticle sliding
(contributes to most of
deformation)
Nature of Soil Deformation
• Strain – e.g. vertical strain, v = L / L is defined
as change in length over original length of
particle configuration or mineral skeleton
• Since Deformations may be compression of
particles, bending, but also sliding –
consequently, strain may be elastic (i.e.
recoverable deformations), but also plastic
(irrecoverable)
“(1) The deformation of a mass of soil is controlled

by interactions between individual particles,
especially by sliding between particles”
Soil is a Multiphase Material
• Spaces among the soil particles are called
“pore spaces”.
• Pore Spaces are usually filled with air,
water and dissolved mater (e.g. salts,
minerals, etc.)
• (2) Generally three phases: Solid -mineral
phase, Liquid-fluid phase or pore fluid, and
gas phase – Air, possibly methane, etc.
Role of Pore Phase: chemical
Interaction
• For very small particles, clay
particles, e.g. Montmorillonite:
10 angstroms thick (1
nanometer) by 1000
angstroms long – Chemical
composition of dissolved
mater, e.g. Na or Cl ions
attracted to particles
• Water Molecule – polar fluid,
H2 O is also attracted to clay
particles
• Chemical Interaction Impacts
movement of water as well as
the transmission of forces
through particle contacts
Role of Pore Phase:
Physical Interaction
• Water can be made to
flow through soil:
– q (volume/time) = k i
– K = permeability
– i = hydraulic gradient,
• hT / L
utop hT
L
body
ubottom
Ubottom > utop + body

If Gradient becomes large enough – quick
Condition – loss of particle contact and shear resistance
Role of Pore Phase: Physical
Interaction
(3) “Water Can Flow Through the Soil and

thus Interact with the Mineral Skeleton,
altering the Magnitude of the Forces and
the Contacts between Particles and
influencing the Compression and Shear
Resistance of the Soil. This interaction
between the phases is called physical
interaction”
Role of
Pore P
Phase
Sharing
Load P= Ps+Pw P= Ps+Pw P= Ps+Pw
0 P 0
Ps
Pw
(4) “When the Load applied to a soil is
suddenly changed, this change is carried
jointly by the pore fluid and by the mineral
skeleton. The change in pore pressure will
cause water to move through the soil,
hence the properties of the soil will change
with time.”
Karl Terzaghi – 1920 birth of
modern soil mechanics
 
velocity  v 
t ∆
  mH m H2 H
t  
v   k
k 
H
Organization of Book
• Part II – Study individual particles, the way that
they are put together and chemical interaction
between
• Part III – will study the processes of volume
change and shear strength involving no physical
interaction, i.e. dry soil
• Part IV – will analyze consequences of physical
interaction between phases due to water flow
• Part V – will study transient phenomena that
occur after a change in Load is applied
Chp 3 Description of Assemblage
Solids
of Particles
Water
Wa= 0 Air Va
Vv
Ww Water Vw
W V
Ws Solids Vs
Air
Phase Diagram: Describes the

Relative Proportions of Solids, Water,
And Air in Soil at Any Location
Weight - Volume Relationships
( F / L3 )
Wa= 0 Air Va
Total Unit Weight
Vv
Unit Weight
Ww Water Vw
 =W/V W V
Sat. Unit Weight Ws Solids Vs

sat =  = W / V
When Vw = Vv or Va = 0
Dry Unit Weight Unit Weight of Buoyant Unit

d = Ws / V Water Weight
w = Ww / Vw b =’ = sat - w
Unit Weight of Solids
s = Ws / Vs
Volume & Weight Ratios
Wa= 0 Air Va
Vv
• Void Ratio, e Ww Water Vw
– e = Vv / Vs W V
Ws Solids Vs
• Porosity, n (%)
– n = Vv / V x 100
• Deg. of Saturation, S (%)

• Moisture Content, w (%)
– S = Vw / Vv x 100
– w = Ww / Ws x 100
• Specific Gravity of solids, Gs

– Gs =  s / w = Ws / (Vs w )
Typical Values
Weight - Volume Relationship to
One Another
Wa= 0 Air Va
Vv
Ww Water Vw
W V
Compaction:
Ws Solids Vs
W Ws  Ww  Ws   Ws  Ww 
       d 1  w 
V V  V   Ws 

d 
1  w 
Weight - Volume Relationship to One
Another
Vv s Ws Ws
e Gs    Vs 
Vs  w Vs  w Gs  w
Vv Vv Gs  w Ww Ww
e  w  Ws 
Vs Ws Ws w
Ww
Vv Vv Gs w w  Vw
e  w Vw S
Vs Ww Vv
Vv Vv Gs w Ww Gs wVv Gs w
e   
Vs Ww Vw Vw S
Another
Vv Wa= 0 Air Va
n Vv
V Ww Water Vw
V  Vv  Vs W V
Ws Vs
Vv Solids
n
Vv  Vs
Vv
e  Vv  e Vs
Vs
Vv e Vs e
n  
Vv  Vs e Vs  Vs e 1
Another
Vv
e V  Vv  Vs  Vv  V  Vs
Vs
Vv V  Vs V
e   1
Vs Vs Vs
Ws
V Ws Vs 
e 1  1 s 1 s
Vs Ws Ws d Gs    s  Gs  w
V w
s Gs  w
e  1 1
d d
Wa= 0 Air Va
Ww Vv
w  19.2%  x 100  Ww  0.192 Ws
Ws
Ww Water Vw
W=38.9 V=0.32
W  38.9  Ws  Ww  0.192Ws  Ws
Ws Solids Vs
Ws  32.63, Ww  6.266
 s   w Gs  62.4 x 2.67  166.61
Ws 32.63
 s  166.61    Vs  0.196
Vs Vs
Vv  V  Vs  0.32  0.196  0.124
Ww 6.27
 w  62.4    Vw  0.100
Vw Vw
Wa= 0 Air Va
Vv=0.124
Ww=6.27 Water Vw=0.100
W=38.9 V=0.32
W 38.9
   121.5
V 0.32 Ws=32.63 Solids Vs=0.196
Ws 32.63 Vv 0.124
d    102.0 e   0.63
V 0.32 Vs 0.196
Vw 0.100
S   0.81
Vv 0.124
Nonspecific weight or Volume example
• Insitu soil has a total density,, of 1.76

Mg/m3 a water content, w, of 10% and
specific gravity of solids, Gs =2.7
• Find the soil’s dry density, d , void ratio, e,

and degree of saturation, S
***** Note given values apply to a teaspoon or truckload of soil****
******* We will Assume a total volume of 1 m3 (could assume mass,

i.e. 1 Mg) ************
Mass Data
Ma= 0 Air Va
Mw
w  10.0%  x 100  M w  0.10 M s Vv
Ms
Mw Water Vw
M = Ms +Mw V= 1m3
M Ms Mw
 1.76 Mg / m  3

V 1.0 m 3 Ms Solids Vs
M s  1.6Mg M w  0.16 Mg
Volume Data:  s   w G s  1.0Mg / m 3 x 2.70  2.7 Mg / m 3
M w 0.16 Mg M s 1.6Mg
 w 1.0 Mg / m 3
  s  2.7 Mg / m 
3

Vw Vw Vs Vs
Vw  0.16m 3 Vs  0.593m 3
Va  V  Vw  Vs  1.0m 3  0.16m 3  0.593m 3  0.247m 3

Ma= 0 Air Va = 0.247
Solution: Vv
Mw=.16 Water Vw =0.16
V = 1.0
M = 1.76
M s 1.6 Mg
d  
V 1.0m 3 Ms =1.6 Solids Vs = 0.593
 d  1.6 Mg / m 3
𝑉 𝑣 𝑉 𝑎+ 𝑉 𝑤 0.247+0.16
𝑒= = =¿ =0.686
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠 0.593
Vw 0.16
S x100  x100  39.3%
Vv 0.16  0.247
Relative Density, Dr
• Convenient way to express the void ratio
of sands and gravels.
• Based on the densest state, emin & the

loosest state, emax
emax  e
Dr  x 100%
emax  emin
1 /  d min  1 /  d
Dr  x 100%
1 /  d min  1 /  d max

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Chapter 2 - Soil Behavior: - Particulate Nature of Soil

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Chapter 2 – Soil Behavior

• Particulate Nature of Soil:

“(1) The deformation of a mass of soil is controlled

Ubottom > utop + body

(3) “Water Can Flow Through the Soil and

Phase Diagram: Describes the

Sat. Unit Weight Ws Solids Vs

Dry Unit Weight Unit Weight of Buoyant Unit

• Deg. of Saturation, S (%)

• Specific Gravity of solids, Gs

 s   w Gs  62.4 x 2.67  166.61

Vv  V  Vs  0.32  0.196  0.124

• Insitu soil has a total density,, of 1.76

• Find the soil’s dry density, d , void ratio, e,

******* We will Assume a total volume of 1 m3 (could assume mass,

Va  V  Vw  Vs  1.0m 3  0.16m 3  0.593m 3  0.247m 3

• Based on the densest state, emin & the

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