Chapter 7

Chapter 7
Ionic and Metallic Bonding
Section 7.1
Ions
Electrons in the highest occupied energy level of an
element’s atoms are called Valence electrons.
To find the number of valence electrons in an atom of a
representative element, simply look at its group number.
Each noble gas

(except He) has
eight electrons in
its highest energy
level.
Valence Electrons
The noble gases, Group 8, are the only exceptions to
the group-number rule.
Helium has two valence electrons, and all of the other
noble gases have eight.
valence electrons are usually the only electrons used in
chemical bonds.
As a general rule, only the valence electrons are shown
in electron dot structures.
Electron dot structures are diagrams that show
valence electrons as dots.
Electron dot structure
are diagrams that show valence electrons as dots.
Electron Dot diagrams
 A way of keeping track of
valence electrons.
 How to write them
X
 Write the symbol.
 Put one dot for each
valence electron
 Don’t pair up until they
have to
The Electron Dot diagram for
Nitrogen
 Nitrogen has 5 valence
electrons.
N
 First we write the symbol.
Then add 1 electron at a
time to each side.
Until they are forced to pair up.
Write the electron dot diagram for
Na F
Mg
Ne
C
He
O
Electron Configurations for Cations
 Metals lose electrons to attain noble gas

configuration.
 They make positive ions.
 Na 1s22s22p63s1 - 1 valence electron
 Na+ 1s22s22p6 -noble gas configuration
Electron Dots For Cations
 Metals will have few valence electrons
Ca
 These will come off
Ca
 These will come off
 Forming positive ions
Ca 2+
Electron Configurations for
Anions
 Nonmetals gain electrons to attain noble
gas configuration.
 They make negative ions.
 S 1s22s22p63s23p4 - 6 valence electrons
 S2- 1s22s22p63s23p6 -noble gas
configuration.
Electron Dots For Anions
 Nonmetals will have many valence .electrons.
 They will gain electrons to fill the highest level.
P P 3-
Practice
 Use electron dot diagrams to show how
the following form ions
 Al
 Cl
C
Stable Electron Configurations
 All atoms react to achieve noble gas
configuration.
 Noble gases have 2 s and 6 p electrons.
 8 valence electrons .
 Also called the octet rule.
Ar
Octet Rule:
In forming compounds, atoms tend to achieve the
electron configuration of a noble gas.
Atoms of metals tend to lose their valence electrons,
leaving a complete octet in the next-lowest energy level.
Atoms of non metals tend to gain electrons or to share

electrons with another nonmetal to achieve a complete
octet.
An atom’s loss of valence electrons produces a cation,
or a positively charged ion.
The gain of negatively charged electrons by a neutral
atom produces an anion.
Some ions formed by transition metals do not have

noble-gas electron configurations, but have pseudo
noble-gas electron configurations.
For example, Silver (Ag) forms a pseudo noble-gas
electron configuration. (4s24p64d10)
Names of ions
 Cations keep the name of the metal
– Ca calcium
– Ca2+ calcium ion
 Anions change ending to – ide

– Cl Chlorine - Cl1- chloride ion
– O Oxygen - O2- oxide ion
– N Nitrogen - N3- nitride ion
Formation of Anions
Halide ions – the ions that are produced when atom

of chlorine and other halogens gain electrons
All halogen atoms have seven valence electrons and
need to gain only one electron to achieve the electron
configuration of a noble gas.
All halide ions (F-, Cl-, Br-, and I-) have charge of 1-.
Questions
1. How can you determine the number of valence
electrons in an atom of a representative element?
Look up the group number of that element
2. Atoms of which elements tend to gain electrons?
Atoms of which elements tend to lose electrons?

Nonmetals – gain metals - lose
3. How do cations form? How do anions form?
Cation – atom loses valence electrons
Anion – atom gains valence electrons
Section 7.2
Ions Bonds and Ionic Compounds

Ionic Bonding
 Anions and cations are held together by
opposite charges.
 This is the bond
 Ionic compounds are called salts.
 Simplest ratio is called the formula unit.
 The bond is formed through the transfer
of electrons.
 Electrons are transferred to achieve
noble gas configuration.
Ionic Bonding
1+ 1-
Na Cl
Ionic Bonding
 All the electrons must be accounted for!
Ca P
Ionic Bonding
Ca 2+
P
Ionic Bonding
Ca +2
P
Ca
Ionic Bonding
3-
Ca 2+
P
Ca
Ionic Bonding
3-
Ca 2+
P
Ca P
Ionic Bonding
3-
Ca 2+
P
Ca 2+
P
Ionic Bonding
Ca
3-
Ca 2+
P
Ca 2+
P
Ionic Bonding
Ca 2+
3-
Ca 2+
P
Ca 2+
P
3-
Ionic Bonding
Ca3P2
Formula Unit
Practice
 Use electron dot diagrams to show how
the following elements make an ionic
compound and write the formula unit
 Mg and Cl
Practice
 Na and N
Practice
 Al and O
Ionic Compounds
 Made up of
– a positive and negative ion
– a cation and an anion
– a metal and a nonmetal
Properties of Ionic Compounds
 Crystalline structure.
 A regular repeating arrangement of ions
in the solid.
 Ions are strongly bonded.
 Structure is rigid.
 High melting points- because of strong
forces between ions.
Compounds composed of cations and anions are called
ionic compounds.
Although they are composed of ions, ionic compounds

are electrically neutral.
The electrostatic forces that hold ions together in

ionic compounds are called ionic bonds.
Classwork
Solve #18 & 20 page:199

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Chapter 7 - Chemistry

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Ionic and Metallic Bonding

Each noble gas

 Metals lose electrons to attain noble gas

Atoms of non metals tend to gain electrons or to share

Some ions formed by transition metals do not have

 Anions change ending to – ide

Halide ions – the ions that are produced when atom

Atoms of which elements tend to lose electrons?

Ions Bonds and Ionic Compounds

Although they are composed of ions, ionic compounds

The electrostatic forces that hold ions together in

Solve #18 & 20 page:199

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