Microprocessor & Interfacing

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 Course Information
 Text books:
 Gaonkar, R. S. (2002). “Microprocessor architecture, programming,
and application with the 8085”, 5th edition, Prentice Hall.
 Brey, B. B. (1993). “The 8085A microprocessor software,
programming and architecture”, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall. .

 Class:
 5 Lectures/ week

 Lab:
 Will be announced

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 Synopsis
 The microprocessor is a general-purpose programmable
logic device.
 Understanding the microprocessor concepts is crucial in
understanding the operation of digital computer.
 This course is an introduction to the basic concept of
microprocessor architecture and operation, programming
model, pins configuration and microprocessor interfacing.
 The content of the course is divided into three sections:
 microprocessor architecture,
 programming and
 interfacing input/output.
 The course is designed around the Intel 8-bit
microprocessor (8085A) and its assembly language.

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 LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of the course, student should be:
 Able to understand the basic operation of
microprocessor.
 Able to understand the basic concept of microprocessor
architecture and its pins configuration.
 Able to understand the machine language programs.
 Able to design and write programs in assembly language.
 Able to understand the basic concept of microprocessor
input/output interfacing

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 Introduction
 The majority of people think that computers are some
kind of complicated device that is impossible to learn and
infinitely intelligent, able to think better than a person.
 The truth is much less glamorous.  
 A computer can only do what the programmer has
told it to do, in the form of a program.
 A program is just a sequence of very simple commands
that lead the computer to solve some problem.
 Once the program is written and debugged, the
computer can execute the instructions very fast, and
always do it the same, every time, without a mistake.

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 Introduction
 Even though the program consists of very
simple instructions, the overall result can
be very impressive, due mostly to the
speed at which the computer can process
the instructions.
 Even though each step in the program is
very simple, the sequence of instructions,
executing at millions of steps per second,
can appear to be very complicated, when
taken as a whole.
 The trick is not to think of it as a whole, but
as a series of very simple steps, or
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 Introduction
 The microprocessor itself is usually a single integrated
circuit (IC).
 Most microprocessors (MPU), or very small computers,
have much the same commands or instructions that they
can perform.
 They vary mostly in the names used to describe each command.
 In a typical MPU, there are commands to move data
around, do simple math (add, subtract, multiply, and
divide), bring data into the micro from the outside world,
and send data out of the micro to the outside world.
 Sounds too simple....right? .

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 Microprocessors
 The microprocessor is a programmable
integrated device that has computing and
decision-making capability similar to that of
the central processing unit (CPU) of a
computer.
 The fact that the microprocessor is
programmable means it can be instructed to
perform given tasks within its capability.
 The microprocessor is a clock-driven
semiconductor device consisting of
electronic logic circuits manufactured by
using either a large-scale integration (LSI)
or very-large-scale integration (VLSI)
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 Microprocessors
 A typical MPU has three basic parts inside. They are:
 the Program Counter (PC)
 Memory, and
 Input / Output (I/O).
 The Program Counter keeps track of which command is
to be executed.
 The Memory contains the commands to be executed.
 The Input / Output handles the transfer of data to and
from the outside world (outside the MPU physical
package).
 There are many other actual parts inside the MPU,
however, we will learn about every single one, one step
at a time.

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 Microprocessors
 Nowadays, the microprocessor is being
used in a wide range of products called
microprocessor-based products or
systems.
 The microprocessor can he embedded in
a larger system, can be a stand alone unit
controlling processes, or it can function as
the CPU of a computer called a
microcomputer.

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 Microprocessors
 The microprocessor communicates and
operates in the binary numbers 0 and 1,
called bits.
 Each microprocessor has a fixed set of
instructions in the form of binary patterns
called a machine language.
 It is difficult for humans to communicate in
the language of 0 s and 1 s.
 Therefore, the binary instructions are
given abbreviated names, called
mnenomics, which form the assembly
language for a given microprocessor.
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 Microprocessors
 A typical programmable machine can be
represented with four components:
microprocessor, memory, input, and
output.
 These four components work together or
interact with each other to perform a given
task; thus, they comprise a system.
 The physical components of this system
are called hardware.
 A set of instructions written for the
microprocessor to perform a task is called
a program, and a group of programs is
called software.
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 Microprocessors

 The microprocessor applications are

classified primarily in two categories:
 reprogrammable systems and
 embedded systems.

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 Microprocessors
 In reprogrammable systems, such as
microcomputers, the microprocessor is
used for computing and data processing.
These systems include:
 general-purpose microprocessors capable of
handling large data, mass storage devices
(such as disks and CD-ROMs), and
peripherals such as printers;
 a personal computer (PC) is a typical
illustration.

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 Microprocessors

 In embedded systems, the microprocessor

is a part of a final product and is not
available for reprogramming to the end
user. Example:
 copying machine
 washing machine.
 Air-conditioner
 Etc.

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 Microprocessor, CPU & Microcontroller
 Microprocessor (MPU) - a semiconductor
device (integrated circuit) manufactured by
using the LSI technique.
 It includes the ALU, register arrays, and
control circuits on a single chip.
 CPU - the central processing unit.
 The group of circuits that processes data and
provides control signals and timing. It includes
the arithmetic/logic unit, registers, instruction
decoder, and the control unit.
 Microcontroller - a device that includes
microprocessor, memory, and I/O signal
lines on a single chip, fabricated using
VLSI technology.
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 Microprocessor, CPU & Microcontroller

 In large computers, a CPU implemented

on one or more circuit boards performs
these computing functions.
 The microprocessor is in many ways
similar to the CPU, but includes all the
logic circuitry, including the control unit, on
one chip.

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 Traditional block diagram of a computer
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 Block diagram of a computer with the microprocessor as a
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CPU 19
 Block diagram of a microcontroller
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 A Simple Program
 A program is a sequence or series of very simple
commands or instructions.
 A real world example program might be the problem of
crossing a busy street.
 Step 1: Walk up to the traffic lights and stop.
 Step 2: Look at the traffic light.
 Step 3: Is your light green?
 Step 4: If the light is red, goto step 2. (otherwise continue to step
5)
 Step 5: Look to the left.
 Step 6: Are there cars still passing by?
 Step 7: If yes, goto step 5. (otherwise continue to step 8).
 Step 8: Look to the right.
 Step 9: Are there cars still passing by? (there shouldn't be any
by now, but, you never know!)
 Step 10: If yes, goto step 8. (otherwise continue to step 11)
 Step 11: Proceed across the street, carefully!! .

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 A Simple Program
 Now this may seem childish at first glance, but this is
exactly what you do every time you cross a busy street,
that has a traffic light.
 This is also exactly how you would tell a MPU to cross
the street, if one could.
 This is what I mean by a sequence or series of very
simple steps.
 Taken as a whole, the steps lead you cross a busy
intersection, which, if a computer did it, would seem very
intelligent.
 It is intelligence, people are intelligent. A programmer
that programmed these steps into a MPU, would impart
that intelligence to the micro.
 The MPU would not, however, in this case, know what to
do when it got to the other side, since we didn't tell it.
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 A Simple Program
 In a MPU, the problems are different but the logical
steps to solve the problem are similar, that is, a series of
very simple steps, leading to the solution of a larger
problem.
 Also notice that since the steps are numbered, 1 through
11, that is the order in which they're executed.
 The Program Counter (PC), in this case, starting with 1 and
ending with 11, doing what each one says.
 The PC automatically advances to the next step, after doing
what the current step says, unless a branch, or jump, is
encountered.
 A branch is an instruction that directs the PC to go to a specific
step, other than the next in the sequence.

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 A Simple Program
 The point of this lesson is to show how a simple set of
instructions can solve a bigger problem.
 Taken as a whole, the solution could appear to be more
complicated than any of the separate steps it took to solve it.
 The most difficult problem to be solved in programming a
MPU is to define the problem you are trying to solve.
 Sounds silly but I assure you, it's not.
 This is the Logical Thought Process.
 It is having a good understanding of the problem you're trying to
solve.

You must understand the information I'm presenting in

order to pass the course. Trying to remember everything
does not work at university.
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 Decimal, Binary & Hex
 The microprocessor operates in binary digits, 0 and 1,
also known as bits.
 Bit is an abbreviation for the term binary digit.
 These digits are represented in terms of electrical voltages in the
machine: Generally, 0 represents low voltage level, and 1
represents high voltage level.
 Each MPU recognises and processes a group of bits
called the word.
 A word is a group of bits the computer recognizes and
processes at a time.
 MPUs are classified according to their word length.
 For example, a processor with an 8-bit word is known as an 8-bit
microprocessor, and a processor with a 32-bit word is known as
a 32-bit microprocessor.

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 Decimal, Binary & Hex
 All numbering systems follow the same
rules.
 Decimal is Base 10, Binary is Base 2, and
Hex(adecimal) is Base 16.
 The base of a system refers to how many
possible numbers can be in each digit
position.
 In decimal, a single digit number is 0 through 9.
 In binary a single digit number is 0 or 1.
 In hex a single digit number is 0 through 9,
A,B,C,D,E, and F.
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 Decimal, Binary & Hex
 General format to represent number:
N = AnBn + An-1Bn-1 +……..+A1B1 + A0B0

Where,

N is number

B is base

A binary 10 in
A is any digit (one zero) is decimal 2
that base.

A decimal 10 is ten
A hex 10 is decimal 16.
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 Number Conversion (revision)

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 Number Conversion (revision)

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 Number Conversion
 Convert the binari number 1001 1011 into
its hex:
 Arrange the binary digits in groups of four:
1001 1011

 Convert each group into its equivalent Hex

number.
1001 1011

9 B
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 Advances in Semiconductor Technology
 After the invention of the transistor,
integrated circuits (ICs) appeared on the
scene at the end of the 1950s.
 an entire circuit consisting of several
transistors, diodes, and resistors could be
designed on a single chip.
 In the early 1960s, logic gates 7400 series
were commonly available as ICs, and the
technology of integrating the circuits of a
logic gate on a single chip became known
as small-scale integration (SSI).
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 Advances in Semiconductor Technology
 As semiconductor technology advanced,
more than 100 gates were fabricated on
one chip:
 medium-scale integration (MSI).
 Example:a decade counter (7490).
 Within a few years, it was possible to
fabricate more than 1000 gates on a single
chip
 large-scale integration (LSI).
 Now we are in the era of very-large- scale
integration (VLSI) and super-large-scale
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 Historical Perspective
 The microprocessor revolution began with a
bold and innovative approach in logic
design pioneered by Intel engineer Ted
Hoff.
 In 1969, Intel was primarily in the business
of designing semiconductor memory.
 it introduced a 64-hit bipolar RAM chip that
year.

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 Historical Perspective
 Intel coined the term “microprocessor” and
in 1971 released the first 4-bit
microprocessor as the 4004.
 It was designed with LSI technology;
 It had 2,300 transistors, 640 bytes of memory-
addressing capacity, and a 108 kHz clock.
Thus, the microprocessor revolution began with
this tiny chip.
 Gordon Moore, cofounder of Intel
Corporation, predicted that the number of
transistors per integrated circuit would
double every 18 months;
 this came to he known as “Moore’s Law.”
 Just twenty-five years since the invention of the
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4004, we have processors that are designed
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 Organization of a Microprocessor-Based
System
 It includes three components:
 Microprocessor;
 I/O (input/output) and
 memory (read/write memory and read-only
memory).
 These components are organised around a
common communication path called a bus.
 The entire group of components is also
referred to as a system or a microcomputer
system.
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 Organization of a Microprocessor-Based
System
 The functions of various components:
 The microprocessor
 reads instructions from memory.
 communicates with all peripherals (memory and 1/Os) using the
system bus.
 controls the timing of information flow.
 performs the computing tasks specified in a program.
 The memory
 stores binary information, called instructions and data.
 provides the instructions and data to the microprocessor on request.
 stores results and data for the microprocessor.
 The input device
 enters data and instructions under the control of a program such as
program.
 The output device
 accepts data from the microprocessor as specified in a program.
 The bus
 carries bits between the microprocessor and memory and I/Os.

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 Microprocessor Instruction Set
and Computer Languages
 Microprocessors recognize and operate in binary
numbers.
 Each microprocessor has its own binary words, meanings,
and language.
 The words are formed by combining a number of bits for a
given machine.
 The word (or word length) is defined as the number of bits the
microprocessor recognizes and processes at a time.
 The word length ranges from 4-bit to 64-bit.
 Another term commonly used to express word length is
byte.
 A byte is defined as a group of eight bits.
 For example, a 16-bit microprocessor has a word length to two
bytes.
 The term nibble stands for a group of four bits.
 A byte has two nibbles.

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 Microprocessor Instruction Set
and Computer Languages
 Each machine has its own set of
instructions based on the design of its CPU
or of its microprocessor.
 To communicate with the computer, one
must give instructions in binary language
(machine language).
 Difficult for most people to write programs in
sets of 0s and 1s, computer manufacturers
have devised English-like words to represent
the binary instructions of a machine - assembly
language.
 An assembly language is machine-specific.
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 Microprocessor Instruction Set
and Computer Languages
 The 8085 is a microprocessor with 8-bit
word length:
 its instruction set (or language) is designed by
using various combinations of these eight bits.
 8085 has 74 different instructions - instruction
set.

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 Microprocessor Instruction Set
and Computer Languages
 For convenience, the 8085 instructions can
be written in hexadecimal code and entered
in a single-board microcomputer by using
Hex keys.
 E.g., the binary instruction 0011 1100 2 ≡ 3Ch .
 This instruction can be entered in a single-
board microcomputer system with a Hex
keyboard by pressing two keys: 3 and C.
 The monitor program of the system translates
these keys into their equivalent binary pattern.
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 8085 Assembly Language
 Even though the instructions can be written
in hexadecimal code, it is still difficult to
understand a program written in
hexadecimal numbers.
 Therefore, each manufacturer of a MPU has
devised a symbolic code for each instruction,
called a mnemonic.
 The mnemonic for a particular instruction
consists of letters that suggest the operation to
be performed by that instruction.
 For example, 0011 1100 (3C ) is represented
2 h
by the mnemonic INR A.
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 8085 Assembly Language
 The complete set of 8085 mnemonics is
called the 8085 assembly language.
 A program written in these mnemonics is
called an assembly language program.
 Machine language and assembly language
are microprocessor-specific and are both
considered low-level languages.
 The machine language is in binary, and the
assembly language is in English-like words;
however, the microprocessor understands
only the binary.
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 8085 Assembly Language
 The mnemonics can be written by hand on
paper and translated manually in
hexadecimal code, called hand assembly.
 Or the mnemonics can be written on a
computer using a program called an Editor
in the ASCII code and translated into binary
code by using the program called an
assembler.

ASCII—American Standard Code for

Information Interchange. This is a 7-bit
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 Hand Assembly
 To manually write and execute an assembly
language program on a single-board
computer, with a Hex keyboard for input
and LEDs for output, the following steps are
necessary:
 Write the instructions in mnemonics obtained
from the instruction set supplied by the
manufacturer.
 Find the hexadecimal machine code for each
instruction by searching through the set of
instructions.
 Enter (load) the program in the user memory in
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 Assembler
 The hand assembly:
 tedious and subject to errors;
 suited for small programs.

 Alternative, use assembler:

 The assembler is a program that translates the
mnemonics entered by the ASCII keyboard into
the corresponding binary machine codes of the
microprocessor.
 Each microprocessor has its own assembler
because the mnemonics and machine codes
are specific to the microprocessor being used,
and each assembler has rules that must be
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 High-Level Languages
 Programming languages that are intended
to be machine-independent are called high-
level languages.
 These include such languages as BASIC,
PASCAL, C, C++ and Java, all of which
have certain sets of rules and draw on
symbols and conventions from English.
 Instructions written in these languages are
known as statements rather than
mnemonics.
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 High-Level Languages
 How are words in English converted into the
binary languages of different
microprocessors?
 Through another program called either a
compiler or an interpreter.
 These programs accept English-like statements
as their input, called the source code.
 The compiler or interpreter then translates the
source code into the machine language
compatible (object code) with the
microprocessor being used in the system.
 Each microprocessor needs its own compiler or
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 High-Level Languages
 Compiler - a program that translates
English-like words of a high-level language
into the machine language of a computer.
 A compiler reads a given program, called a
source code, in its entirety and then translates
the program into the machine language, which
is called an object code.
 Interpreter - a program that translates the
English-like statements of a high-level
language into the machine language of a
computer.
 An interpreter translates one statement at a
time from a source code to an object code.
 Assembler - a computer program that
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 Operating system
 Operating system - a set of programs that
manages interaction between hardware and
software.
 Responsible primarily for storing information on
disks and for communication between
microprocessor, memory, and peripherals.

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 OS and its relationship with various hardware components
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 Hierarchical relationship between computer hardware and
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software. 53
 Single-board microcomputer
 Typically, these microcomputers include an
8- or 16-bit microprocessor, from 256 bytes
to 8K bytes of user memory, a Hex
keyboard, and seven-segment LEDs as
display.
 The interaction between the
microprocessor, memory, and I/Os in these
small systems is managed by a monitor
program, which is generally small in size,
stored in less than 2K bytes of ROM.
 When a single-board microcomputer is
turned on, the monitor program is in charge
of the system;
it monitors the keyboard inputs, interprets those
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
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 Single-board microcomputer
 Monitor program - a program that interprets
the input from a keyboard and converts the
input into its binary equivalent.
 The function of the monitor program in a small
system is similar to that of the operating system
in a large system.

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 Application: Microprocessorcontrolled
Temperature System (Mcts)
 This system is expected:
 to read the temperature in a room;
 display the temperature at a liquid crystal
display (LCD) panel (described later);
 turn on a fan if the temperature is above a set
point, and
 turn on a heater if the temperature is below a
set point.

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 Thank you
Q&A

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