The process of selecting a number of

individuals for a study in such a way that the

individuals represent the larger group from
which they were selected
• A population can be defined as
including all people or items
with the characteristic one
wishes to understand.
• Because there is very rarely
enough time or money to
gather information from
everyone or everything in a
population, the goal becomes
finding a representative
sample (or subset) of that
population.
Why Sample?
Get information about large populations
• Lower cost • Availability of Population
• More accuracy of results elements.
• Less field time
• High speed of data
collection
• When it is impossible to study
the whole population
SAMPLING BREAKDOWN

All SHS in Rizal

All SHS in Rodriguez

List of SHS in Rodriguez

3 SHS in Rodriguez
To gather data about the population in
order to make an inference that can
be generalized to the population
What is a Good Sample?
The sample must be:
1.representative of the population;
2.appropriately sized (the larger the better);
3.unbiased;
4.random (selections occur by chance);
Merits of Sampling
Size of population
Fund required for the study
Facilities
Time
Stages in the Selection of a Sample
Conduct fieldwork
Select actual sampling units
Determine sample size
Plan procedure for selecting sampling units
Determine if a probability or nonprobability
sampling method will be chosen

Select a sampling frame

Define the target population

Types of
Sampling
• Probabilitysample – a method of sampling that uses of
random selection so that all units/ cases in the population
have an equal probability of being chosen.
• Non-probability sample – does not involve random
selection and methods are not based on the rationale of
probability theory
Probability Samples
Probability Sampling

Simple Random Systematic Random Stratified Random Cluster Random

Sampling Sampling Sampling Sampling

Proportionate One Stage

Two Stage
Dis Proportionate

Multi Stage
1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
• Applicable when population is small, homogeneous
& readily available
• All subsets of the frame are given an equal
probability. Each element of the frame thus has an
equal probability of selection. A table of random
number or lottery system is used to determine
which units are to be selected.
Advantage
 Easy method to use

 No need of prior information of population

 Equal and independent chance of selection to every element

Disadvantages
 If sampling frame large, this method is impracticable.

 Does not represent proportionate representation

Simple Random
Sampling

Every subset of a
specified size n from
the population has an
equal chance of being
selected
Suitability
• This method is suitable for small homogeneous
• Randomly selecting units from a sampling frame.
• Random means mathematically each unit from the sampling frame has an
equal probability of being included in the sample.

• Stages in random sampling:

Systematically select
Define Develop Randomly select the random numbers until it
population sampling Assign each unit
frame a number required amount of meets the sample size
numbers requirements
REPLACEMENT OF SELECTED UNITS
 Sampling schemes may be without replacement or with
replacement
- For example, if we catch fish, measure them, and immediately return
them to the water before continuing with the sample, this is a with
replacement design, because we might end up catching and measuring
the same fish more than once. However, if we do not return the fish to
the water (e.g. if we eat the fish), this becomes a without replacement
design.
Example of SRS
1. A researcher wants to study the effects of social media
on Grade 11 students in San Jose Litex SHS. He wishes
to use the simple random sampling technique in choosing
the members of his sample. If there are 1000 Grade 11
students in the school, how many students should there
be in his sample?
 A researcher wants to study the effects of
social media on Grade 11 students in San Jose
Litex SHS. He wishes to use the simple random
sampling technique in choosing the members of
his sample. If there are 1000 Grade 11 students
in the school, how many students should there
Solution be in his sample?

Step 1: Determine the numbers of students that should be in the sample.

Use the Slovin’s Formula.

Where n = number of samples

N = population size
e = margin of error
 A researcher wants to study the effects of
social media on Grade 11 students in San Jose
Litex SHS. He wishes to use the simple random
sampling technique in choosing the members of
his sample. If there are 1000 Grade 11 students

Solution in the school, how many students should there

be in his sample?

Step 1: Determine the numbers of students that should be in the sample.

Using the Slovin’s Formula.

Note: use 5% margin of error.

 A researcher wants to study the effects of
social media on Grade 11 students in San Jose
Litex SHS. He wishes to use the simple random
sampling technique in choosing the members of
his sample. If there are 1000 Grade 11 students
in the school, how many students should there
Solution be in his sample?

Step 1: Determine the numbers of students that should be in the sample.

Step 2: Assign a number to each member of the population.
Step 3: Write the numbers on pieces of paper with the same size and shape.
Step 4: Put all the folded pieces of paper in a bowl or box.
Step 5: Without looking, randomly pick out 286 folded paper from the bowl
or box.
Example of SRS
2. A Grade 11 students wants to make a study on the
opinions of Grade 12 students concerning the use of batch
shirt every Friday. There are 950 Grade 12 students. She
wants to interview only 10% of the Grade 12 students in the
school. If you were the student, how are you going to do it
by using a Table of Random Numbers?
 A Grade 11 students wants to make a study
on the opinions of Grade 12 students concerning
the use of batch shirt every Friday. There are
950 Grade 12 students. She wants to interview
only 10% of the Grade 12 students in the
school. If you were the student, how are you

Solution going to do it by using a Table of Random

Numbers?

Step 1: Multiply 950 by 10% to obtain the members of the sample.

Step 2: Randomly select a starting number from the table of random numbers.
FYI
Leonard Henry Caleb Tippett (May
8, 1902 – November 9, 1985), an
English statistician and known
professionally as L.H.C Tippett
published “Random Sampling
Numbers” in 1927and thus invented
the Random Number Table.
2. Systematic Sampling
•A random sampling technique in
which a list of elements of the
population is used as a sampling frame
and the elements to be included in the
desired sample are selected by
skipping through the list at regular
intervals.
ADVANTAGES:
 Sample easy to select

 Suitable sampling frame can be identified easily

 Sample evenly spread over entire reference population

 Cost effective

DISADVANTAGES:
 Sample may be biased if hidden periodicity in population coincides with

that of selection.
 Each element does not get equal chance

 Ignorance of all element between two n element

Example of Systematic Sampling

1. In a group of 250 students, how will you select

a sample containing 71 students by using the
systematic sampling technique?
 In a group of 250 students, how will
you select a sample containing 71 students
by using the systematic sampling
technique?

Solution.
Step 1: Prepare a sampling frame by randomly arranging the 250
students.
Step 2: Assign each student a number from 1 – 250.
Step 3: Find the sampling interval k by
dividing the population size by the sample
size.
= 3.52 or 4
 In a group of 250 students, how will
you select a sample containing 71 students
by using the systematic sampling
technique?
Solution.
Step 4: Select a number from the whole numbers between 0
and k+1 by simple random technique. The numbers that ae
between 0 and k+1 are 1, 2, 3, and 4. This chosen value is
called as the random start.
Suppose, at random you got 2 as the random start, then,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, …, 250
Example of Systematic Sampling

2. In a group of 180 workers, how will you

select a sample of 36 workers by using the
systematic sampling technique?
 In a group of 180 workers, how will
you select a sample of 36 workers by using
the systematic sampling technique?

Solution.
Step 1: Prepare a sampling frame by randomly arranging the 180
workers.
Step 2: Assign each worker a number from 1 – 180.
Step 3: Find the sampling interval k by
dividing the population size by the sample
size.
=5
Solution.
Step 4: Select a number from the whole numbers between 0 and
k+1 by simple random technique. The numbers that ae between
0 and k+1 are 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. This chosen value is called as the
random start.
Suppose, at random you got 4 as the random start, then,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, …, 180
3. Stratified Sampling
The population is divided into
two or more groups called strata,
according to some criterion, such
as geographic location, grade
level, age, or income, and
subsamples are randomly selected
from each strata.

Sunil
Kumar
Stratified random sampling can be classified into:
a. Proportionate stratified sampling
It involves drawing a sample from each stratum in proportion to
the letters share in total population
b.Disproportionate stratified sampling proportionate
representation is not given to strata it necessery involves giving
over representation to some strata and under representation to
other.
Advantage :
 Enhancement of representativeness to each sample

 Higher statistical efficiency

Easy to carry out

Disadvantage:
 Classification error

 Time consuming and

expensive
 Prior knowledge of composition and of distribution

of population
◦ Selection process
 Identify and define the population
 Determine the desired sample size
 Identify the variable and subgroups (i.e., strata) for
which you want to guarantee appropriate
representation
 Classify all members of the population as members
of one of the identified subgroups
Example of Stratified Sampling
1. You want to interview 200 students in your school to
determine their opinion on the new school uniform. How
are you going to choose your sample by using stratified
sampling if there are 1,200 students in grade 7; 1,100 in
Grade 8; 1,050 in Grade 9; 940 in Grade 10; 900
Grade11, and 810 in Grade 12?
 1. You want to interview 200 students in your school to
determine their opinion on the new school uniform. How
are you going to choose your sample by using stratified
sampling if there are 1,200 students in grade 7; 1,100 in
Grade 8; 1,050 in Grade 9; 940 in Grade 10; 900
Solution. Grade11, and 810 in Grade 12?

• Subdivide the population

Population (N) No. of Students Sample (n)
into year levels. per Year
• To obtain the sample size
per year level, divide the Grade 7 1,200
total number of students Grade 8 1,100
per year level by the total Grade 9 1,050
number of students in Grade 10 940
school.
Grade 11 900
Grade 12 810
Total 6,000
Solution. Population No. of Students Sample
(N) per Year (n)
 Grade 7:
Grade 7 1,200 40
 Grade 8:
Grade 8 1,100 37
 Grade 9: Grade 9 1,050 35
 Grade 10: 31.33 or 31 Grade 10 940 31
 Grade 11: 30 Grade 11 900 30
 Grade 12: Grade 12 810 27
Total 6,000 200
Example of Stratified Sampling
2. Marcela, a Statistics student, wants to determine who care
more about their physical appearances, the male or the female
students, she wants to limit her study to Grade 11 students. There
are unequal numbers of Grade 11 students: 340 are male and 500
are female. She wants her sample to consist only of 50 students.
She chooses the members of her sample using stratified sampling
technique.
 Marcela, a Statistics student, wants to determine who care more
about their physical appearances, the male or the female students,
she wants to limit her study to Grade 11 students. There are
unequal numbers of Grade 11 students: 340 are male and 500 are
female. She wants her sample to consist only of 50 students. She
Solution. chooses the members of her sample using stratified sampling
technique.
• Subdivide the
population into sex.
• To obtain the sample Population No. of Students Sample (n)
(N) per sex
size per sex, divide
the total number of Male 340
students per sex by Female 500
the total number of Total 840
students in grade 11.
 Solution.
 Male :
Population No. of Students Sample (n)
(N) per sex
 Female :
Male 340 20
Female 500 30
Total 840 50
Cluster Sampling
 Cluster sampling is an example of 'two-stage sampling' .
 First stage a sample of areas is chosen;
 Second stage a sample of respondents within those areas is selected.
 Population divided into clusters of homogeneous units, usually
based on geographical contiguity.
 Sampling units are groups rather than individuals.
 A sample of such clusters is then selected.
 All units from the selected clusters are studied.
 The population is divided into subgroups (clusters) like families. A
simple random sample is taken of the subgroups and then all members
of the cluster selected are surveyed
◦ Advantages
 Very useful when populations are large and spread
over a large geographic region
 Convenient and expedient
 Do not need the names of everyone in the population
◦ Disadvantages
 Representation is likely to become an issue
Example of Cluster Sampling
A researcher wants to determine who among the
families in the municipality of Rodriguez are
using the new detergent product. How is she
going to do this using the cluster sampling
technique?
Solution.
Step 1: Divide the population into clusters. Use barangays as
clusters.
Step 2: Not all the barangays of Rodriguez will be included in the
sample. Choose the final barrios by using either SRS or
systematic sampling technique.
Step 3: Not all the families in each selected barrio will be included
in the study. Select the final families to be included in the
sample by using SRS or systematic sampling technique.
Solution.
Step 1: Divide the population into clusters. Use barangays as clusters.
Step 2: Not all the barangays of Rodriguez will be included in the
sample. Choose the final barrios by using either SRS or
systematic sampling technique.
Step 3: Not all the families in each selected barrio will be included in the
study. Select the final families to be included in the sample by
using SRS or systematic sampling technique.
1. Convenience sampling

2. Purposive sampling
3. Quota sampling
4. Snowball sampling
1. Convenience sampling:
the process of including whoever
happens to be available at the
time…called “accidental” or
“haphazard” sampling
2. Purposive sampling:
• the process whereby the
researcher selects a sample based
on experience or knowledge of
the group to be sampled called
“judgment” sampling
3. Quota sampling

• the process whereby a researcher

gathers data from individuals
possessing identified characteristics
and quotas
Parameter and Statistic
Parameter Statistic

• A parameter is a measure • Statistic is a measure that

that describes a describes a sample.
population. • Statistic usually denoted
• Parameter are usually by Roman letters (
denoted by Greek letters. (
The Population Mean.
• The population mean is the mean of the entire population. It is
computed using the formula below.

Example.
The numbers of workers in six outlets of a fast food restaurant are
12, 10, 11, 15, 12, and 14. treating these data as a population, find
the population mean.
 Number x
Solution
1 12
2 10
3 11
4 15
5 12
6 14
Population Variance and Population Standard Deviation
• The population variance () is the • The population standard deviation ( is
sum of the of the squared the square root of the population
deviations of each datum from variance.
the population mean divided by
the population size.
Example.
The following are the ages of the 16 Math teachers in ABC School.
30 34 32 38 28 36 40 31
35 34 33 30 37 40 30 40
Compute the following:
a. Population variance
b. Population standard deviation
Solution.
Teacher Age
1 30 -4.25 18.0625
2 34 -0.25 0.0625
3 32 -2.25 5.0625
4 38 3.75 14.0625
5 28 -6.25 39.0625
6 36 1.75 3.0625
7 40 5.75 33.0625
8 31 -3.25 10.5625
9 35 0.75 0.5625
10 34 -0.25 0.0625
11 33 -1.25 1.5625
12 30 -4.25 18.0625
13 37 2.75 7.5625
14 40 5.75 33.0625
15 30 -4.25 18.0625
16 40 5..75 33.0625
Solution.
a. b.

=3.83
The Sample Mean.
• The sample mean ( is the average of all the values randomly selected
from the population.

Note.
The value of the population mean is similar to the sample mean and the only
difference is the divisor from
Sample Variance and Sample Standard Deviation
• The sample variance () is the • The sample standard deviation ( is the
sum of the of the squared square root of the sample variance.
deviations of each datum from
the sample mean divided by .
Example.
The following are the scores of 8 randomly selected students in Grade 11.
7 8 12 15 10 11 9 14
Compute the following:
a. Sample Mean
b. Sample variance
c. Sample standard deviation
Solution.

Students
1 7 -3.75 14.0625
2 8 -2.75 7.5625
3 12 1.25 1.5625
4 15 4.25 18.0625
5 10 -0.75 0.5625
6 11 0.25 0.0625
7 9 -1.75 3.0625
8 14 3.25 10.5625
Solution.
b. c.

=2.815 or 2.82
Finding the Sample Mean, Sample Variance, and Sample
Standard Deviation from a Frequency Distribution.

√
∑ 𝑓𝑥 ∑𝑓 (𝑥 − 𝑥 )2
𝑥=
∑𝑓
𝑠
2
=
(∑ 𝑓 )−1 s=
∑ 𝑓 (𝑥 − 𝑥)
2

( ∑ 𝑓 )−1
Example.
• The scores in Statistics of Scores Frequency
randomly selected Grade 11 (f)
students are in the table. Find 60 – 64 1
the; 65 – 69 2
• Sample mean 70 – 74 2
• Sample variance 75 – 79 4
80 – 84 6
• Sample standard deviation
85 – 89 8
90 – 94 5
95 - 99 7
Solution.

Students
60 – 64 1 62 62 -23 529 529
65 – 69 2 67 134 -18 324 648
70 – 74 2 72 144 -13 169 338
75 – 79 4 77 308 -8 64 256
80 – 84 6 82 492 -3 9 54
85 – 89 8 87 696 2 4 32
90 – 94 5 92 460 7 49 245
95 - 99 7 97 679 12 144 1008
b c
FYI
The 12th letter of the Greek
alphabet was derived from the
Egyptians hieroglyphics symbol
for water. In the system of Greek
numerals, it has a value of 40. In
Statistics, it presents the
population mean.
Sampling Distributions
The probability distribution that describes the probability for each
mean of all the samples with the same sample size

Formula for sampling distribution Alternative formula for sampling

of means. distribution of means.
Example.
• Consider the population consisting of the values 2, 3, and 5.
List all the possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn
from the population with replacement. Then, compute the
mean for each sample. Lastly, find the mean of the
sampling distribution of means and the mean of the
population.
 Observation Sample
Solution. 1 (2,2) 2.0
• List down all the possible 2 (2,3) 2.5
samples of size 2 with 3 (2,5) 3.5
replacement in the 2nd 4 (3,2) 2.5
column.
5 (3,3) 3.0
• Compute the corresponding 6 (3,5) 4.0
means of all the samples in
the 3rd column. 7 (5,2) 3.5
8 (5,3) 4.0
9 (5,5) 5.0
Solution.
Observation Sample

1 (2,2) 2.0
2 (2,3) 2.5
3 (2,5) 3.5
4 (3,2) 2.5
5 (3,3) 3.0
6 (3,5) 4.0
7 (5,2) 3.5
8 (5,3) 4.0
9 (5,5) 5.0
Solution.
a. Mean of the population (2,3,5)
Using the alternative formula:

b. Mean of the sampling distribution

of means

Note:
Variance and Standard Deviation of the Sampling
Distribution of Means with Replacement
• The variance of the sampling • The square root of the variance of
distribution of means is equal to the sampling distribution is called
the population variance divided the standard error.
by the size n of the samples.
Example.
• Consider a population with values (2, 5, 7, 8)
a. Find the population mean
b. Find the population variance
c. Find the population standard deviation
d. Find all possible samples of size 2 which can be drawn with replacement from
this population.
e. Find the mean of the sampling distribution of means.
f. Find the variance of the sampling distribution of means
g. Find the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means.
 a. Population mean
Solution.
Observation
1 2 -3.5 12.25
2 5 -0.5 0.25 b. Population variance
3 7 1.5 2.25
4 8 2.5 6.25

c. Population standard deviation

Solution.

d. Possible sample of size 2 e. Mean of the sampling distribution of

with replacement from the means.
population:
(2,2) (5,2) (7,2) (8,2) Note:
(2,5) (5,5) (7,5) (8,5)
(2,7) (5,7) (7,7) (8,7) f. Variance of the sampling distribution
(2,8) (5,8) (7,8) (8,8) of means.
Solution.
g. Standard deviation of the sampling
distribution of means.
Example 2.
If the sample size is and the population variance is what is the variance
and the standard error of the sampling distribution of means?

Solution.
Variance and Standard Deviation of the Sampling
Distribution of Means without Replacement
Example.
• A population consists of three numbers (2, 4, 6). Consider all possible
samples of size 2 which can be drawn without replacement from the
population.
a. Find the population mean e. Find the mean of the sampling distribution
of means.
b. Find the population variance
f. Find the variance of the sampling
c. Find the population standard
distribution of means
deviation
g. Find the standard deviation of the
d. Find all possible samples of size 2
sampling distribution of means.
which can be drawn with
replacement from this population.
 a. Population mean
Solution.
Observation
1 2 -2 4
2 4 0 0 b. Population variance
3 6 2 4

c. Population standard deviation

Solution.

d. Possible sample of size 2 f. Variance of the sampling distribution

without replacement from of means.
the population:
(2,4) (2,6) (4,2)
(4,6) (6,2) (6,4)
e. Mean of the sampling distribution of
means. f. Standard deviation of the sampling
distribution of means.
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You may now proceed to your G-
classroom for the assessment.