RANDOM SAMPLING

Random samples are selected by using chance methods or 2. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING – is a random sampling technique
random numbers. in which a list of elements of the population is used as a
Sampling is the process or techniques of selecting a representative sampling frame and the elements to be included in the desired
sample from the entire population. sample are selected by shipping through the list of regular
Population refers to the entire group of individuals or objects intervals.
known to have similar characteristics.
Sample is a subset of the entire population. Example 1
In a group of 250 students, how will you select a sample
TYPES OF RANDOM SAMPLING containing 71 students by using the systematic sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling (SRS) - It is a sampling technique technique?
in which every element of the population has the same Solution:
probability of being selected for inclusion in the sample. Step 1: Prepare a sampling frame by randomly arranging the 250
students.
Different ways to represent Simple Random Sampling Step 2: Assign each student a number from 1 to 250.
1. Table of Random Numbers – this table contains rows and Step 3: Find the sampling interval k. Divide the population size
columns of mechanically generated digits. 250 by the sample size 71.
2. Lottery Method – each element of the population is assigned N 250
a unique numbers. The numbers are written on piece of paper k= = =3.52∨4
n 71
with identical size and shapes. These pieces of paper are then
Step 4: Select a number from the whole numbers between 0 and k
folded and placed in a bowl or box where they are thoroughly
+ 1 by simple random technique. The numbers that are between 0
mixed together. Without looking or with eyes closed, the
and k+1 are 1, 2, 3, and 4. This chosen value is called as the
researchers picks the required number of folded pieces of
random start.
paper. All the elements bearing the numbers picked by the
Step 5: Assume that the randomly selected number is 2. Use 2 as
researchers becomes elements of the sample.
the starting number.
Step 6: Select every 4th student from the sampling frame starting
2 Process from the 2nd student.
1. Simple Random Sampling without Replacements (SRSWOR)
- The selection of elements depends entirely on chance.
2 6 10
2. Simple Random Sampling with Replacements (SRSWR) – 1 ↓ 3 4 5 ↓ 7 8 9 ↓ 11 …
the process involves returning the selected piece of paper to the 1 st 2 nd 3 rd
box or bowl after it was noted and the next sample is drawn again
from the same number of population. This gives an element of the
The number of the sample will then be 2, 6, 10, 14, 18….
population more than one chance to be part of the sample making
it not distinct with one another.
3. STRATIFIED SAMPLING – is a random sampling technique in
which the population is first divided into strata (subgroups) and
Example 1
then samples are randomly selected separately from each stratum.
A researcher wants to study the effects of social media on Grade
11 students in Palawan National School. He wishes to use the
simple random sampling technique in choosing the members of Example
his sample. If there are 1,000 Grade 11 students in the school, Marcela, a statistics student wants to determine who care more
how many students should there be in the sample using the about their physical appearances, the male or the female students.
lottery method? She wants to limit her study to the Grade 11 students. There are
unequal numbers of Grade 11 students: 340 are male and 500 are
female. She wants her sample to consist only of 50 students. She
Solution:
chooses the members of her sample using stratified sampling
Step 1. Determine the number of students that should be in the
technique.
sample. Use the Slovin’s Formula.
N Solution:
n= 2
1+ N e Subdivide the number of students into two groups using gender.
where n = number of sample needed Divide the number of students per gender by the total number of
N = population size students, and then, multiply the resulting quotient by 50. The
e = margin of error computation are shown below.
For the margin of error, use 5% or 0.05 Population Number of Sample
1,000 (N = 840) Students (n=50)
n= 2 = 285.7 or 286 per strata
1+(1,000)(0.05) Male 340 20
Step 2: Assign a number to each member of the population. In Female 500 30
this problem, assign a number to each of the 1,000 students. Total 840 50
Step 3: Write the numbers on pieces of paper with the same size Compute the sample size in each gender group.
and shape. Fold the pieces of paper. 340
Step 4: Put all the folded pieces of paper in a bowl or box. a. Male: ×50=20.24∨20
Step 5: Without looking, randomly pick out 286 folded pieces from 840
the bowl or box. 500
4. CLUSTER OR AREA SAMPLING – is a random sampling
b. Female: ×50=29.76∨30
840
technique in which the entire population is broken into small
groups or clusters, and then some of the clusters are
randomly selected. The data from the randomly selected PARAMETER AND STATISTICS
clusters are the ones that are analyzed.
The difference of cluster from stratified sampling is that the PARAMETER – is a measure that describes a population. It is
sample consists of elements from all the strata. usually denoted by Greek letters. Population mean μ ,population
varianceσ 2, and population standard deviation σ are example of
Example parameters.
A researcher could divide the province into towns. A
sample of towns will be selected using SRS. She / He
STATISTICS is a measure that describes a sample. It is usually
could then divide the towns into barrios. From these
towns, a sample of barrios will be selected at random. denoted by Roman Letters. Examples includes sample mean X ,
From these barrios, a sample of houses will be identified. sample variance s2 , and sample standard deviation s.
This technique is called multi-stage cluster sampling.
POPULATION MEAN – is the mean of the entire population. It is
ACTIVITY 2: Identify the type of sampling technique used by the represented by the Greek letter mu ( μ ) and is computed using the
researcher in each of the following situations: simple random formula:
sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified random
sampling and cluster random sampling.
μ=
∑x
N
1. The office clerk gave the researcher a list of 500 Grade 10 Where x = given data
students. The researcher selected every 20 th name on the list. N = population size

2. In a recent research that was conducted in a private school, POPULATION VARIANCE AND POPULATION STANDARD
the subjects of the study were selected by using the Table of DEVIATION
Random Numbers.

3. A researcher interviewed people from each town in the

province of Albay for his research on population. Population Variance (σ 2 ¿ – is the sum of the squared deviations
of each datum from the population mean ( μ ), divided by the
4. A researcher is doing a research work on the student’s population size N.
reaction to the newly implemented curriculum in mathematics
and interviewed every 10th student entering the gate of the σ 2
=
∑ (x−μ)
2

school. N

5. A researcher selected a sample of n = 120 from a population of Population Standard Deviation (σ ¿−¿is the square root of the
850 by using the table of random numbers. population variance(σ ¿¿ 2)¿.

6.

7.
A researcher interviewed all top 10 Grade 11 students in each
of 15 randomly selected private schools in Manila.

A teacher asked her students to fall in line. He instructed one

Steps
σ=
√ ∑ (x−μ)2
N
1. Compute the population mean
of them to select every 5th student on the line. 2. Subtract the population mean from each of the data.
3. Square all the deviations of the data from the population
8. A researcher choose the subjects of her study by selecting mean.
every kth member of the population. 4. Find the sum of all the squared deviations.
5. Divide the resulting sum by the population sizes.
9. A teacher conducted a study in her school to determine who
were better in mathematics: the boys or the girls. Example 1:
The following are ages of the 16 math teachers at Palawan
10. A researcher surveyed all diabetic patients in each of the 25 National School
randomly selected hospitals in Metro Manila 30 34 32 38 28 36 40 31
 35 34 33 30 37 40 30 40
Compute the following:
a. Population variance
b. Population standard deviation

The Sample Mean X is the average of all the values randomly

selected from the population.

X =
∑x
n
Where x = sample mean
n= sample size FINDING THE SAMPLE MEAN FROM A FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
Example 1:
x=
∑ fx
Scores of the 7 sampled Grade 9 students.
Student Score ∑f
1 25
2 22 FINDING THE SAMPLE VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION
3 23 FROM A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
4 28 Variance:
5
6
29
30 s
2
= ∑ f ( x−x)2
7 31
¿¿
∑ x =188 Standard Deviation:

X=
∑ x = 188 = 26.86
n 7
s=
√ ∑ f ( x−x)2 ¿
¿¿
Example 1
SAMPLE VARIANCE AND SAMPLE STANDARD DEVIATION The scores in chemistry of randomly selected Grade 10 students
are shown below. Solve for the ;
2 a. Sample variance
SAMPLE VARIANCE s is the sum of the squared deviation of b. Sample standard deviation
each data from the sample mean X divided by n-1. It uses the Score Frequency
following formula; 60 – 64 1
2
s=
∑ ( x−x )2 65 – 69 2
n−1 70 – 74 2
75 – 79 4
SAMPLE STANDARD DEVIATION is the square root of the sample 80 – 84 6
variance given by the equation below; 85 – 89 8

√ ∑ ( x−x )2 90 – 94 5
s= 95 - 99 7
n−1
Example 1:
Alternative Method:
The following are the scores of 8 randomly selected students in
Grade 11.
7, 8, 12, 15, 10, 11, 9 and 14

Compute the following:

a. Sample mean
b. Sample variance
c. Sample standard deviation
ALTERNATIVE FORMULA

Sample Variance
s2=n¿ ¿
Sample Standard Deviation
s= √ n¿ ¿ ¿

Activity 3:

Directions: Answer the following problems.

1. There were a total of 15 master’s students who took the comprehensive examination. Their
scores are given below.

93 92 85 78 90
81 80 82 85 74
79 88 91 77 83

Compute the following:

a. Population mean
b. Population variance
c. Population standard deviation

2. The following are the scores in math of the sampled 15 Grade 10 students.

60 68 62 65 80
70 80 78 58 86
75 61 85 74 70
Compute the following:

a. Sample mean
b. Sample variance
c. Sample standard deviation

3. The following are the weights in kg of 100 males who are participating in a diabetes presentation
program.

Weight Frequency
65 – 67 2
68 – 70 10
71 – 73 26
74 – 76 34
77 – 79 18
80 - 82 10

a. Prepare the frequency table

b. Compute population mean, variance and standard deviation.