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Sampling and Sampling Distribution

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Archer Beau
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6 views

Sampling and Sampling Distribution

Uploaded by

Archer Beau
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sampling and Sampling

Distribution
Objectives: At the end of this chapter, you should be able to do the
following:

• Illustrate random sampling


• Distinguish between parameter and statistics
• Identify sampling distributions of statistics (sample mean)
• Solve problems involving sampling distributions of the sample mean.
Gathering useful information for research study from a
large group of individuals or object, does not only involve a great
deal of time, but is costly, as well. It is also impractical.
Sometimes it is even impossible to collect data from the research
population that is too large. To avoid this, researches resort to
sampling techniques. Sampling is the process or technique of
selecting a representative sample from the entire population. In
statistics, population refers to the entire group of individuals or
objects known to have similar characteristic. A sample is a subset
of the entire population; it is referred to as census.
Random Sampling
Sampling
• A sample should have the same characteristics
• As the population it is representing.
Sampling can be:
With replacement: a member of the population may be chosen more than
once (picking the candy from the bowl)
Without replacement: a member of the population may be chosen only
once (lottery ticket)
Sampling methods can be:
• Random (each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected)
• Non- random

The actual process of sampling causes sampling errors. For example, the
sample may not be large enough or representative of the population. Factors not
related to the sampling process cause non-sampling errors. A defective counting
device can cause a sampling error.
Random Sampling

• It simply describes when every element in a population has an equal


chance of being chosen for the sample. This is because there are a lot of
logistics that need to be considered in order to minimize the amount of
bias.
4 types of Random Sampling Techniques
1. Simple Random Sampling
• Simple random sampling requires using randomly generated numbers to
choose a sample. More specifically, it initially requires a sampling frame,
a list or database of all members of a population. You can then randomly
generate a number for each element, using Excel for example, and take the
first n samples that you require.
• A grade 11 student wants to make a study on the opinions of grade 8 students
concerning the use of the Filipino Language in the teaching Mathematics.
There are 510 Grade 8 students. She wants to interview only10%of the grade
11 students in the school where the study is to be conducted. If you were the
student, how are you going to do it by using a Table of Random Numbers?
Step 1: multiply 510 by 10% to obtain the members of the sample
510 x 10% = 51
Step 2: pick 51 from a bowl (randomly) use SRSWOR
2. Stratified Random Sampling
Stratified random sampling starts off by dividing a population into groups
with similar attributes. Then a random sample is taken from each group.
• This method is used to ensure that different segments in a population are
equally represented. To give an example, imagine a survey is conducted at
a school to determine overall satisfaction. It might make sense here to use
stratified random sampling to equally represent the opinions of students in
each department.

• Stratum (a level or class to which people are assigned)


• Strata (plural form stratum)
 You want to interview 200 students in your school to determine their opinion on the new school
uniform. How are you going to choose your sample by using stratified sampling of there are 1200
students in Grade seven; 1100 in Grade eight; 1050 in Grade nine; 900 in a Grade eleven, and 810
in Grade twelve?

Step 1: subdivide the population into several strata


The population into year levels.

Population (N) Number of students per Sample(n)


stratum
Grade 7 1200 40

Grade 8 1100 37

Grade 9 1050 ?

Grade10 940 ?

Grade 11 900 ?

Grade 12 810 27

Total: 6000 200


Step 2: Compute the sample size
Sample in each Grade level
For Grade 7:
For Grade 8:
3. Cluster Random Sampling
Cluster sampling starts by dividing a population into groups,
or clusters. What makes this different that stratified sampling is that
each cluster must be representative of the population. Then, you
randomly selecting entire clusters to sample.

Example, if an elementary school had five different grade


eight classes, cluster random sampling might be used and
only one class would be chosen as a sample.
4. Systematic Random Sampling
Systematic random sampling is a very common technique in which you sample every
k’th element. For example, if you were conducting surveys at a mall, you might survey every
100th person that walks in, for example.
If you have a sampling frame then you would divide the size of the frame, N, by the
desired sample size, n, to get the index number, k. You would then choose every k’th
element in the frame to create your sample.
K = N/n
Sample interval =

number of elements in the populationnumber of elements in the sample


Where; k = sample interval
N = population size
n = sample size
•In a group or 250 students, how will you select a sample containing 71 students by using the systematic sampling technique?
Using the formula:
K = N/n
K = 25071
K = 3.52 or 4
Let’s find it:
Step 1:
Assign each student a number from 1-250.
•Assume randomly selected number is 2. (starting point)
Sample interval k = 4
Step 2:
Select every 4th student from the sampling frame.
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,…
Therefore: the numbers in the list that will be included in the sample are
2,6,10,14,18,22…

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