Heat Transfer F

Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals & Applications
CONDUCTION
THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
• Heat: The form of energy that can be transferred from one
system to another as a result of temperature difference.
• Thermodynamics is concerned with the amount of heat
transfer as a system undergoes a process from one
equilibrium state to another.
• Heat Transfer deals with the determination of the rates of
such energy transfers as well as variation of temperature.
• The transfer of energy as heat is always from the higher-
temperature medium to the lower-temperature one.
• Heat transfer stops when the two mediums reach the same
temperature.
• Heat can be transferred in three different modes:
conduction, convection, radiation
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HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMS
• Heat as the form of energy that can be transferred from one
system to another as a result of temperature difference.
• A thermodynamic analysis is concerned with the amount of heat
transfer as a system undergoes a process from one equilibrium
state to another.
• The science that deals with the determination of the rates of such
energy transfers is the heat transfer.
• The transfer of energy as heat is always from the higher-
temperature medium to the lower-temperature one, and heat
transfer stops when the two mediums reach the same
temperature.
• Heat can be transferred in three basic modes:
 conduction
 convection
 radiation
• All modes of heat transfer require the existence of a temperature 3
difference.
CONDUCTION
Conduction: The transfer of energy from the more
energetic particles of a substance to the adjacent less
energetic ones as a result of interactions between the
particles.
In gases and liquids, conduction is due to the
collisions and diffusion of the molecules during their
random motion.
In solids, it is due to the combination of vibrations of
the molecules in a lattice and the energy transport by
free electrons.
The rate of heat conduction through a plane layer is
proportional to the temperature difference across the
layer and the heat transfer area, but is inversely
proportional to the thickness of the layer.
Heat conduction
through a large plane
wall of thickness x
and area A.
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When x → 0 Fourier’s law of
heat conduction
Thermal conductivity, k: A measure of the ability
of a material to conduct heat.
Temperature gradient dT/dx: The slope of the
temperature curve on a T-x diagram.
Heat is conducted in the direction of decreasing
temperature, and the temperature gradient becomes
negative when temperature decreases with
increasing x. The negative sign in the equation
ensures that heat transfer in the positive x direction
is a positive quantity.
In heat conduction
analysis, A represents The rate of heat conduction
the area normal to the through a solid is directly
direction of heat proportional to its thermal
conductivity. 5
transfer.
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Thermal
Conductivity
Thermal conductivity:
The rate of heat transfer
through a unit thickness
of the material per unit
area per unit
temperature difference.
The thermal conductivity
of a material is a
measure of the ability of
the material to conduct
heat.
A high value for thermal
conductivity indicates
that the material is a A simple experimental setup
good heat conductor, to determine the thermal
and a low value indicates conductivity of a material.
that the material is a
poor heat conductor or
insulator.
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The range of
thermal
conductivity of
various
materials at
room
temperature.
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The thermal conductivities of gases such
as air vary by a factor of 104 from those of
pure metals such as copper.
Pure crystals and metals have the highest
thermal conductivities, and gases and
insulating materials the lowest.
The mechanisms of heat

conduction in different
phases of a substance. 9
Example
• The average rate at which energy is conducted outward through the
ground surface at a place is 50.0 mW ⁄ m2, and the average thermal
conductivity of the near-surface rocks is 2.00 W ⁄ m K. Assuming
surface temperature of 20.0 °C, find the temperature at a depth of 25.0
km.
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Solution
• Given:
• Average thermal conductivity, K = 2.00 W ⁄ m K
• Depth, d = 25.0 km = 2.50 × 104 m
• Surface temperature, Tc = 20.0 °C = (20 + 273) K = 293 K
• Heat transfer rate per unit area, q ⁄ A = 50.0 mW ⁄ m 2 = 50.0 × 10-3 W ⁄ m2
• The formula for heat transfer rate is given as:
• q = K A (Th – Tc) ⁄ d
• Rearrange the above formula in terms of Th.
• Th = q d ⁄ KA + Tc
• = ((50.0 × 10-3 × 2.00 × 104) ⁄ 2.00) + 293
• = (500 + 293) K
• = 893 – 273 K
• = 520 °C
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The variation of
the thermal
conductivity of
various solids,
liquids, and gases
with temperature.
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Thermal Diffusivity
cp Specific heat, J/kg · °C: Heat capacity
per unit mass
cp Heat capacity, J/m3·°C: Heat capacity
per unit volume
 Thermal diffusivity, m2/s: Represents
how fast heat diffuses through a material
A material that has a high thermal

conductivity or a low heat capacity will
obviously have a large thermal diffusivity.
The larger the thermal diffusivity, the faster
the propagation of heat into the medium.
A small value of thermal diffusivity means
that heat is mostly absorbed by the
material and a small amount of heat is
conducted further.
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CONVECTION
Convection: The mode of
energy transfer between a
solid surface and the
adjacent liquid or gas that is
in motion, and it involves
the combined effects of
conduction and fluid motion.
The faster the fluid motion,
the greater the convection
heat transfer.
In the absence of any bulk
fluid motion, heat transfer
between a solid surface and
the adjacent fluid is by pure Heat transfer from a hot surface to air
conduction. by convection.
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Forced convection: If
the fluid is forced to flow
over the surface by
external means such as
a fan, pump, or the wind.
Natural (or free)
convection: If the fluid
motion is caused by
buoyancy forces that are
induced by density
differences due to the The cooling of a boiled egg by
variation of temperature forced and natural convection.
in the fluid.
Heat transfer processes that involve change of phase of a fluid are also
considered to be convection because of the fluid motion induced during
the process, such as the rise of the vapor bubbles during boiling or the
fall of the liquid droplets during condensation.
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Newton’s law of cooling
h convection heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 · °C

As the surface area through which convection heat transfer takes place
Ts the surface temperature
T the temperature of the fluid sufficiently far from the surface.
The convection heat transfer

coefficient h is not a
property of the fluid.
It is an experimentally
determined parameter
whose value depends on all
the variables influencing
convection such as
- the surface geometry
- the nature of fluid motion
- the properties of the fluid
- the bulk fluid velocity
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SIMULTANEOUS HEAT
TRANSFER MECHANISMS
Heat transfer is only by conduction in opaque solids,
but by conduction and radiation in semitransparent
solids.
A solid may involve conduction and radiation but not
convection. A solid may involve convection and/or
radiation on its surfaces exposed to a fluid or other
surfaces.
Heat transfer is by conduction and possibly by
radiation in a still fluid (no bulk fluid motion) and by
convection and radiation in a flowing fluid.
In the absence of radiation, heat transfer through a
fluid is either by conduction or convection, depending
on the presence of any bulk fluid motion.
Convection = Conduction + Fluid motion
Heat transfer through a vacuum is by radiation. Although there are three mechanisms
of heat transfer, a medium may involve
Most gases between two solid surfaces only two of them simultaneously.
do not interfere with radiation.
Liquids are usually strong absorbers of
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radiation.
Explain the heat transfer below
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Application Areas of Heat Transfer
20
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• Heat Transfer Mechanisms
• Conduction
 Fourier’s law of heat conduction
 Thermal Conductivity
 Thermal Diffusivity
• Convection
 Newton’s law of cooling
• Radiation
 Stefan–Boltzmann law
 Wien’s displament law
 Planck’s law
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Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals & Applications

The mechanisms of heat

A material that has a high thermal

h convection heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 · °C

The convection heat transfer

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