Research methodology

(Qualitative research –
Document / data analysis)
Presented by
Names Matriculation No.
Nirav Bhatt 3401794
Akash Vitthalbhai Shekhaliya 3392393
Hafeez Ullah khan 3434400
Timon Blöchl 3435382
Zarak Khan 3431847
 Introduction to research, research
methods, data and document analysis
importance of research
Nirav Bhatt (3401794)
Research
• Research is defined as careful consideration of study regarding a
particular concern or problem using scientific methods.
• According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “research is
a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the
observed phenomenon. It involves inductive and deductive methods.”
• Inductive research methods analyse an observed event, while
deductive methods verify the observed event.
• Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research, and
deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative
analysis.
Types of research methods
• Research methods are broadly classified as Qualitative and Quantitative.
Both methods have distinctive properties and data collection methods.
• Qualitative methods: Qualitative research is a method that collects data
using conversational methods, usually open-ended questions. The
responses collected are essentially non-numerical. This method helps a
researcher understand what participants think and why they think in a
particular way.
• Quantitative methods: Quantitative methods deal with numbers and
measurable forms. It uses a systematic way of investigating events or
data. It answers questions to justify relationships with measurable
variables to either explain, predict, or control a phenomenon.
Qualitative research
• Qualitative rersearch is collecting, analyzing and interpreting data by
observing what people do and say. Qualitative research refers to the
meanings,concepts, definitions, characteristics, metaphors, symbols
and descriptions of things.
• It is subjective and uses very different methods of collecting
information, including individual, in-depth interviews and focus
groups. The nature of this type of research is explaratory and open-
ended.
Qualitative research
Strengths
• Good for examining feelings and motivations allows for complexity and
depth of issues.
• Provides insights into the real life situations.
Weaknesses
Cannot extrapolate to the whole population
Volume of data
Complexity of analysis
Time consuming nature of the clerical efforts required in this method of
research.
Document / Data analysis
• Document analysis is a valuable research method that has been used for
many years. This method consists of analysing various types of documents
including books, newspaper articles, academic journal articles, and
institutional reports.
• Any document containing text is a potential source for qualitative analysis.
Document is a term used to refer to a wide variety of material including
visual sources, such as photographs, video, and film. Like documents
consisting of texts, those that consist of visual material can be a source for
qualitative analysis.
• Analysing documents has frequently been an underused approach to
qualitative research. Qualitative researchers often favour using other
methods, such as interviews, over analysing documents because of their
desire to participate more actively in field research.
Importance
• Detailed and descriptive analysis
• Uncovers unexpected findings
• Captures perspectives and experiences
• Allows for the development of hypotheses
• Can complement quantitative data
 Research Methodology

Akash Vitthalbhai Shekhaliya (3392393)

 Qualitative Research
• It is a process of naturalistic
inquiry that seeks in-depth
understanding of social
phenomena within a particular
natural.
• Qualitative Researchers filtered
all observations Interpretations
and analyses through their own
personal experiences.
 Types of Qualitative Research
• Case Study
• Ethnography
• Phenomenology
• Content/Dicourse Analysis
• Historical Analysis
• Grounded Theory
• Narrative Report
• Biography
• Action Research
• Focus Group
• Case Study:- A case study seeks to find answers as to why a certain
thing occurs to find the subject.
• Ethnography:- An Ethnography involves the study of a group to
understand its organizational set-up, internal operation, and lifestyle.
• Phenomenology:- A Phenomenology refers to the study of how
people find their experiences meaningful.
• Content/ Discourse Analysis:- A Content/Discourse Analysis focuses
on the substance of the mode of communication.
• Historical Analysis:- A historical Analysis examines primary documents
to find the connection of past events to the present/Future time.
• Grounded Theory:- A grounded theory reveals a discovery of a
new theory at the time of data collection and analysis.
• Narrative Report:- A narrative report presents events which
happened in the past through a logical progression.
• Biography:- A biography studies an individual's life, struggles,
and their relation to societal themes.
• Action Research:- An action Research seeks transformative
changes to solve existing problems.
• Focus Group:- To collect qualitative data by involving a small
group of candidates in a structured discussion on a specific
topic or research question.
Types of Documents for Qualitative Research
• When conducting qualitative research, we can use several qualitative
data collection methods, and here it will come across many sorts of
qualitative data that can provide us with unique insights into our
study topic.
Interview Transcripts:- These documents capture the verbatim
responses of participants during interviews, either in-depth or focus
group settings.
Field Notes:- These observational records document the researcher's
observations and reflections during fieldwork, such as participant
interactions, social settings, and physical surroundings.
Codebooks:- These structured documents outline the codes or
categories used to analyze qualitative data

Memoranda:- These reflective notes serve as a personal journal for the

researcher, documenting their thoughts, interpretations, and emerging
insights throughout the research process.

Data Displays:- These visual representations of qualitative data, such as

matrices, timelines, or concept maps, help structure and organize the
findings, facilitating understanding and communication.
Thesis or Dissertation Chapters:-
These comprehensive documents
form the core of qualitative research
reports, presenting the research
question, methodology, findings,
discussion, and conclusions.

Research Articles:- These concise

publications disseminate qualitative
research findings to a broader
audience.
 Consideration for document
selection and method of data
analysis
Name # Hafeez Ullah khan
Matriculation number # 3434400
 Importance of Documents in Qualitative
Research
Documents are essential and unavoidable in qualitative research. Some
of their important roles are

• Providing context and background Information

• Act as primary data source
• Provide inside into social and cultural aspect
• Accessing hard to reach information
• Identifying new research Questions
Important Considerations for Document Selection
 Important Considerations for Document Selection
Cont.

• Relevance to the research question

The documents which are selected should be directly relevant to the research questions which are asked.

•Authenticity
The documents which are selected should be authentic and reliable.

•Representativeness
The documents are select should be representative of the population which is being studied.
Important Considerations for Document Selection
Cont.
• Credibility
The documents which are selected should be credible and believable.

• Accuracy
The documents which are selected should be accurate and truthful.

• Accessibility

The documents which are select should be easily accessible.

 Practical Tips for Document selection
Some of the important tips for the document selections are

• Develop clear inclusion/exclusion criteria.

• Document the selection process for transparency.
• Consider the context and historical background.
• Be mindful of potential bias in document selection.
Methods of Data Analysis
Methods of Document Analysis
 Practical Tips for Document/Data Analysis
Some of the important tips for the document selections are

 Establish clear coding criteria.

 Use software tools for systematic analysis.
 Collaborate with other researchers for inter-coder reliability.
 Be transparent about the analytical process in research reporting.
Qualitative Research ethics

Timon Blöchl, 3435382

 Informed consent

Participants should know all the details about the research

 Contract for clarification or terms of agreement, that states:
• How their data will be used an by whom
• What is the purpose of the research
• Are there potential risks or benefits
• Possibility to withdraw

Timon Blöchl, 3435382

 Confidentiality and Privacy

To avoid releasing confidential data, researchers can ID numbers or

pseudomyms for their public research
• In many cases the data needs to be anonymus due to data protection
guidelines
• Participants must be allowed to refuse certain answers
• No personal information should be revealed, exept it is needed for the
research and participants know it will be used

Timon Blöchl, 3435382

 Respect for Participants

Appart from the normal interpersonal respect there are some

guidelines for a respectful and correct research:
• Research shouldn‘t be biased by own beliefs
• Understanding for cultural and linguistic differences and how to
communicate effectively and correct
• Interviews without pressure or a certain expectation
• Avoid misrepresentation or misinterpretation

Timon Blöchl, 3435382

 Data Collection and Analysis

General rules for all types of collection or analysis:

• Apropriate use of data collection
• Correct interpretation and analysis
• Transparent with the used tools and methods
• No manipulation of data by using certain tools

Timon Blöchl, 3435382

 Use of Findings

In order to publish the research, it should be understandable how the

researcher got the results and what his idea behind it was.
Therefore the Findings have to be published correctly.
It should show what the general idea was, what does this research
show as well as what can‘t the research show

Always have in mind who may use the information and can it be
harmful for the participants
Timon Blöchl, 3435382
 Data analysis software
Important feautures
• Data Import is simple and possible for different sources
• Data Preprocessing Tools are provided
• Data Visualization to understand the data better by highlighting certain trends or show the results
in different ways
• Machine Lerning Tool to use advanced models for classification, clustering or predictions of the
data
• Data Security by offering encryption options for private or personal data
• Intergration of other tools, programs or algorithms
• Good connection within the software for real-time collaboration with colleagues

Timon Blöchl, 3435382

 Data analysis software
NVivo

• NVivo is specifically designed for qualtitative research

• Multiple tools to analyze a large volume of data and identify patterns
• Provides different visualization options for data interpretation and
presentation
• Imports data from various sources
• A lot of coding options to modify the data analysis
• It helps to be more efficent
• But steep lerning curve
Timon Blöchl, 3435382
 Data analysis software
MAXQDA

• Efficient data management

• Can import data from images, audio and video
• User-friendly interface and comprehensive features
• Good for beginners as well as experienced users
• Valuable insight with advanced tool (word frequency analysis)
• Designed for qualitative and mixed-methods research

Timon Blöchl, 3435382

 It is flexible to
follow
unexpected ideas
during research
and explore
processes
effectively. It raises the
A researcher has sensitivity to
a clear vision on contextual
what to expect. factors.

Advantages of
Qualitative
Research
Issues and
subjects covered A researcher has
can be evaluated a clear vision on
in depth and in what to expect.
detail.

Smaller sample
sizes are used,
Zarak Khan ( 3431847 ) which save costs.
 Here subject
materials can
be evaluated
with some
greater details.
Interviews are not
Complexities and
limited to
subtleties about the
particular
subjects of the
questions, and can
research can be
be redirected by
avoided in many
researchers in real
positivistic inquiries
time
Advantages of
Qualitative
Research
Data complexities Research
can be incorporated frameworks are
into generated based on available
conclusions data.

Data are based on

human experiences
and observations. As
a result they are
more compelling
Zarak Khan ( 3431847 ) and powerful
 It is not statistically representative.
1

2 Data rigidity is more difficult to assess, demonstrate, and

maintain.

Data are usually gathered from few individuals or cases.

3 Therefore, findings and outcomes cannot be spread to
Limitations of larger populations.
Qualitative
Research
4 The created data are not always accepted.

Unseen data can disappear during the research process.

5

6 Replicating results can be very difficult with research.

Zarak Khan ( 3431847 )
 Findings can be difficult to present in visual ways.
7

A researcher chooses between necessary and

8 Unnecessary details, which may reduce the accuracy of
the results and generate false conclusions.
Since researchers focus on various aspects during this
9 research method, both data collection and classification
Limitations of become tedious.
Qualitative
As data collection can employ a small sample group, the
Research 10 results obtained might show bias and may not be
applicable to an entire demographic.

11 The quantity of data makes interpretation and analysis

time-consuming.

Researcher influence can have a negative effect on the

12
Zarak Khan ( 3431847 ) collected data.
 Applications of Qualitative Analysis

Social Sciences Healthcare Education

• Such as psychology, • To • To explore teaching and

sociology, and understand learning experiences,
anthropology to explore patient student engagement,
human behavior and experiences, and classroom
social phenomena. attitudes, dynamics.
and
behaviors.

Zarak Khan ( 3431847 )

 Data Analysis in Qualitative Research

Preparation and organization of data

Transcribe the interviews, translate the data, record the details, label the contents.
1

Examination and exploration of data:

Review your data to identify repeating patterns or ideas.
2

Formulation of a data coding system:

Categorize your data using a set of codes based on your initial ideas and assumptions.
3

Zarak Khan ( 3431847 )

 Data Analysis in Qualitative Research

Second order analysis

Identification and consolidation of recurrent themes, patterns present in the data
4
Representation of themes in a cohesive manner: Present your data while keeping in
mind your audience, the goal of your study, and the format that best
5 communicates your findings.

Sorting the data into a framework

6 Zarak Khan ( 3431847 )
Sources
• https://www.figpii.com/blog/importance-of-qualitative-data-with-exa
mples/
• ” Conducting a Qualitative Document Analysis ” – Hani morgan,
University of southern Mississippi
• https://www.saep.socsci.uci.edu/courses.php
• Qualitative research design | Chegg Writing
• 8 Types of Qualitative Research Methods With Examples (myperfectw
ords.com)
https://myperfectwords.com/blog/research-paper-guide/types-of-quali
tative-research
https://www.innovatemr.com/insights/the-top-5-ethical-considerations
-in-qualitative-research/
https://www.innovatemr.com/insights/how-to-conduct-survey-samplin
g-data-collection/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4263394/
https://www.scijournal.org/articles/best-data-analysis-software-for-res
earch
https://www.financestrategists.com/wealth-management/fundamental
-vs-technical-analysis/qualitative-analysis/
Qualitative research design | Chegg Writing
• Bailey, C. A. (2018). A guide to qualitative field research. Sage.

• Blackstone, A. (2019). Social research: Qualitative and quantitative

methods. FlatWorld.

• Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research

method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27-40.
Thank you