CANAL STRUCTURES

Location of Canal Structures

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4
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6
CANAL STRUCTURES
Many different types of canal structure are required in an
irrigation system to effectively and efficiently convey, regulate
and measure the canal discharge and also protect the canal
from storm run-off damage.
1. Conveyance structure.
2. Regulating Structures.
3. Protective Structures.
1. CONVEYANCE STRUCTURE-
• Inverted siphon- is a closed conduit designed to run full & under pressure,
to convey canal water by gravity under natural stream, drainage etc….
---- Waterway is not obstructed
---- High head loss involved
HEAD LOSS

-All conveyance structures should be designed against all possible

head losses.
-Disturbance in water flow is proportional to head velocity.
Common causes of head losses:
1. Friction
2. Transitions
3. Bends
4. Trash-racks
5. Changes in velocity
• Bridge structure - is a structure to carry road/rail over the
canal/river or to convey the canal service road over a drainage
canal.
• Road crossing/ thresher crossing- to convey canal water
under roadways.
• Elevated flumes designed to convey canal water over natural
waterways of depressions.(enough vertical
clearance/freeboard over the design flood level)
-head loss is less than the inverted canal siphon.
• Freeboard – it is difference between level of embankment top
and full supply level of canal. It is safety margin to prevent
overtopping of canal bank.
• Drop or Inclined Drop and Chute
-canal structure design to convey canal water from higher level to
lower level, to duly dissipate the excess energy.
DROP STRUCTURE
- CONVENIENTLY USED DROP UP TO 1.0 METER. SAME CAN
HOWEVER BE DESIGN FROM UP TO 2.50 METERS AND FINAL
SELECTION SHALL BE ON COST CONSIDERATION BY COMPARING.
Inclined drop structure
- these are convenient for all discharges and for drop up to 5 meters.
Energy dissipation is effected by formation of hydraulic jump in the
stilling pool.
CHUTE STRUCTURE
- ARE USED TO CONVEY WATER FROM HIGHER TO LOWER ELEVATION,
ESPECIALLY OVER LONGER DISTANCE THROUGH LARGE CHANGE IN
ELEVATION, BUT STILL STEEP ENOUGH TO MAINTAIN HIGH VELOCITIES.
 CHUTE STRUCTURE

Energy dissipation takes place by formation of hydraulic jump in

the stilling pool.
 Chute structure

Series of drop
2. REGULATING
STRUCTURES
• These are the structure which control the flow of water entering
into offtaking channels and the structures which regulate and raise
water level in the parent channel during partial flow stage, to
ensure design flow into offtaking channel.
REGULATION OF CANAL DISCHARGES
BEGINS AT THE SOURCE OF WATER
SUPPLY AND THIS INCLUDES THE
FOLLOWING:
• Main intake headworks structure incorporated to a
diversion dams on a stream of river.
• Offtake structures of Headgate of Lateral (Branch) or
Sub-lateral, Main Farm Ditches(MFR) and
Supplementary Farm Ditches(SFD)
• Pumping Station located on reservoir or large canal.
Along branch and Main Farm Ditches(MFR)/
Supplementary Farm Ditches(SFD)
MAIN INTAKE STRUCTURE
MAIN INTAKE STRUCTURE
PUMPING STATION
PUMPING STATION
PUMPING STATION
HEADGATE STRUCTURE
HEADGATE/TURN-OUT
THE FOLLOWING REGULATING STRUCTURES
ARE COMMONLY INSTALLED:
• Check with Radial Gates
• Check with Rectangular Gates
• Check or Combined Check and drop
• Turnout with division boxes at outlet
3. PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES
-THE STRUCTURE DESIGN TO PROTECT THE IRRIGATION SYSTEM
BY CONVEYING STORM WATER RUN-OFF, EITHER UNDER OR OVER
THE WATER CONVEYING CHANNEL

• Drainage Culvert
• Wasteway
• Overchutes
• Drainage inlet
• Siphon spillway
DRAINAGE CULVERT STRUCTURE
- DESIGNED TO CARRY STORM WATER RUN-OFF UNDER IRRIGATION
CANAL, USED WHEN DISCHARGE IN THE CANAL IS GREATER THAN THE
MAXIMUM DISCHARGE OF THE CREEK.
DRAINAGE BOX CULVERT
WASTEWAY
– STRUCTURE NEEDED TO DISPOSE UNWANTED EXCESS
WATER FROM CANALS AND TO EMPTY THE CANAL WATER
SAFETY IN CASE OF CANAL BREACH OR OTHER
EMERGENCIES.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:
A. Hydraulic design provides:
• Adequate discharge capacity for all canal structures, when properly
selected and hydraulically set, to convey the flow at normal water
depths.
• Adequate built-in overflow capacity for all structures to limit
infringement of the canal bank freeboard for emergency operation
or miss-operation of the canal.
• Adequate structure proportioning and appropriate setting of
structures to permit excess energy dissipation with minimum water
turbulence at downstream ends of the structure.
• Structure configuration proportioning of certain transitions to
minimize hydraulic head loss.
B. STRUCTURAL DESIGN PROVIDES:
• Appropriate concrete thickness and reinforcement steel patterns
for structural members to resist bending moment, tension,
compression, bearing and shear stresses imposed by reasonable
loads on the structure.
C. STABILITY DESIGN PROVIDES:
Adequate structure dimensions so that for most soil foundation
materials the structure will:
• Resist sliding and overturning.
• Prevent percolating water from removing foundation materials.
• Provide foundation reactions (or pressures) less than the maximum
allowable bearing pressure.
HYDRAULIC HEAD LOSSES
• Friction losses- the Manning Formula, v= 1/n(R)2/3 (S)1/2
• Transition losses
• Bend losses
• Entrance loss
• Trashrack loss
DETAILED DESIGN
ELEVATED FLUME
(Illustrative Example)
 Project : La Fortuna SIP Designed by:
Payao, Zamboanga Sibugay Date:
Structure : Elevated Flume Checked by:
& Locationsta. 1 + 160 to 1 + 360 MC Date:

I. Hydraulic Design Analysis

Length of Structure = 200.00 m.

span, L = 6.00 m.
no. of spans = 33.00 use : 33.00 spans @ 6.00 m.
Flume L = 198.00 m
new outlet stationing is : 1 + 358

1. Canal Elements:
Elements Above Below
Q 0.098 0.095
V 1.114 0.445
A 0.088 0.213
b 0.40 0.64
d 0.22 0.34
D 0.55 0.65
Dc - -
R 0.105 0.163
t 0.60 0.60
S 0.00567 0.00050
ss:1 - :1 - 1:
n 0.015 0.015
Elevations
TB EL 21.79 21.49
WS EL 21.49 21.19
CB EL 21.24 20.84
NG EL
 I. Hydraulic Design Analysis
max flood elevation

Length of Structure =200.00 m. use : 33.00 spans @ 6.00 m.

Flume L = 198.00 m
Span, L = 6.00 m.
No. of spans = 34.00 new outlet stationing is : 1 + 358
1. Canal Elements:

Elements Above
Below
Q 0.098
0.095
V 1.114
0.445
A 0.088
0.213
b 0.40
0.64
d 0.22
0.34
D 0.55
0.65
Dc -
-
R 0.105
0.163
t 0.60
0.60
S 0.00567
 2. Velocity & Velocity Heads:
head available, Ha = 0.30 m.

Flume Vel., Vf = 1.90 mps (assumed)

hva = va2 / 2g = 0.0633

hvb = vb2 / 2g = 0.0101

hvf = vf2 / 2g = 0.1842

inlet trans Flume Length outlet trans

TB EL TB EL
0.30Δhv2 0.50Δhv2
WS EL WS EL
Df
CB EL df = CB EL
Elevation 2 Elevation 3
Flume Slope, Sf

1 2 3 4
 Drop in Water Surface from Canal to Flume = 0.30Δhv1
@ the outlet, the ideal rise of Water Surface = 0.50Δhv2
inlet trans Flume Length outlet trans

TB EL TB EL
0.30Δhv2 0.50Δhv2
WS EL WS EL
Df
CB EL df = CB EL
Elevation 2 Elevation 3
Flume Slope, Sf

1 2 3 4

3. Flume Invert Slope Y = ( CB EL ABOVE - CANAL BELOW ) - (0.30Δhv1 + 0.50Δhv2 )

Inv. F(2-3) = Y - (0.30Δhv1 +

0.50Δhv2) = 0.2767
S= 0.00140
4. Approx. Water depth "d", flume "b" & flume velocity
with Sf = 0.00140
n= 0.014

b= 2d

A = 2d2
P= 4d

R = try 0.50d
then, : d = 0.25
b = 0.55
R = 0.63 d
2/3 2/3
4. Approx. Water depth "d", flume "b" & flume velocity
try:
d = 0.25

b = 0.55

A = 0.138

R = 0.131

Vf use : d= =
Therefore, 0.688
0.25 m

hVf = 0.024 b=
0.55 m
Qs = 0.095 Okey
6. Computation of Headlosses
HL = inlet + friction + outlet = 0.299 Okey,
HL < Ha
= (0.30Δhv1 + hf + Δhv2) + 10%

7. Check Q Qr = 0.095

using b = 0.55
d= 0.25
Qs = A.V
A= 0.138
Qs = 0.095
P= 1.050 Okey, Qr~Qs
 8. Transition LengthsWater Surface Line Water Surface Line

θ1 = 27.5 θ2 = 22.5
1.50d 1.50d
Y1= Y2=

ba = 0.40 bf = 0.50 bf = 0.50 bf = 0.50 bb = 0.64

Y1= Y2=
1.50d 1.50d
θ1 = 27.5 θ2 = 22.5

Water Surface Line Water Surface Line

Li = Flume Length, Lf = 198 m Lo =

Li = Y1 = 0.54 say 0.60 m

tan θ1
L0 = Y2
tan θ2 = 1.38 say 1.40 m
 9. Elevations
Li = 0.60 Lf = 198 m LO = 1.40
TB EL = 21.79 0.30Δhv 1 TB EL = 21.49
WS EL = 21.49 WS EL = 21.19
Df = 0.60 0.50Δhv 2

CB EL = 21.24 df = 0.25 CB EL = 20.84

elev 2 = 21.12 Sf = 0.00140 elev 3 = 20.84

1 2 3 4

elev 3 = ws el4 - ho – df = 20.93; since greater than outlet CB EL,

use 20.84

elev 2 = hf + elev 3 = 21.12

 10. SUMMARY:
Adopt a flume section:

b=
0.50 m
d=
0.25 m
D=
0.60 m
Sf =
0.00140
II. 1.Structural Design
Design Parameters
Analysis
a. Allowable Stresses:
fc' = 211 kg/sqcm Es = 2,040,000 kg/sqcm
fc = 95 kg/sqcm
Ec = 219,340 kg/sqcm
fs = 1,270 kg/sqcm

R = 16.84 kg/sqcm
ua (top bars) = 27 kg/sqcm for 12mm bars
k = 0.411
n= 9.30 = 20 kg/sqcm for 16mm bars
j = 0.863 (other than = 38 kg/sqcm for 12mm bars
vc = 4.24 kg/sqcm
top bars) 28 kg/sqcm for 16mm bars
vp = 20 kg/sqcm
b. Unit Weights of Materials
water, ww = 1,000 kcm

natural dry earth, wne = 1,800 kcm

natural saturated earth, wse = 2,000 kcm

well compacted moist earth, wce = 2,200 kcm

submerged earth, wsub = 1,200 kcm

plain concrete, wc = 2,300 kcm

reinf concrete, wrc = 2,400 kcm

steel, ws = 7,850 kcm

O
angle of repose of nat dry soil, Φ = 30
c = (1-sin Φ)/(1+sin Φ) = 0.672
allow. soil bearing pressure, qa = 10,760 ksm
Allowable Live Loads (LL)

b <= 0.60 m. =
100 ksm
0.60 < b < 1.00 m. =
180 ksm
1.00 < b < 1.50 m. =
280 ksm
b > 1.50 m. =
400 ksm
2. Flume Design Data
- section flowing full

- side beams to carry loads

base, b = 0.50 m.
depth of water, d = 0.25 m.
depth, D = 0.60 m.
floor slab thickness, tfs = 0.13 m. (assumed value )
side beam thickness, tb = 0.14 m. (assumed value )

column height, H = 4.50 m. to be provided

flume/span length, L = 6.00 m.

number of spans = 33.00 m.
 3. Design of Floor Slab
FOOTWALK

Designed Water Surface Level

D = D f + tf

0.60

m
d = 0.25
Df =

2
Ph = wh / 2
0.20

tf W= wl
wh
t sb = 0.14 b= 0.50 m 0.14
a. Loading, Shear & Moment:
Loadings: (one-meter strip)

wt. of water, Ww = 600 kg/lm use 'D'

wt. of concrete, Wc = 312 kg/lm slab

only
live load, LL = 100 kg/lm from allowable
loads
total load, wt = 1,012 kg/lm

Loading combinations:
1. ww
+ wc = 912 kg/lm
b. Shear & Moment:
i- due to water's horizontal thrust/meter

horizontal load, Ph = 180 kg/m-run

horizontal moment, Mh = 36 kg-m.

ii- due to normal loading

V= wt.L / 2, = 253 kg/m-run
M = wt.L2 / 12, = 21 kg-m.

use V = 253 kg/m-run

effective M = 36 kg-m.
iii- compute for the 'd' reqd :

due to moment:
d= 1/2
, = 1.46 cm
with tfs = 13 cm.
due to shear: effective 'd' = tfs - 5

d= , = 0.60 m
= 8.00 cm.

the greater value of 'd' req’d = 1.46

d' (from the assumed t fs) = 8.00 cm
use ‘d’ = 8.00
cm
iv- compute for steel reinf:

@
midspan @ support
As = M , = 0.41 sqcm
0.41
fsjd

using 12mm Φ bars, As = 1.13 sqcm 1.13

spacing req'd = 275 cm

275
FOOTWA LK
use spacing = 45 cm O.C.
45
BEAMS

BEAMS

temp bars= 0.002bt, = For the2.60

floorsqcm
slab:
2.60
using 10mm = thickness =
0.785 13 cm.
SIDE

SIDE

12mm @ 37
cm oc
0.785
12mm @ 31 cm o.c.

spacing req'd = reinf.:

30
• • 30• • • •

use spacing = main -12mm bars

30 @ 45 cm O.C.
30 temp bars - 10mm bars @ 30 cm O.C.
 4. Design of Side Beams:
Designed Water Surface Level

0.60
D= D f + tf

m
0.60

Df =

d = 0.25
d=
Ph = wh2 / 2

0.20
covering = 10 tf = 0 wh

t sb = 0.14 b = 0.50 m 0.14

NOTE: side beams dimensions from the design of the Floor Slab:
a. Loading, Shear & Moment:
D = 0.60 m ; t sb = 0.14 m
Loadings: (form the floor slab)
loading flume/span length, L = 6.00 m
from floorslab = 506 kg/lm
side beams, wsb =
635
b. Shear & Moment:
V
= wL / 2, = 1,711 kg.
M = wt.L2 / 8, = 2,566 kg-m.

d' required:
d' supplied: due
to moment:

d= M 1/2 , = 33 cm ds = 63 cm

Rb

due to shear:

d= V ,= 29 cm
c. Compute for steel reinf:

@ midspan
@L/4
As = M , = 3.72
2.48
fs jd

using 16 mm, As = 2.01

no of pieces = 3
2
Еo.n = 14.32

d. Check for Shear:

va = V , = 1.94
e. Check for Bond:
uactual = V ,= 2.20 ok < Ua
Еo.jd

For the side beams:

Tsb = 0.14 m.

d= 0.63 m.

D= 0.73 m.

main reinf: 3 pcs -16 mm.

stirrups: 10mm U stirrups @ 30 cm O.C.
 FLUME SEAT

0.1 w= 0.78 0.1

0.14 b= 0.50 0.14

P P
D= 0.60 d= 0.63 0.73

5. Design of Flume Seat:

0.13

main reinf : Fillet, usually, 15 x 15

2 pcs-16mm bars
Filler Bars, usually,
3 - 10mm
2 pcs-16mm bars
c= 0.50 Lp = 0.07 0.17
10 mm - U-stirrups
spaced @ 21 cm. o.c.
 V V V V
FLUME SUPERSTRUCTURE

FREE FIXED FREE FIXED

FLUME SEAT
0.30 x 0.30

COLUMN
SPAN
L = 6.00 m.

FLUME SEAT
a. Loadings:
Assume flume seat size: Assume column size:
width, w = 0.30 m. longitudinal direction, c = 0.30 m.
depth, D = 0.30 m. transverse direction, w = 0.30 m.
length, L = 0.34 m. length, L = 6.00 m.
side beamsloads, acting at 0.17 m., from column
V, = face kg.
1,711
flume seat, wfs = 73 kg.
load/length = 1,784 kg.

total load = 3,569 kg.

d'
required: d' supplied:
b. Shear
due to& Moment:
moment:
V d=
M 1/2
,= 8 cm ok, dreq’d < ds ds =
= 1,784
22
kg.cm
M= 303
Rb kg-m.

due to shear:
c. Compute for steel reinf:

As = M , = 1.28 sq.cm

fsjd

using 16 mm, As = 2.01 Еo.n =

8.21 cm.
No. of pieces = 2

min U stirrups- 10mm

d. Check for Shear:
spaced- 30 cm O.C.
or d/2 = 11 cm
va = V , = 2.74 use: min 10mm U stirrups, sp.
(whichever is lesser)
11 cm O.C.
bd

v' = va - vc, = (1.50)

d. Check for Bond:

u actual = V , = 1.076 ok < Ua

Еo.jd
For the flume seat:

w= 0.30 m.
d= 0.22 m.
D= 0.30 m.

main reinf: 2 pcs - 16 mm.

stirrups: 10mm U stirrups @ 11
cm O.C.
5. Design of Columns:

a. No Sideway, Single Curvature

Long Column : 60 < h/r > 100

Short Column : h/r <= 60

Allowable Column Load, Pa = 0.85('0.25f'cAg + Asfs) - short

column = 8,682 Allowable Column Load, Pa = Pa(short)(1.07 -
0.008h/r) - long column = 4,659
p/g = As/Ag ( 1 - 4 % )

b. Loadings:

side beams load, (P=2V), = 6,843.36 kg.

flume
seat, wfs = 147 kg.

Total Col Load, P = 6,990 kg.

try:
c. reinforcements:

try : 4 pcs 16 mm- RSB

Asfs = 10,214 kg

p/g = 0.89
ok
d. ties: slenderness factor, h/r = 44.44
long col > 60
Allowable
use: Column Load,
10 mm Pa = 8,682 kg.
ok, Pa > P
spacing, s1 =
48 cm
spacing, s2 =
38 column:
spacing, s3 =
30 width(longitudinal), wl = 30 cm

width(transverse), wt = 30 cm

reinf: 4 pcs 16 mm - RSB

6. Design of Footing:

a. Loadings:

Column Load, CL = 7,689

Footing Load,
FL = 10,022.06
Allow. Bearing Pressure, qa = 10,760

A req’d = 0.93

transverse dir, c1 = 1.28 try: c1 =

1.80 m longitudinal
dir, c2 = 0.73 c2 = 1.80 m
A supplied, Asup = 3.24

check actual q, qact = 3,093 , ok

b. Moments & footing thickness, "d", T

moment (at
column face), M = 1,566 kg-m
d
c. Reinforcements:
short dir.(longitudinal)
long dir.(transverse) M=
1,687
1,687
As = 5.13
5.13
try: 16 mm: No. of pcs = 4
4
use: 16 mm: No. of pcs = 4
4

d. Check for Shear:

Shear
FOOTING:
Bond Punching Shear -('d' dist fr col
face) -( @ col face) -(col dim + 'd')
transverse dir, c1 = 1.80 m. with 4
x= 0.45 m. 0.75 m.
pcs 16 mm
0.60 m.
longitudinal dir, c2 = 1.80 m. with 4
y= 0.45 m. 0.75 m.
pcs 16 mm
0.60 m.
 fT = 1.80 m.

MOMENT and BOND @ column face

(fT - c T)/2 = 0.75 c T = 0.3

fL = 1.80 m.
cL = 0.3

cT = 0.3

q ACTUAL
SHEAR @ 'd' distance column face
fT = 1.80 m.

(fT - c T)/2- d = 0.40 35 cT = 0.3

fL = 1.80 m.
cL = 0.3

d = 35 cT = 0.3

q ACTUAL
 fT = 1.80 m.

PUNCHING SHEAR @ column + 'd' c T + d = 35

fL = 1.80 m.
cL = 0.3 cL + d = 35

cT = 0.3

q ACTUAL
THANK YOU!!...