LABHRA LIFT IRRIGATION SCHEME

DESIGN OF AQUEDUCT TROUGH R.D. 0 m TO 150 m

1. CANAL DATA AT R.D. 150 m :-

S.No. Particulars Unit U/S
1 Full Supply Discharge cumec 0.20
2 Canal Bed Width metre 0.30
3 Full Supply Depth metre 0.35
4 Free Board metre 0.45
5 Canal Bed Level metre 104.20
6 Full Supply Level metre 104.55
7 Value of Rugosity Coefficient 0.025
8 Side Slopes (Inner/Outer) 2 :1/2:1
9 Canal Bed Gradient 1 In 500
10 Velocity In canal m /s 0.60
11 Top Bank Widths L/R metre 1.00 / 1.00
12
Top bank level metre 105.00

13 Type of Canal Unlined

14 Type of Soil Hard Soil

2. DESIGN OF CANAL:-
Required Full supply Discharge, QR = .0.18 cumec
Assuming, Canal Bed Width, B = 0.30 m
Full supply depth of water, d = 0.35 m
Free board in canal = 0.45 m
Side slopes of canal, n = 2:1
Top width of banks (L/R) = 1.00 m / 1.00 m
Canal bed gradient, S = 1:500
Coefficient of rugosity, N = 0.025
Area of canal, A = (B+nd)d = ( 0.30 + 2 x 0.35) 0.35 = 0.35 sqm

Wetted Perimeter, P = = = 1.865 m

Hydraulic mean depth, R = A/P = 0.35/1.865 = 0.1876

 Velocity in canal, V = = = 0.59 m/s

Discharge in canal,= A.V = 0.35 x 0.59 = 0.206 > 0.20 cumec

3. HYDRAULIC DESIGN:-
3.1 DESIGN OF CANAL WATER WAY :-
Length of existing trough = 30.00 m
Area of canal water way, A = (B + nd).d = ( 0.30 + 2 x 0.35) 0.35 = 0.35 sqm
Provide an open R.C.C. trough for canal water way.
Let the width of trough is kept 0.90 m
Depth of water in the trough is kept same as F.S.D. of canal = 0.35 m
Area of water way in the trough = 0.90 x 0.35 = 0.315 sqm

Velocity of flow in the trough = = = 0.635 m/s

3.2 CALCULATION OF HEAD LOSS AT DIFFERENT SECTIONS :-

The controlling levels at different sections and corresponding T.E.L. are determined as
below:
(i) At Section 3 - 3 :-
C.B.L. of canal in the D/S = C.B.L. at section 3-3 = R.L. 104.20 m

Velocity at section 3-3 = = velocity in canal = 0.59 m/s

1 2
3 0.30 m
OPEN TROUGH 0.60m

1 2 3

Velocity head at 3-3 = = = = 0.018 m

R.L. of T.E.L. at section 3-3 = = C.B.L. + F.S.D. +

= 104.20 + 0.35 + 0.018 = 104.568 m
(ii) At Section 2 – 2 :-

Velocity of flow at section 2-2 , = velocity in trough = 0.635 m/s

Loss of head in expansion is given by,

 = = 0.001 m

R.L. of T.E.L. at section 2-2 = = + = 104.568 + 0.001 = 104.569 m

Velocity head at section 2-2 = = = 0.041 m

R.L. of water surface at section 2-2 = - velocity head = 104.568 – 0.041 = 104.527 m
R.L. of bed at section 2-2 ( to maintain constant depth of water)
= 104.527 – 0.35 = 104.177 m
But, provided same bed level, as that of canal = 104.200 m

From section 2-2 to section 1-1, area and velocity are constant.
Hydraulic mean depth (R) in the trough,

R= = = 0.197

Assume coefficient of rugosity in concrete trough, n = 0.016

Applying Manning’s equation for velocity of flow in the trough

(where, V = velocity of flow in the trough = 0.95 m/s)

Solving S = = 0.0009

Loss of head in the trough = Length of trough x Slope = 150.00 x 0.0009 = 0.135 m
(iii) At Section 1 – 1 :-
Velocity of flow at section 1-1 = = velocity in the trough = 0.635 m/s

R.L. of T.E.L. = = + Loss of head in trough = 104.568 + 0.135 = 104.703 m

R.L. of water surface at section 1-1 = - velocity head

= 104.703 - = 104.703 - = 104.682 m

R.L. of bed at section 1-1 = 104.682 – 0.35 = 104.332 m

But, provided R.L. of bed at section 1-1 = R.L. 104.500 m > 104.332 m
Thus, the controlling levels of bed at different sections are summarized below:
(i) Bed level at section 1-1 = 104.500 m
(ii) Bed level at section 2-2 = 104.200 m
(iii) Bed level at section 3-3 = 104.200 m
4. STRUCTURAL DESIGN:-
4.1 MATERIALS, PERMISSIBLE STRESSES AND DESIGN CONSTANTS :

(a) Concrete and Steel:

The trough has to be designed using the materials, workmanship and permissible
stresses as per recommendations laid down in the IS: 3370 – part 2: 1965 –
Concrete structures for storage of liquids –Code of practice.
Clause 3 of the code specifies that the design shall be based on adequate
resistance to cracking and adequate strength. The minimum grade of concrete to
be used for RCC works is M-20 grade with a minimum cement content of 330
kg/cum. The maximum quantity of cement in the concrete mix shall preferably not
exceed 530 kg/cum of concrete. Hence, M-20 grade of concrete and high yield
strength deformed bars grade Fe - 415 conforming to I.S. 1786 shall be used for
design of the trough.
(b) Permissible stresses in concrete and steel:

Table -21 of IS: 456: 2000 specifies following values of permissible stresses for M-
20 grade of concrete:
(i) Permissible stress in bending compression,
(ii) Permissible stress in direct compression,
(iii) Permissible average bond stress for HYSD bars,
Similarly, Table - 2 of IS: 3370 -2: 1965, specifies following values of permissible
stresses for HYSD steel bars:
(i) Tensile stress in members under direct tension ,
(ii) Tensile stress in members in bending:
(a) On liquid retaining face of members,
(b) On face away from liquid for members less than 225 mm,

(c) Design Constants:

For M-20 grade of concrete and HYSD bars Fe- 415 , the design constants are
calculated as below:

(i) Modular Ratio, m = = = 13.33

(ii) Neutral axis depth factor, k = = = 0.38

 (iii) Lever arm factor, j = = = 0.87

(iv) Moment of resistance factor, Q =

Q= = 1.157

4.2 DESIGN OF VERTICAL SIDE WALLS :

The vertical side wall is subjected to water pressure and also supports the bottom slab.
Hence, the side walls shall be designed as a vertical cantilever subjected to water
pressure in the trough and also as a girder spanning between the supports.

(a) TROUGH SIZE AND FREE BOARD :

The internal width of the open trough = 0.60 m
Depth of water in the trough = 0.35 m
Provide a free board of 0.45 m in the trough.

(b) THICKNESS OF SIDE WALLS :

For control of deflection, IS: 456-2000, clause 23.2.1, specifies that for a cantilever
beam, the basic values of span to effective depth shall not be greater than 7.
Span of the cantilever side walls = 0.35 + 0.45 = 0.80 m

Thickness of side walls required = = 115 mm

Provide, overall thickness of side walls = 200 mm

(c) THICKNESS OF BOTTOM SLAB :

The bottom slab of the trough shall be made monolithic with the vertical side walls, and
shall be designed spanning between the side walls.
Effective span of bottom slab = C/C of supports = 0.90 + 0.20 = 1.10 m.
For control of deflection, IS: 456-2000, clause 23.2.1, specifies that for a simply
supported slab, the basic values of span to effective depth shall not be greater than 35.

Thickness of bottom slab required = = 32 mm

However, provide overall minimum thickness of bottom slab = 200 mm

0.20 0.90 m 0.20

0.45
 0.80 m

0.35

0.20

(d) DESIGN OF SIDE WALL AS A VERTICAL CANTILEVER :

1. Loadings:

The side walls are subjected to water pressure in the trough. The distribution of
pressure is triangular, with a zero value at the top to a maximum value of at
the base. The resultant pressure acts at a height h/3 above the base.

Where, = 10 kN/cum for water, and

h = depth of water in the trough = 0.80 m (considering the worst condition, that
the trough is full up to entire height)

The maximum water pressure at base = = 10 x 0.80 = 8 kN/sqm

The pressure diagram is shown below:

h = 0.80
P
h/3

8 kN/m2
Water Pressure Diagram
2. Bending Moment:
Maximum Bending moment, due to water pressure at the base,

M= = = 0.853 kNm.

Effective depth required from bending moment consideration,

= = 28 mm

But, provided, d = 200 – 40 = 160 mm > 28 mm, from deflection control criteria.
3. Design of Reinforcement :
Assuming, an effective cover of 40 mm, Effective depth available,
= 200 – 40 = 160 mm

Area of steel required, = = 41 mm2

Minimum Tension Reinforcement:-

IS: 3370 -2 :1965, The minimum reinforcement in walls, floors and roofs in each
of two directions at right angles shall have an area of 0.30 % of the concrete
section in that direction for sections up to 100 mm thick. For sections of thickness
greater than 100 mm and less than 450 mm the minimum reinforcement in each
of the two directions shall be linearly reduced from 0.3 % for 100 mm thick
section to 0.20% for 450 mm thick section.
Minimum percentage of tension reinforcement for 200 mm thick section,

= = 0.272%

Area of steel to be provided in each of two directions at each face,

= = 544 mm2

Hence, Minimum tension reinforcement governs the design.

Spacing of 12 mm diameter bars, = = 207 mm

Provide, 12 mm dia bars @ 200 mm C/C on each face, in each of two directions
at right angle.

(e) DESIGN OF BOTTOM SLAB :

The bottom slab is designed spanning between the side walls.
Effective span of slab = C/C of supports = 0.90 + 0.10 + 0.10 = 1.10 m
1. Loadings:

(i) Self weight of slab = 1 x 0.20 x 25 = 5.00 kN/m

(ii) Weight of water in the trough = 1 x 0.90 x 0.80 x 10 = 7.20 kN

Total loads = w = 12.20 kN/m

 2. Bending moment:
Resultant horizontal thrust due to water pressure in the trough,

P= = = 3.20 kN

Moment arm of force from centre of slab = = = 0.367 m

Fixing moment due to water pressure, = 3.20 x 0.367 = 1.173 kNm.

Free bending moment at centre of span = = = 1.85 kNm

Net positive moment at the centre = 1.850 – 1.173 = 0.677 kNm

Net bending moment at centre of span is also negative.

Effective depth required from bending moment consideration,

= = 32 mm

But, provided, d = 200 – 40 = 160 mm > 32 mm, from deflection control criteria.
3. Design of Reinforcement :
Area of steel required for Fixing moment at ends,

= = 57 mm2

Minimum area of tension reinforcement,as calculated above = 544 mm2

Area of steel to be provided = 544 mm2

Using 12 mm diameter bars, spacing = = 207 mm

Since, the net positive moment at centre is also very small, provide the
minimum tension reinforcement.
Hence, provide 12 mm diameter bars @ 200 mm C/C on both faces, in each
of two directions at right angle.

(f) DESIGN OF SIDE WALLS AS GIRDER :

Side walls is also designed as a girder spanning between the supports.
Effective span = C/C of supports = 10.00 m
1. Loadings :
 The load from trough slab is equally distributed to either side girders

Hence, Load from trough slab per metre run =

The load from trough slab is equally distributed to either side girders.

=1x = 6.71 kN/m

(i) Self weight of girder = 1 x 0.20 x 1.00 x 25 = 5.00 kN/m

Total loads, w = 11.71 kN/m, say 12.00 kNm

2. Bending moment :

Maximum bending moment = = = 150 kNm

Effective depth required, from bending moment consideration,

= = 806 mm

Providing 16 mm diameter bars at a clear cover of 50 mm,

Effective depth of slab available = 1000 – 50 – 16/2 = 942 mm > 806 mm
3. Design of Reinforcement :
Area of steel required ,

= = 1221 mm2

Using 20 mm diameter bars, No. of bars required,

= = 3.89, say 4 No.

Hence, provide 4 No. 20 mm diameter bars, in two rows.

Actual area of steel provided = 4 x 314 = 1256 mm2
% of tension reinforcement provided,

= = 0.67 %

4. Check for Shear and design of shear reinforcement :

Maximum shear force at supports, V = = = 60 kN

 Nominal shear stress induced, = = 0.32 N/mm2

Referring to Table No. 23 of IS: 456 : 2000,

For 0.67 % tension steel provided, permissible shear stress in M 20 grade
concrete, = 0.334 N/mm2 > = 0.32 N/mm2

Hence, Shear reinforcement is not necessary.

However, minimum shear reinforcement is to be provided, as per clause
26.5.1.6 of IS: 456 -2000, given as below:-

Minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups shall be,

Where, Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs effective in shear

Assuming, 8 mm dia two legged vertical stirrups,
Asv = 50 x 2 = 100 mm2
b = breadth of the beam = 200 mm
sv = Stirrup spacing
fy = Characteristic strength of the stirrup reinforcement = 415 N/mm2

Sv = = = 451 mm

Maximum allowable spacing of stirrups, as per clause 26.5.1.5 of IS: 456-2000,

= 0.75 d = 0.75 x 942 = 706 mm or 300 mm whichever is less
Maximum allowable spacing of stirrups = 300 mm
Hence, provide 8 mm diameter two legged vertical stirrups @ 300 mm C/C
Provide 2 No - 12 mm dia Anchor bars at the top to hold the stirrups.
5. Check for Development length at supports :

Clause 26.2.1 of IS:456-2000, specifies that to develop design stress in bars,

the development length is given by,

Where, = Development length of bar

= Diameter of bar = 20 mm
 = Design stress in bar = 150 N/mm2
= Design bond stress = 1.00 N/mm2 for M-20 concrete

= 750 mm

Hence, the bars shall be extended by 750 mm in to the supports.

5. DESIGN OF PIER/ABUTMENT BEARING CAP:-

As per E-In-C Publication 70/1,
Length of bearing cap = K = 150 mm + 0.04 S (where, S = clear span)
K = 150 + (0.04 x 9000) = 510 mm
Provide 600 mm
Thickness of bearing cap, T = 75 mm + 0.02 S = 75 + (0.02 x 9000) = 255 mm
Provide, 250 mm
The bearing cap shall be provided with nominal reinforcement not less than 1% steel
distributed equally at top and bottom and provided in two directions both at top and
bottom. The reinforcement along the shorter side is in the form of hoops, extending for
the full width of the pier cap. The reinforcement along the length of the pier should
extend from end to end of the pier. (Ref: Essentials of Bridge Engineering by D.
Johnson Victor)
Provide 1 % steel in bearing cap.
Area of steel = 1 % of cap area = 0.01 x 600 x 300 = 1800 mm2
Area of steel in each face = 1800/2 = 900 mm2
And, area of steel in each direction = 9007/ = 450 mm2

Using 10 mm dia bars, Spacing = = 174 mm

Provide, 10 mm diameter bars @ 150 mm C/C in each face and in each of two
directions at right angle.

Sub Divisional Officer Executive Engineer

Water Resources Sub Division No.1 Water Resources Division
Mahasamund Mahasamund (C.G.)