Course Code: EST 120

Basics of Civil and

Mechanical Engineering
Mr. Lijin Thomas
9632360251
lijinthomas@mgits.ac.in
 Refrigeration and Air
Thermodynamics Cycles IC Engines Conditioning

M4 M5
Hydraulic Machines Power Transmission Elements
Basic Manufacturing
Processes

M6 M5
2
 Syllabus
• Module 4
Analysis of thermodynamic cycles: Carnot, Otto, Diesel cycles, Derivation of efficiency of these
cycles, Problems to calculate heat added, heat rejected, net work and efficiency. IC Engines: CI, SI, 2
Stroke, 4-Stroke engines. Listing the parts of different types of IC Engines. Efficiencies of IC
Engines(Definitions only), Air, Fuel, cooling and lubricating systems in SI and CI Engines, CRDI,
MPFI. Concept of hybrid engines.
• Module 5
Refrigeration: Unit of refrigeration, reversed Carnot cycle, COP, vapor compression cycle (only
description and no problems); Definitions of dry, wet & dew point temperatures, specific humidity
and relative humidity, Cooling and dehumidification, Layout of unit and central air conditioners.
Description about working with sketches of: Reciprocating pump, Centrifugal pump, Pelton turbine,
Francis turbine and Kaplan turbine. Overall efficiency, Problems on calculation of input and output
power of pumps and turbines (No velocity triangles)
Description about working with sketches of: Belt and Chain drives, Gear and Gear trains, Single
plate clutches.
• Module 6
Manufacturing Process: Basic description of the manufacturing processes – Sand Casting, Forging,
Rolling, Extrusion and their applications.
Metal Joining Processes: List types of welding, Description with sketches of Arc Welding, Soldering
and Brazing and their applications
Basic Machining operations: Turning, Drilling, Milling and Grinding.
Description about working with block diagram of: Lathe, Drilling machine, Milling machine, CNC
Machine. Principle of CAD/CAM, Rapid and Additive manufacturing.
3
 EST 120-BME
COURSE OUTCOMES:
This course seeks to introduce the basic concepts of mechanical engineering which are relevant to other
streams of engineering including thermodynamic cycles, IC engines, refrigeration and air conditioning,
hydraulic machines, power transmissions elements, and basic manufacturing processes.

Blooms
No. Statement Taxonomy
Level
Apply
CO6 Analyze thermodynamic cycles and calculate its efficiency
[Level 3]
Comprehension
CO7 Illustrate the working and features of IC Engines
(Level 2)
Explain the basic principles of Refrigeration and Air Comprehension
CO8
Conditioning (Level 2)
Apply
CO9 Describe the working of hydraulic machines
[Level 3]
Comprehension
CO10 Explain the working of power transmission elements
(Level 2)
Describe the basic manufacturing, metal joining and machining Comprehension
CO11
processes (Level 2)
4
 Module 4
Analysis of thermodynamic cycles: Carnot, Otto, Diesel cycles,
Derivation of efficiency of these cycles, Problems to calculate heat
added, heat rejected, net work and efficiency.
IC Engines: CI, SI, 2-Stroke, 4-Stroke engines. Listing the parts of
different types of IC Engines. Efficiencies of IC Engines
(Definitions only), Air, Fuel, cooling and lubricating systems in SI
and CI Engines, CRDI, MPFI.
Concept of hybrid engines.

5
Definition of Thermodynamics
• Thermodynamics is a Greek word which means
flow of heat in physical and chemical reactions
• Thermodynamics is a branch of science which
deals with study of different forms of energy and
their interconversions (heat, work and internal
energy)
• It deals with energy changes in physical and
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chemical processes
Terms used in Thermodynamics

7
Terms used in Thermodynamics
System

• May be defined as the part of universe selected for

thermodynamic consideration i.e. to study the effect
of temperature, pressure etc.
• It may also be defined as specified part of universe in
which energy changes are taking place.
• It is the region of space where we concentrate our
attention. 8
 Terms used in Thermodynamics

Surrounding
• The remaining portion of universe excluding the system is
called Surrounding.

• Anything external to a system is called surroundings.

• Universe = System + Surrounding

• The System and Surrounding can be separated by real or

imaginary boundary

9
 Terms used in Thermodynamics

Types of System

1. Open System

Here mass and energy can be

exchanged with surroundings

e.g. If some water is kept in

open vessel under sunlight.
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 Terms used in Thermodynamics

2. Closed System

In a closed system, there is only

the exchange of energy with
surroundings, no exchange of
mass takes place

e.g. if water is placed in closed

metallic vessel
11
 Terms used in Thermodynamics

3. Isolated System
There is neither exchange of
mass nor energy with
surrounding.
e.g. Water placed in a vessel
which is closed as well as
insulated or tea placed in a
thermally insulated flask.
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 Terms used in Thermodynamics

Classification of system on the basis of

nature of constituents
• Homogenous System: All the
constituents are present in the same
phase and composition of system is
uniform throughout
• Heterogenous System: It contains
two or more phases and the
composition is non-uniform throughout
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 Intensive and Extensive Properties

Intensive Properties
• They do not depend on the size of the system or quantity of matter
present in it.
• Properties are independ of mass.
• They are dependent on the nature of substance present in it.
• E.g. pressure, temperature, density, surface tension
Extensive Properties
• Depend on the Quantity of matter present in the system.

• Depend on mass.

• Examples: volume, energy, heat capacity, entropy

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 State of System

State of System
• They are the condition of system which is
described in terms of certain measurable
properties such as temperature(T), pressure(P),
volume(V) etc. of the system.

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 State function or point function
It is defined as the property whose value depends only upon
the state of the system and is independent of the path by
which state has been reached.

E.g. a person standing on the roof of the building has a fixed

value of potential energy and the potential energy of person
does not depend whether he has reached there by stairs or lift.

E.g. Potential energy, pressure, volume, temperature, internal

energy etc. 16
State function or point function

17
 Path Function

• Depends on the path through which changes

taking place
eg: work done, heat

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 Some Thermodynamics Quantities
Internal Energy (E or U)
• It is the energy stored in a system.

• Every system is associated with a definite amount of

energy, which is called its internal energy.

Change in Internal Energy (∆E or ∆U)

The change in internal energy in a chemical reaction is the difference in the
internal energies of the products and the reactants
∆E= E(products)-E(reactants)

= Ep-Er 19
 Some Thermodynamics Quantities
• Enthalpy(H)

Enthalpy or heat content of a system may be defined as

the sum of the internal energy and the product of its
pressure and volume

H = E + PV

Where E is the internal energy

P is pressure

V is the volume of the system

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Change In Enthalpy (∆H )
• It is the difference in the enthalpies of the
products and the reactants

• ∆H = H(products)- H(reactants)

= Hp - Hr
 Some Thermodynamics Quantities
Entropy
• It is a measure of the degree of
disorder or randomness in a system.
• The greater the randomness, the
greater the entropy
• Entropy of a crystalline substance is
minimum in the solid state and
maximum in the gaseous state
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 Some Thermodynamics Quantities
Entropy (S)
• It is represented by S
• It depends on temperature and increases with increase
in temperature
• The change in entropy is equal to heat absorbed
isothermally and reversibly during a process divided
by absolute temperature at which heat is adsorbed
• ∆S= 23
 LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
There are four Laws of thermodynamics:
• Zeroth law of thermodynamics
• 1st Law of thermodynamics
• 2nd Law of thermodynamics
• 3rd Law of thermodynamics

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LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
Zeroth Law of thermodynamics
• When two bodies A and B are separately in
thermodynamic equilibrium with a third body, they
in turn are in thermodynamic equilibrium with each
other.
• A system is said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium if
it is in thermal equilibrium, chemical equilibrium and
mechanical equilibrium.
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LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
1st Law of thermodynamics
• Energy can neither be created nor destroyed
although it may be converted from one form to other
• The total energy of the universe remains constant
although it may undergo tranformation from one
form to other.
• The energy of an isolated system remains constant
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 LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
• 1st Law of thermodynamics

Q = ∆U + W
Where ,
Q = heat energy
∆U = change in internal energy
W = work done
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LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

2nd Law of thermodynamics

• All spontaneous or naturally occuring processes
are irreversible
• Without the help of an external agency a spontaneous
process cannot be reversed thermodynamically
• The entropy of an isolated system must increase if it
is to be spontaneous
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 LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

2nd Law of thermodynamics

• In an non isolated system the total entropy of both
the system and surrounding must increase or must be
positive
• The total entropy of the universe must tend to
increase in a spontaneous process

• ∆S(total) = ∆Ssystem + ∆Ssurrounding 29

LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

3rd Law of thermodynamics

• The entropy of all perfectly crystalline solids may
be taken as zero at the absolute Zero temperature
• At absolute zero a perfectly crystalline solid has a
perfect order of its constituent particles i.e. there is
no disorder at all. Hence absolute entropy is taken
as zero 30
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

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 Ideal gas equation
PV = mRT Assumptions:
• P – pressure in ‘Pa’ • Intermolecular force of attraction is
negligible due to large distance between the
• V – volume in m3 molecules
• m – mass of gas • Molecular volume is negligible compared to
• R – Characteristic gas constant container volume
• T – Absolute temperature in Kelvin

PV = nRT
• P – pressurein ‘Pa’
• V – volume in m3
• n – Number of moles = m/M
• R – Universal gas constant
= 8.314 J/mole.K
• T – Absolute temperature in Kelvin
Perfect gas laws
 Energy Interactions
Heat: Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of
certain mass of substance
According to Joules law:
ΔQ α ΔT
Heat transfer:
Heat transfer takes place due to change in temperature. (Sensible heat)
Heat transfer may takes place due to the influence of change in phase. (Latent heat)

Specific Heat Capacity: Amount of heat required per unit mass to raise the temperature
of one-degree Celsius.
Specific Heat Capacity or specific Heat

C=
Cp = Specific Heat at constant pressure
Cv = Specific Heat at constant volume
Ratio of specific heats or Adiabatic Index (γ)

Also, Cp – Cv = R (Characteristic gas constant)

Work done: Amount of energy transferred to move a object outside or inside the
system
Work Done = Pressure x Change in Volume
W = p.(V2-V1)
W1-2 =
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Sign Convention
Types of Thermodynamic Process

― Isothermal Process

― Isochoric Process

― Isobaric Process:

― Adiabatic Process

― Polytropic Process

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Isothermal Process

Change in internal energy ∆U =0

∆U = mCv(T2-T1)

Heat Supplied Q = P1V1ln

Work Done (W) = P1V1ln

Ex: A perfect car engine would use all its energy for work
 Isochoric Process
• Volume of system remains constant during the
process
Work Done (W) = 0

Change in Internal Energy ∆U = mCv (T2-T1)

Heat supplied => Q = ∆U = mCv (T2-T1)

Ex: Bomb Calorimeter (Combustion occurs in a rigid

container such that only heat transfer occurs)
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 Isobaric Process
• Here pressure of the system remains constant during
the process

• Work Done( W) = p (V2-V1)

• Change in internal energy ∆U = mCV (T2-T1)

• Heat Supplied Q = mCp (T2-T1)

• Cp = Cv +R

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 Adiabatic Process
• No exchange of heat between system and surroundings.
• System is completely insulated from surrounding.
• A reversible (frictionless) adiabatic process is called isentropic process.
• Heat Supplied Q = 0
• Therefore, Work done (W) = - ∆U
– Work is done at the expense of internal energy
• Change in internal energy ∆U = ; γ =

41
 Polytropic Process
• In this process both volume and pressure changes in a certain
specified manner.

PVn = Constant.
Where, n is the polytropic index
• Heat Supplied Q = m (T2-T1)

• Work done W1-2 = =

• Change in internal energy ∆U = mCV (T2-T1)

42
Thermodynamic Process

43
 Thermodynamic Processes

W1-2 = = Constant ∆U1-2 = mCv (T2-T1)

Q = ∆U + W
PV = mRT

Isothermal ∆U =0 Q1-2= W1-2= P1V1ln pV= Constant

Process Q=W Q1-2= W1-2= P1V1ln

Q=0 ∆U1-2 = p= Constant

Adiabatic W = - ∆U
Where, γ = T
Process
W1-2= = & Cp – Cv = R V

Isochoric W=0 Q = ∆U = mCv (T2-T1) = 0.718 kJ/kg.K

Process Q = ∆U

Isobaric W1-2 = p (V2-V1) ∆U1-2 = mCV (T2-T1) R = 0.287 kJ/Kg.K

Process Q1-2 = mCp (T2-T1) = 1.005 kJ/kg.K
44
Reversible Process
• Such a process is carried out infintesimally slowly so that all
changes occuring in the direct process can be reversed and
the system and the surrounding remain in state of equilibrium
• It is an ideal process and cannot be realized in actual process.
Irreversible process
• Change is brought about rapidly and the system does not attain
equilibrium.
• The force which drives the reactants towards products is greater than
the opposing force which is to carry the reverse process.
• All naturally occurring processes are irreversible.
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 Spontaneous process
• It may also be defined as the process which can take place by itself or initiation
Which take place by itself :-
• Evaporation of water in open vessel
• Dissolution of salt in water
• Flow of water down a hill
Which take place by initiation:-
• Combination of oxygen and hydrogen to form water
• Lighting of candle is initiated by ignition
Non Spontaneous Process

It is the process which cannot take place by itself or initiation

E.g.
• Flow of heat from cold body to hot body
• Flow of water up the hill
• Dissolution of sand in water 46
 Cyclic Process
Here the system undergoes series of changes and finally returns to

its initial state

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