Chapter III

CHAPTER III
DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

SAMPLING
• Sampling
 refers to the method or process of selecting participants to
answer questions meant to yield data for a research study.
 The chosen ones constitute the sample through which the
researcher will derive facts and evidence to support the claims or
conclusions propounded by your research problem.
 The bigger group from where the researcher choose the sample is
called the population, and sampling frame is the term used to
mean the list of members of such population from where the
researcher will get the sample.
Probability Sampling or Unbiased Sampling
•Probability sampling involves all members listed in the

sampling frame representing a certain population focused
on by the study. There is an equal chance of
participation in this sampling.
1.Simple Random Sampling – (draw lots)
2.Systematic Sampling – (referring to the list after every 5
or so)
3.Stratified Sampling – (one representative each group)
4.Cluster Sampling – (clustered. Cluster is chosen)
Non-Probability Sampling
•Non-Probability Sampling disregards random selection of

subjects.
1.Quota Sampling – (based on certain qualifications)
2.Voluntary Sampling – (interest in participating)
3.Purposive or Judgmental Sampling – (choosing those
whom you know will be able to help)
4.Availability Sampling- (those who are available at your
convenience)
5.Snowball Sampling – (like passing a ball starting from a
knowledgeable person)
INTERVIEW
•In research, interview is a data gathering technique that

makes you verbally ask the subjects or respondents
questions to give answers to what the research study is
trying to look for.
1.Structured interview (researcher provides answers and
the participants get to choose)
2.Unstructured interview (open answers. Participants can
answer whatever they want)
3.Semi-Structured interview (combination of both)
Approaches
1.Individual Interview
2.Group interview
3.Mediated Interview
Introduction of Chapter III
This chapter deals on the overall approach of the
research and its objectives. It describes the participants and
the site of the study and the sampling technique used. It
also discusses the role and responsibilities of the
researchers, the collection of data and analysis. In addition,
this chapter will also show the process on how the
researchers established credibility.
(May be copied)
Overall Approach & Rationale
• Describe the approach and the rationale of your study
here
• Introduce and define Qualitative as an approach and
Phomenological as a research design
• Explain why is your study qualitative and
phenomenological
• Use paraphrasing and proper citation from authors in your
explanation or definition
Example
The researchers used the qualitative method for this study.
Qualitative research according to Denzin (2000) is a type of inquiry or
research method that is chiefly exploratory. It implies emphasis on
collecting non numerical data and is used to seek knowledge or
understanding. Also, the phenomenological approach was the type of
research design utilized. According to Lester (1999), phenomenology
is an approach that highlights information and perception on a
specific phenomenon that the participants have experienced. The
researchers sought to find the perceptions and view of the students
on social media secrecy management. This is for the researchers to
understand better the reasons behind sharing too much information
online and to know the struggles and experiences of those who have
been victims of online threats due to lack of confidentiality.
Site, Population Selection and Sampling Strategies
• Present the Site/ Locale of your study, where you are to

conduct your study
• Present the population/ participants of your study and the
sampling strategy which is purposeful or snowball
sampling
What is Purposive/ Purposive Sampling?
Purposive sampling
 also known as judgmental, selective, or subjective
sampling, is a form of non-probability sampling in which
researchers rely on their own judgment when choosing
members of the population to participate in their study.
This sampling method requires researchers to have prior knowledge
about the purpose of their studies so that they can properly choose
and approach eligible participants.
Researchers use purposive sampling when they want to access a
particular subset of people, as all participants of a study are
selected because they fit a particular profile.
How is Purposive Sampling Conducted?
The method for performing purposive sampling is fairly

straightforward. All a researcher must do is reject the
individuals who do not fit a particular profile when creating
the sample.
However, researchers can use various techniques during

purposive sampling, depending on the goal of their studies.
Example
The interview and data collection was conducted at Agusan

National High School – Junior High School Department.
The researchers applied the availability sampling for this
study. This strategy is a non-probability method which
includes collecting data from selected population subjects
who are of accessible proximity which makes it convenient
for the researchers as mentioned by Saunders (2012). Ten
(10) junior high school students from Agusan National High
School who were nearby and available for the interview
were chosen to participate.
Access, Role, Reciprocity, Trust & Rapport
• In this section
– Explain how are you going to get access in your data
– Explain your role as interviewer, translator, encoder
– Explain how will you create reciprocity, trust and rapport with
your participants
Example
A letter will be submitted to the Principal’s office to ask for permission
to conduct the study on school grounds. The role of the researchers
will be to seek and collect data by conducting an interview and to
gather all the collected information to come up with answers to the
research questions. These in return would be of benefit to the
participants as the researchers update them from time to time on the
gradual wrap-up on the study. The researchers will guarantee to the
participants that confidentiality would be observed during and after the
interview. It will then be explained that the collected data would solely
be for research purposes only credited by the Agusan National High
School Department. The interviewers will retain a friendly and
harmonious relationship with the interviewee by maintaining an
empathetic and noncritical exterior.
Ethical & Political Considerations
• Explain what is Ethical and Political Considerations
• Explain HOW are you going show this in your study
Ethical Considerations according to Grady (2010) are
norms that distinguishes right from wrong. These codes
provide basic guidelines to avoid misconduct. According to
Bryman (2007), ethical and political considerations are
observed to avoid strain on the research process. The
researchers acquired full consent from the research
participants before carrying on with the interview which
would be with honesty and transparency between the
exchange of the interviewer and interviewee. The
researchers’ opinions and personal political views did not
influence or interfere the research.
Task
Submit your first draft of Chapter III following the format

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CHAPTER III

DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

•Probability sampling involves all members listed in the

•Non-Probability Sampling disregards random selection of

•In research, interview is a data gathering technique that

• Present the Site/ Locale of your study, where you are to

The method for performing purposive sampling is fairly

However, researchers can use various techniques during

The interview and data collection was conducted at Agusan

Submit your first draft of Chapter III following the format

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