1 (a) Research is the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in

order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.

1 (b) Assessment of deferent extension methods in Bauchi state

Objectives

I) To find out the extension being used in Bauchi state

II) To assess the most effect method among the methods
III) To proffer area of improvement

1 (c)Problems of research in Nigeria

1. Lack of funding
2. Inaccessibility of data and information
3. Ineffective education system
4. Poor technology advancement
5. Lack of equipment
6. Lack of collaboration
7. Lack of poor research ethics
8. Illiteracy of masses

2 I) Study area And Background of study

Study areas are geographic boundaries created that a researcher wishes to conduct research in, used to
define the extent of your analysis.

The background of the study establishes the context of the research. This section explains why this
particular research topic is important and essential to understanding the main aspects of the study.

II) Primary data refers to the first hand data gathered by the researcher himself.

Secondary data means data collected by someone else earlier.

IV) Sample size and Sampling frame

Sample size is the number of observations or individuals included in a study or experiment. It is the
number of individuals, items, or data points selected from a larger population to represent it statistically.

A sampling frame is a list of things that you draw a sample from. A sample space is a list of all possible
outcomes for an experiment

V) Open ended and Close ended Questionnaire

Open-ended questions are free-form survey questions that allow and encourage
respondents to answer in open-text format to answer based on their complete knowledge,
feeling, and understanding. The detailed response to this question is not limited to a set of
options.
 Close ended questions are defined as question types that ask respondents to choose from a
distinct set of pre-defined responses, such as “yes/no” or among set multiple choice
questions

Multistage sampling can be a complex form of cluster sampling because it is a type of

sampling which involves dividing the population into groups (or clusters). Then, one or more
clusters are chosen at random and everyone within the chosen cluster is sampled.

Proportionate sampling takes each stratum in the sample as proportionate to the population
size of the stratum.

3 a) Sampling is the selection of a subset of the population of interest in a research study.

Six methods of sampling

Simple random sampling

In a simple random sample, every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Your
sampling frame should include the whole population.

Systematic Sampling

Systematic sampling is similar to simple random sampling, but it is usually slightly easier to conduct.
Every member of the population is listed with a number, but instead of randomly generating numbers,
individuals are chosen at regular intervals.

Stratified Sampling

Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into subpopulations that may differ in important
ways. It allows you draw more precise conclusions by ensuring that every subgroup is properly
represented in the sample.

Cluster Sampling

Cluster sampling also involves dividing the population into subgroups, but each subgroup should have
similar characteristics to the whole sample. Instead of sampling individuals from each subgroup, you
randomly select entire subgroups.

Convenience Sampling

A convenience sample simply includes the individuals who happen to be most accessible to the
researcher.

Purposive Sampling

This type of sampling, also known as judgement sampling, involves the researcher using their expertise
to select a sample that is most useful to the purposes of the research.

Snowball Sampling
If the population is hard to access, snowball sampling can be used to recruit participants via other
participants. The number of people you have access to “snowballs” as you get in contact with more
people.

4a)

What is a Questionnaire? A questionnaire is a research instrument that consists of a set of questions or

other types of prompts that aims to collect information from a respondent

A questionnaire is a list of questions or items used to gather data from respondents about their
attitudes, experiences, or opinions.

Types of Questionnaire

• Structured questionnaires include pre-coded questions with well-defined skipping patterns to

follow the sequence of questions. Most of the quantitative data collection operations use structured
questionnaires. Fewer discrepancies, easy to administer consistency in answers and easy for the data
management are advantages of such structured questionnaires.

• Unstructured questionnaires include open-ended and vague opinion-type questions. Maybe

questions are not in the format of interrogative sentences and the moderator or the enumerator has to
elaborate the sense of the question. Focus group discussions use such a questionnaire.

• Not all questions are easily pre-coded with almost possible alternatives to answers. Given
answer alternatives of some questions in the standard questionnaires are left as ‘others’ (please specify).
A common and pragmatic practice is that most of the questions are structured, however, it is
comfortable to have some unstructured questions whose answers are not feasible to enumerate
completely. Such a type of questionnaire is called a quasi-structured questionnairre

5a) Contents of chapter three

I. Study area
II. Method of Data Collection
III. Method of Data Analysis

Study area Study areas are geographic boundaries created that a researcher wishes to conduct research
in, used to define the extent of your analysis.

Methods of Data Collection refers to the detail methods of data collection a researcher employed in
research data collection. Some common data collection methods include surveys, interviews,
observations, focus groups, experiments, and secondary data analysis.

Methods of Data Analysis refers to the appropriate method/s of data analysis used by a researcher in
analysing the data collected that will help him answer the research objectives. This may include
descriptive statistics and inferential statistics as well as the analytic software used and it’s version.