Research Methodology II

Research Methodology II
CRI- 522
i. Research approach
Research Approach is a plan and procedure that consists of the steps of broad
assumptions to detailed methods of data collection analysis and interpretation.
ii. Types of Research Approaches
1. Observation:
Observation is the Recording what you have seen Heard or encountered in
detailed field notes.
2. Interviews:
Personally, asking people question in one to one conversations are known as
interviews.
3. Focus Group
Focus groups include Asking questions and generating discussion among a group
of people.
4. Surveys
Distributing questionnaire with open-ended questions is called as survey.
5. Secondary Research
Collecting existing data in the form of texts, images, Audio or video recording etc.
is known as secondary research.
iii. Types of Research

1. Qualitative Research
Qualitative research relies on data obtained by researcher from first hand
observation, interviews, or focus groups etc. This data is usually non-numeric.
2. Quantitative Research
Quantitative Research focuses on strategy of quantifying the collection and
analysis of data. It’s formed from deductive approach where emphasis is
placed on testing of theory shaped by empiricist and positivist philosophies. It
is numeric in nature.
iv. Qualitative research Methods
1.Ethnography:
Researchers collect rich data on a topic of interest and develop theories. It is a
qualitative method for collecting data often used in social and behavioral
sciences. Data is collected through observation and interviews which are used to
draw conclusions about how societies and individuals function.
2.Action Research:
Researchers and participants collaboratively link theory to practice to drive social
change is called Action Research.
3.Narrative Research:
In narrative research researchers examine how stories are told to understand how
participants perceive and make sense of their experiences.
4. Phenomenological Research:
Researchers investigate a phenomenon or an event by describing and interpreting
participants lived experiences is called as phenomenological research.
v. Sampling
Sampling is the selection of a subset of the population of interest in a research
study. In the vast majority of research endeavors, the participation of an entire
population of interest is not possible, so a smaller group is relied upon for data
collection
vi. Probability Sampling
Probability sampling is a type of sampling in which every member of target
population has an equal chance or probability to be selected. It doesn’t have a
specific target population and universe
vii. Types of Probability Sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling

Simple Random Sampling is the one in which all members of a given population
have same chance of being selected.
2. Stratified Sampling
Stratified sampling is the one that has been chosen from population and has been
divided into layers or sub-groups called strata.
3. Systematic Sampling
Systematic Sampling has been debated in both probability and non probability
sampling as it includes random selection and initially allows inclusion of every
member of sample frame.
Systematic sampling is a type of probability sampling method in which sample
members from a larger population are selected according to a random starting
point but with a fixed, periodic interval.
4. Cluster Sampling
Cluster sampling involves division of population into smaller random groups called
clusters.
viii. Non- Probability Sampling

Non-probability sampling is a method of selecting units from a population using
a subjective (i.e. non-random) method. Since non-probability sampling does not
require a complete survey frame, it is a fast, easy and inexpensive way of
obtaining data. It has a specific target population and universe.
ix. Types of non probability sampling
1. Purposive Approach
Purposive Approach appears to be the most popular, in this type researchers’
skills, judgements and needs are selected as sample. It is sometimes called as
typical case sampling.
There is specified target population. It includes accessibility to units or individuals
that are part of target population. Inference is made about the target
participants.
2. Quota Sampling
Proportions are based on researched judgements. The individuals must fit the
needs of the survey. Selection is continuous until enough individuals are chosen.
Excessive data is also obtained and maybe used when research is analyzed.
Population selection is restricted according to needs of survey. Exactly 100
percent needed and specific population is required.
3. Snowball Sampling
Snowball Sampling is a chained selection method and begins from person to
person. It is a very critical sampling as respondents are difficult to target. 40
percent researchers don’t apply this method.
4. Convenient Sampling
In convenient Sampling samples can be collected according to convenience in
finding respondents. It is limited as individuals are chosen simply because they
were at the right place and the right time.
x. Logic
Logic is the study of reasoning to distinguish good reasoning from bad reasoning
or better reasoning from worse.
1. Inductive Logic
In inductive Logic researchers observe an event make empirical generalization
about the activity and construct a theory based on them.
2. Deductive Logic
Ideas are deducted from the research. Researchers develop a hypothesis that is
tested by observation. It is also called as circular model.
xi. Theory
Theory is the generalization of a phenomenon to be studied.

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Research Methodology II

iii. Types of Research

1. Simple Random Sampling

viii. Non- Probability Sampling

ix. Types of non probability sampling

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