Mse 600

MSE 600 Technology and Development
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DEFINITION OF TECHNOLOGY
In our everyday lives, most of us use a number of words that we assume have a universal, agreed-upon, and accepted meaning for all people in all contexts. Often, the more frequently the word is used, the more we take for granted that our usage is the only possible usage of the term. One such popular word freely bandied about and very much in-vogue jargon now-a-days is technology.
The word technology comprises two parts technikos & ology The historical derivation of the term technology comes from the Greek word technikos, meaning of art, skillful, practical The portion of the word ology indicates knowledge of or a systematic treatment of.
Thus, the literal verbatim derivation of the term technology is literally knowledge of the skilful and practical However, this definition is too general in nature and we have to transcend this narrow view of technology since every technology starts from a human purpose, from the intention to satisfy some human need or behaviour.
Indeed, technology is the manipulation of nature for human purpose . This definition retains the notions of both knowledge and practicality (human purposes) but adds the new concept of manipulation of nature.
This implies that all practical or technical skills ultimately derive from alterations or manipulation of nature. Technology depends on a base in the natural world (Science) but extends the natural world through the phenomenon of manipulation (Engineering).
Technology on the other hand, is the branch of knowledge that deals with the creation and use of technical means and their interrelation with life, society, and the environment, drawing upon such subjects as industrial arts, engineering, applied science, and pure science the sum of the ways in which social groups provide themselves with the material objects of their civilization.
Engineering technology is concerned with the manufacturing devices hardware for education like, audio-video aids, television, computer, etc. (Eric Ashby, 1967)
ETHICS OF TECHNOLOGY
By our very definition, technology manipulates nature for human purposes. Technology manipulates nature. Man is a part of nature. By manipulating nature, man manipulates himself.
The very reason of technology is human purpose. What is the fundamental purpose of human life? Is it to increase standard of living? Is it to improve quality of life? Or is it to have greater satisfaction in life?
We can distill all these various aspects into a single holistic concept:
VALUE OF HUMAN LIFE Thus, the cardinal aim of technology is to enhance the value of human life. TECHNOLOGY and the VALUE OF HUMAN LIFE Let us define the value of human life as the balance or ratio between satisfaction or happiness and pain or suffering.
VALUE OF HUMAN LIFE = HAPPINESS/SUFFERING In the context of this definition, the ultimate purpose of technology is to enhance the value of human life, with a long-term perspective, by maximization of happiness and satisfaction and a concomitant reduction or minimization of pain and suffering (physical, mental and emotional).
As a generalization, people want a better life. A better life may usually mean things like:

freedom from want, access to and possession of at least some of the non-essentials, comforts or luxuries, MSE 600 Technology and Development good health,
the absence of emotional stress, satisfying human relations (resulting from gratifying work experience and meaningful interpersonal relationships), intellectual stimulation, and personally rewarding leisure activities.
HUMAN NEEDS and VALUES Human needs and values change through time as technology advances. Man tends to accept the fruits of new technology more readily (satisfaction, pleasure, happiness, comfort) whereas he is reluctant to accept changes in his personal life.
Thus, social and cultural changes always lag behind technology causing a mismatch and disconnect which consequently leads to unhappiness, dissatisfaction, pain and suffering (emotional) and concomitant lowering of the value of human life. A crude but practical way of classifying human values is to divide needs into those that are essentially physiological and those that are psychological.
Most new technologies cater to the physiological aspect by performing Dangerous, Dirty, or Difficult jobs (the 3 Ds) thereby enhancing the value of human life.
As regards the psychological aspect, an example pertaining to Information Technology (IT) may be in order. Information Technology (IT) caters to two unique categories of psychological needs of humans: Cognitive Needs which refer to the human need for information so as to be ready to act or make decisions that may be required, and
Affective Needs which refer to the emotional requirements of human, such as their need to do challenging work, to know their work has value, to feel personally secure, and to be in control. Undue emphasis on cognitive needs and consequent neglect of affective needs may cause emotional pain that counterbalances the gains from technology and this may be detrimental to the value of human life as a whole.
TECHNOLOGY IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Effects and Consequences of Technology In our haste to milk technology for immediate economic advantage, we often lose sight of the long-term consequences: the higher order and indirect effects, especially the delayed and unintended effects of technology. The Sorenson multiple effect network methodology is a useful technique for an analyzing the impact and consequences of technology. (1st to 4th order)

Ethical Technology Management comprises a harmonious blend of rational thinking and empathic understanding wherein one studies, analyses and mitigates the conflicting interplay between human cognitive and affective processes.

It may be apt to conclude with a comment by RM Pirsig, who states that: The way to solve the conflict between human values and technological needs is not to run away from technology. That is impossible. The way to resolve the conflict is to break down the barriers of dualistic thought that prevent a real understanding of what technology is not an exploitation of nature, but a fusion of nature and the human spirit into a new kind of creation that transcends both. MSE 600 Technology and Development
EVOLUTION & GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY

Assuming evolutionary principles as providing the motivation for human actions, we demonstrate that the development of technology in order to extend habitable space has had positive evolutionary value. Extrapolating the current growth of technology and associated knowledge, and judging from developments in information science, we conclude that technology and knowledge will exceed human capacity to handle them efficiently, and will at the same time become disassociated from humans, rendering current MSE 600 Technology and Development evolutionary goals obsolete.

The history of mankind is dominated by the quest for resources in order to improve the chances of survival of the species. This quest for resources also led to the emergence of technology, with spaceflight being the most thorough application. Thus, the present global motivations, goals, and means to achieve them can be explained to a large extent in terms of the theory of evolution.


Recently concern has been raised about possible negative impacts of scientific- technological developments on the medium-to-long term evolution of the human race. Modern medicine, for example, is increasingly successful in keeping individuals alive who would have been eliminated from the evolutionary process only a few generations ago (Livingston 1973). Effects range from a proliferation of individuals with impaired eyesight (harmless) to a proliferation of individuals with impaired resistance to infectious diseases (not harmless). It is evident that a global undertaking like the conquest of space, especially including its ramifications and spin-offs, will change the course of human evolution, probably drastically. MSE 600 Technology and Development

Evolution (as opposed to development) is not goaloriented, it has no "direction", except that big jumps in complexity are not possible. Thus, more complex systems have to be preceded by less complex systems, simulating an "upward" gradient, with the apparent "goal" of achieving perfection. It is important to note that abilities evolved to cope with certain boundary conditions in general will change those conditions. The ecological niche (or, if we include intellectual abilities, the evolutionary niche) evolves along with its occupants. This means that there are no "right" or "wrong" ways to cope with boundary conditions: what was right in the past might be wrong MSE evolutionary now. It also means that an unsuccessful 600 Technology and Development path cannot be back traced.

Evolution of a species can continue along an equable path as long as the boundary conditions are steady and as long as the behaviour of the most significant fraction of the individuals is teleonomous, i.e. directed towards passing on to their offspring those abilities which in turn enable them to more successfully reproduce. Clearly, stringent boundary conditions do not tolerate nonteleonomous behaviour. As the evolutionary niche of mankind gets more comfortable, we observe a shift from common goals (at the expense of the individual) to individual goals at possible common expense, which is to say that we became more tolerant towards nonteleonomic behaviour. MSE 600 Technology and Development

A major point is that there is no difference in the principles and mechanisms which govern biological and cultural evolution. In fact, our humanitarian system of moral values is a relatively recent product of evolution, and is only now really taking shape. Evolution itself knows no "good" or "evil", and when war is an appropriate teleonomous behaviour it will arise (Goodall 1985).


It is commonly accepted that mankind acquired the dominant role on this planet through the application of technology. Evolutionary, the ability to produce and use technology is the result of curiosity, which in turn was useful to search for sustenance. Helpful in the evolution of technological abilities was the concurrent evolution of organizational skills, which are the foundations of our scientific/ technological society.


Technology provides a way to acquire information about the environment without having to go through the tedious process of encoding it into the genetic material. The ramification is that this body of information can, and does, grow much faster than if the information had been gained through genetic evolution. This process started only comparatively recently (about 5000 to 10000 years ago), but already it has reached a stage when most of us could not survive for long without technological help (Lorenz 1985). MSE 600 Technology and Development

As can be witnessed in everyday life, mankind is quite happy to utilize technology without proper (or even any) understanding. It is amazing to see, for instance, small children using technological systems like computers, which were not possible to build, or indeed to contemplate, only a few generations ago. And how many adults really know what happens in their cars when they push down on the accelerator? This naive utilization of entities, the pragmatic attitude of taking something at face value, is a mechanism which apparently allowed MSE 600 Technology and Development our ancestors to function in an environment

Space
The evolved motivation which causes mankind to conquer space is basically the same one which caused early man to explore and control their environment: the search for resources in order to improve the chances of survival of the species. The conquest of space is an endeavour which needs the application of all technological means which have been developed. There is, however, one major difference between space projects and other technological projects: the lowest limit in size and complexity is considerable for space projects, and it is enormous for manned space projects. In other words, it is not possible to start small, it 600 Technology and Development MSE cannot be done by individuals with resources accessible to and

The history of the US Space Shuttle program with its wrong assumptions, schedule slippages, cost overruns, and final disaster teaches a dramatic lesson: the project has become too complex, it has outgrown the ability of humans to maintain a proper overview, to assess the ramifications of changes, and to anticipate operational needs. For some time it was possible to compensate for this by introducing management procedures which allowed large organizational entities to collaborate without a thorough understanding of each other's activities. This led to a vicious cycle, however: the management system itself, and, in particular, the associated bureaucratic procedures, became opaque, so they were not being followed correctly, or not applied properly. This, and not the technical problems, was the MSE 600 Technology and reason for the Challenger accident (Covault 1986). Development

Of course this is not to say that we will not go into space. We will turn to technology for the rescue. We will use computers, in particular we will use the software techniques known as artificial intelligence (AI), or, better, cognitive processing to remedy the problem.

Computers
Much has been written about the staggering growth of computer technology during the last three decades. This growth, however, has so far been mainly confined to improvements of the hardware. In fact, most software improvements can be traced to improved hardware capabilities (Albrecht 1985).

Computers
This situation is about to change dramatically. Already in the near future developments in computer science will render computer programming as we know it today obsolete (Bibel 1985). AI based S/W technology is about to provide computers with natural language understanding, image recognition, and reasoning capability. Expert systems already allow us to deindividualize bodies of knowledge and make it available to the non-expert, or to another computer, on a 24-hour a day basis. Knowledge bases can be stored, merged, experimented with and checked for consistency. It will be possible to perform "what-if" operations, the usual hypothesis building tool used in science, inTechnology and Development an automatic MSE 600 manner, on knowledge bases which are much larger than

Computers Along with these S/W developments we will see the advent of new hardware which will provide revolutionary man-machine interfaces, including direct links between the computer and the human nervous system. These concepts were first developed for the rehabilitation of accident victims through the use of electro- mechanic artificial limbs; impressive progress has been made. They are now being investigated for possible applications in military aircraft technology (Simons, 1985; Pounds 1985). and Development MSE 600 Technology

Computers Even very careful extrapolation shows that we are right now witnessing the beginning of a development which will have enormous impacts on the further evolution of mankind. The original motivation to generate and use technology has caused mankind to create technological systems which will very soon outperform humans in many areas of intellectual activities: computers will be the better chess players, conversationalists, decision makers, and conquerors of space. To achieve all this, we do not even have to find out how the human brain works, it is just necessary to produce the same results. Thus, computers, through AI systems, will help us to MSE 600 Technology and successfully conquer space. However, in the processDevelopment of

Impacts on evolutionary boundary conditions Evolution's answer to drastic changes of the boundary conditions has been the elimination of the species concerned. We assume that there will be no catastrophic changes of the boundary conditions through the ecological impacts of the application of technology, or by war.

Looking back at the history of mankind, the reproductive advantage within a socially interacting group (clan, tribe, people) has always been with those members of that group who had the most resources (in terms of strength, food, territory, money, power). Since resources can effectively be gained with the aid of technology, evolution produced the technology oriented society which we are now.

There is a high probability that this will change as soon as technology becomes too complex for most people to understand, yet is easily accessible to everybody; when technological systems will be able to answer human questions, not necessarily correctly, but either to the satisfaction or beyond the understanding of humans. As we do now, people will continue the naive use of technology, even if they do not understand it. However, as humans are no more needed to produce and master technological systems, the sociological status of technology-oriented individuals and thus their reproductive advantages will decrease. Within a few generations the desire of mankind to conquer space may have vanished. MSE 600 Technology and Development

Extrapolations
Assuming the non-destructive development we may conclude that technology will ensure human physical survival as individuals by providing food, shelter, and other services. The question arises how the disassociation of knowledge and technical skills from humans will impact the fate of the species. One problem in this extrapolation is that evolutionary paths in complex systems are quite unpredictable; another problem is that the "strategies" employed by evolution are not defined: the same goal can be achieved in a variety of different ways. Extrapolation is thus reduced to little more than speculation. 600 Technology and Development MSE

Extrapolations
Given the fact that the decreased selection pressure in a comfortable evolutionary niche increases tolerance towards non-teleonomous behaviour, there will initially be a wider variety of human types, physically, psychically and culturally. Which one of those will usurp reproductive dominance is not predictable. By way of exclusion we can state that those who have lost the urge to engage in heterosexual contact will not. Neither will those that are being kept alive by extreme medical measures. Yet, not even this is certain, given the advances of genetic engineering and in-vitro fertilization (Walgate MSE 600 Technology and Development 1986).

Extrapolations
Let us assume that we evolve towards a society without the need to compete for resources, in which therefore the need for technical knowledge and skill vanishes because they are not required for the individual, if not discouraged because of the evident impossibility to compete with technological systems, or not obtainable for reasons of cost- effectiveness. At the same time it should be possible to experience all varieties of sensory perceptions by means of advanced man- machine interfaces (artificial reality). Will mankind use this for widening the intellectual horizon, or will this capability rather be Technology and Development used for MSE 600 eternal entertainment? And which group will pass

Extrapolations Mankind will most likely continue to use technology naively, i.e. without feeling the need to understand how it works. It is interesting to note, however, that in the past there has been a tendency to populate the incomprehensible parts of the environment with supernatural beings (spirits, gods), a technique which seems to provide a working hypothesis and a degree of control through worship and sacrifice.

Extrapolations There can be no definite conclusions from these considerations, except that straight forward extrapolation from the present situation is certainly not possible. The conquest of space will not be a re-play of the expeditions of the conquistadores, or of the exploration of the American west. From these exercises men emerged with their individual intellectual superiority intact and with the basic evolutionary boundary conditions unchanged. The conquest of space, through its implied MSE 600 Technology very technological advances, will challenge theand Development
Managing Technology
Increasingly, technology is among an organizations most important resources. As such, it needs to be properly managed in order to meet the organizations objectives in an efficient way. Suggested steps to benefit from the use of technology. 1. conduct detailed needs assessment studies to identify the required environment, regulations, procedures, and tasks MSE 600 Technology and Development
Managing Technology
2. prepare a business plan with a cost estimate and a benefits/risk analysis 3. secure the financing necessary to acquire and maintain the chosen technology 4. obtain adequate staff with technical expertise 5. secure transportation, warehousing and distribution of equipment, if applicable 6. ensure adequate testing procedures before any technology is adopted 7. implement proper security procedures
Managing Technology
8. create a training plan for staff and user training 9. establish proper maintenance and backup procedures are in place 10. give users access to a help desk 11. provide a sufficient supply of peripherals and consumables materials, if applicable 12. prepare adequate replacement plans and procedures for equipment that can become obsolete
Managing Technology
The importance of managing even common technology is sometimes lost in the rush to adopt new technology and yet this could be essential to a successful implementation process. There may be additional complications when managing technology for electoral administration. The level of external scrutiny of specific technologies may be high and approval by the legislature as well as other stakeholders in the electoral process may be needed.
Managing Technology
The electoral environment is also relatively unusual in that technology might be obtained for a specific electoral event. In that case, the technology may have to perform once only on a specified day, when any system failure would spell disaster. Testing, verification and backup plans have to be thorough and reliable to make sure that the electoral event takes place without a hitch. The importance of elections and the need for accuracy, security and transparency, management of technology dictatesTechnology and Development MSE 600 high standards.
Managing Technology
The following topics cover the main issues related to managing technology in the electoral environment. Planning and Development Strategies Quality Assurance Management Structure Computer Systems Administration Staffing, Training and Support Managing Obsolescence Evaluation and Audit
The Impact of Technology & Business

Technology is an unmistakable economic and social force in our world. Global communications, business exchanges, particularly through electronic commerce, and the simple tasks that make up our daily lives are all significantly influenced by technology. (Post, Lawrence, & Weber, 2008). Since the time of Aristotle, and perhaps before, business has been disparaged by people of culture and refinement, like us. The critics of business have argued that business, and the people who engage in it, are narrow in their interests (Kay, 1998).
The Impact of Technology & Business

Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class (Technology, 2008). Technologys impact on our society is like asking, what is the impact of trees in our society (Lynn, 2008). The internet, television and the radio just to name a few are very essential to society. They are all forms of mass communications. Educators today are very excited about the integration of technology in the class. Technology is being introduced into the K-12 classroom; teachers are responsible for implementing technology to assist students with student achievement. Society depends so much on technology (Lynn, 2008). Lets just think without technology we couldnt drive! We could not take theMSE 600 Technology and Development elevators to our
The Impact of Technology on Society

". . . the moment man first picked up a stone or a branch to use as a tool, he altered irrevocably the balance between him and his environment. From this point on, the way in which the world around him changed was different. It was no longer regular or predictable. New objects appeared that were not recognizable as a mutation of something that had existed before, and as each one emerged it altered the environment not for a season but for ever. While the number of these tools remained small, their effect took a long time to spread and to cause change. But as they increased, so did their effects: the more the tools, the faster the rate of change." --James Burke MSE 600 Technology and Development
The Impact of Technology on Society

"Technology is the application of organized knowledge to practical tasks by ordered systems of people and machines. ---Arnold Pacey History demonstrates that when new inventions are introduced into a society, the society changes. In order for us to grasp the scope of technological change in society, we should understand the impact of the technology on the economic, social, political, ethical, and art activities of a society.
The Impact of Technology on Business Environment and Society

The tremendous technological growth that we have been experiencing is made possible through extensive programs of technological research being conducted by many types of researchers working within universities, business, and nonprofit research organizations. Technological developments are strong and all pervasive forces of the business environment. Technology is the scientific knowledge to practical problems. and Development MSE 600 Technology

Technology feeds on itself and it affects business in two major ways: 1. Through its impact on society in general 2. Through its direct influence on business operations and activities.

Technology affects society. In fact, we feel its effect on our everyday life. It affects economic growth, our standard of living and our culture. However, some of the effects of technology are highly beneficial and some detrimental. One should be careful that these effects on members of the society in turn affect business practices.

Technology affects our everyday life. We are surrounded by so much of technology, that we take it for granted and usually do not realize how much it affects us until we have to do without electricity, water, transport or telephone. Technological developments have raised the standard of living. In spite of inflationary pressure and considerably a high degree of unemployment, generally families eat better, wear aMSE 600 Technology and Development wider variety of clothing, and live in more comfortable

Technology also influences basic aspects of our culture, including religion, education, mobility, health care, art, language, laws and their enforcement. For example, technological advances in health care allow physicians to treat their patients in a virtual environment through video conferencing, which again is helpful in legal environment too for the judges to proceed with investigations on hard core criminals, who need not be produced before the court for security reasons. MSE 600 Technology and Development

Every new technology is a force involved in creative destruction. Say, television hurts movies, synthetic fibres, rival for cotton fibre. The discovery of new technology even sometimes affects economic growth-TV with its high entertainment value takes away productive hours of mankind. Each new technology creates major long term consequences, that are not always foreseeable. How do you justify nations spending more money to develop missiles, nuclear weapons and bombsMSE 600 Technology and Development for the sake of

Developing nations have to buy technology from foreign countries, as they are not resourceful in terms of capital needed for Research and Development, expertise, patents, licenses, equipment and so on. This transfer of technology involves huge costs as a result of which a vicious circle is formed, in which weak technology creates dependence and dependence creates weakness. The recent trend can be enumerated through this slogan, "Conserve, reduce and recycle". The stress today is on clean production measures, advanced robotics, zeroemission vehicles, material recycling and alternative fuels and materials. This change towards love for environment by the technologists is a sure sign of positive development. MSE 600 Technology and Development

All the new technologies is a power of creative destruction. They say that Telefilm, synthetic fibres, the competition for cotton hurts fiber. The discovery of the new technologies affect sometimes economic estimated TV with its high entertainment value to delete the productive hours of humanity. Every new technology is creating major long-term effects, which is not expected to always. Make the United Nations to offer more money for the development of nuclear weapons, missiles and bombs for security reasons? Developing countries needed technology from abroad, to raise capital was not an ingenious for research and development, know-how, patents, licenses, equipment and so on. This transfer of technology is enormous costs, MSE as a result is a vicious, weak technology600 Technology and Development creates

The latest trend is to enumerate through the slogan, "save money, reduce and recycle." The focus of measures today is clean, automated production, supply NULL, recycled and alternative fuels and advanced materials. This change of love for the environment of techniques is a safe in a positive sign.
Forms of Technology
Earliest form Stone tools and fire were most likely the earliest forms of technology, as when they were first invented it would have revolutionized their way of life (e.g. able to cook and eat meat safely, not just berries e.t.c.) The first form of computing or robotics was a computer made by Charles and Development MSE 600 Technology Babbage in the 1930's.
Forms of Technology
Process Technology
Go into any operation and one of the first things you will notice is the process technology it employs. In some operations the process technology makes itself very evident because it is large, noisy and sometimes dirty. For example, in a steel works, the whole operation is dominated by steel processing technology. But even in a fast food restaurant the technology is there (and often you can see it behind the counter). And just because it is not as big or as impressive as the steel processing technology MSE 600 Technology and Development does not mean to say that it is not as important.
Forms of Technology
Process Technology
For example, McDonalds have been known to spend millions of dollars on the technology which helps to prepare their food. Saving one or two square metres of space in the kitchen area may mean sitting an extra four or five people in the restaurant area. If each of these spends $6 every 15 minutes for 356 days a year in every single McDonalds outlet, just think of the extra revenue. In fact, for most operations, process technology is becoming even more important.
Forms of Technology
Process Technology
Information processing technologies especially are opening up new possibilities for operations managers. Internet-based technologies have created some totally new businesses and destroyed others. But while it is important for operations managers to understand technology, they do not have to be technological experts. In fact it is sometimes a disadvantage to become too deeply embroiled in the details of the technology. What is important though is that operations managers can ask enough sensible questions to understand the implications of any particular technology on their operations processes. MSE 600 Technology and Development
Forms of Technology
Life-cycle effects on product/service and process technology
If product/service and process technologies can sensibly be separated in an operation, they will not always receive equal attention. Sometimes developing product technology will be seen as more important than developing process technology and sometimes vice versa. One factor which influences this is the stage of the product or service in its life cycle, that is the maturity of the product. The figure below illustrates how the relative rates of Technology and Development MSE 600 product/service and process technology
Relative rates of product/service and process technology innovation vary as a product matures.
Forms of Technology
For example, examine how the relative emphasis on product and process technology of personal computers (PCs) has changed since their introduction in the late 1970s. For the first few years after their introduction the product technologies of PCs were their main feature. The fact that a product which was capable of being so conveniently transported could also be so powerful was a major innovation in product technology. These early PCs were 600 Technology and Development often MSE assembled using the most basic production
Forms of Technology
Apple Computer, for example, built its first machines in a garage. That did not matter to customers who were concerned more with what their products could do. As the rate of change in product technology slowed, a little more thought was put into how PCs were to be produced. Increasing volumes made continued use of the garage approach both infeasible and uneconomic. PC manufacturers realized that further market success would depend on and Development MSE 600 Technology investing in automated production technology.
Forms of Technology
Materials processing technologies A small number of materials processing technologies are described in the chapter. These are, Computer numerically controlled machine tools (CNC). Robotics Automated guided vehicles (AGVs) Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) Computer integrated manufacturing (CIM)
Forms of Technology
From this list it might seem as though all materials processing technologies are manufacturing technologies. However this is not the case. For example, Table 8.1 includes the integrated mail processing machines used by national mail collection and delivery systems as a material processing technology. It does not physically change the material, but it does sort it by its destination. Similarly, the conveyor belt sushi bar at Yo, Sushi processes material in so much as it moves the various dishes around customers who can then choose which item they want. Even trucks or cargo ships could be considered materials processing technologies. Again, they may not physically change MSE 600 Technology the material but they do change its location. and Development
Forms of Technology
Comparisons of advanced manufacturing technologies The progression from conventional machine tools to FMS involves a gradual replacement of manual operations with automated operations. The figure above characterizes the relationship between the degree of possible automation and some of the technologies. Note how the steps at the core of the process, involving the shaping or cutting activities are the first to be automated, after which the more peripheral activities at either end of the whole process are gradually MSE 600 Technology and Development included within the capabilities of the
Forms of Technology
Information processing technologies A number of information processing technologies are described in the chapter. The most significant ones are often at the interface of conventional information technology (IT) and telecommunications. Undoubtedly we are in a period of rapid change in this particular kind of technology. So an understanding of some of the basics of IT and telecommunications technologies is vital for operations managers. Certainly the impact on operations capabilities has already been very significant.
Forms of Technology
Information processing technologies
The relative costs of different technologies in retail banking, is worth thinking about. One should not infer that all banking will be internet-based banking in the future. Certainly there are significant advantages both from banks and customers point of view of using the internet to manage transactions. However, there will always be customers and always certain types of transaction which the other technologies may be better at. There is also some evidence that some retail banks in Europe or US closed old fashioned bank branches too quickly, failed to persuade all their customers to use telephone and internet communication, and lost market share as a result. Remember that because a new technology makes something feasible it does not necessarily make it desirable.
Forms of Technology
An office in the sky
As the technologies of data processing and telecommunications are merging, so too are the services which they support coming together. The individual television screens, now common in aircraft, provide the entertainment which keeps passengers happy on long international flights. Now British Airways has gone one step further in bringing together entertainment technology with information provision and processing. Using a hand-held control device, passengers can access dozens of TV entertainment channels, an up-to-the-minute news service, computer games and a menu of informationMSE 600 Technology and Development processing options.
Forms of Technology
An office in the sky For example, a customer who wants to book a hotel room, reserve a hire car, order flower deliveries or buy duty-free goods, can do so via the screen and control device. Payment for the services or goods ordered is made by swiping a credit card through a slot built into the seats armrest. Confirmation of the transactions are shown on the screen. The system can also transmit a passengers own data. A notebook computer can be plugged into the system and a faxed hard copy of the information sent back to MSE 600 Technology and Development the office.
Forms of Technology
Behind the new service is a communications system which includes the Inmarsat satellite and BAs central booking database in London. The database directs credit card details to the card company and, on authorization, transmits the customers orders and reservations to the respective companies. The airline views such technology as important in its efforts to provide a superior service. The concept is based on providing customers with a total media centre from their seats. We have the opportunity to provide customers with a whole range of products and services where they will be able to choose what they want to do rather than be fed with MSE 600 Technology and Development entertainment.
Forms of Technology
Customer processing technologies
Unlike materials and information processing technology, there is no universally accepted categorization for customer processing technologies. (This is why the typology used in the third edition is slightly different to the one we used in the second edition things have moved on). Nevertheless customer processing technologies are becoming increasingly important. They do however present unique challenges for the operations manager. The main one is that many customer processing technologies require the customer to operate the technology. Customers unfortunately are not always MSE 600 skilled in doing this. Thus the nature of Technology and Development the customer
Forms of Technology
Customer processing technologies For example, a European retail bank was concerned that its customers were getting frustrated when using its automatic telling machines (ATMs). The ATMs took the customer through a whole series of decisions, offering services, asking whether a receipt was necessary and so on. This process enabled customers to partake of a wide range of services but was lengthy. Customers who only wanted to get money quickly still had to work through a series of questions.
Forms of Technology
Customer processing technologies After testing customers reactions, they decided to simplify the ATM questions in order to speed up the process. While this may have satisfied some customers, it also upset others. The ones who were upset at the reduction in service complained more vocally than those who were (presumably) pleased that the transaction was faster. What the bank had forgotten was that, even if most of its customers did want a faster service, they had come to expect the longer but richer level of service which the old system MSE 600 Technology and Development offered. Customers had become trained.
Forms of Technology
Product Technology There are different views about the definition of product technology, as is understandable since for many years process engineering studied the processes to produce products. Cussler and Moggridge (2001) pointed out that there are four steps in chemical product design: needs, ideas, selection and manufacture. The reality is of course more complex. The needs reflect the increasing importance of the market. The ideas show the importance of creativity and MSE 600 Technology and Development imagination.
Forms of Technology
Product Technology The selection represents the essential structuring of the development process. The manufacture is related to classical process design, but with an important difference: minimizing production costs is not an important drive, but flexibility and time to bring the product to the market are decisive.
Forms of Technology
Product Technology
Cussler and Wei (2003) restated this, remarking that both in research and teaching major changes will take place. In our view product technology comprises more than chemical product design. A possible definition is product technology is the science and art of developing and producing performance products to meet the demands and requirements of society and achieves this by adding value to materials by improving existing and designing new products. When this definition is accepted, it becomes understandable that product technology is not limited to the development of new chemical products, but that food, bio-medical, specialist mechanical products and even certain and Development MSE 600 Technology software belong to product technology.
Forms of Technology
Product Technology Market, imagination and structured innovation are the key elements in the steps required to develop new products. The difference between product technology and process technology is that the latter focuses on a limited part of the total production chain, but this difference is more than a nuance, a small diversity of the present state of knowledge. It is an essential difference when you look at the total chain.
Forms of Technology
Product Technology Product engineering thus includes supply and demand and the associated logistics. Primarily looking at the process production steps is not sufficient any more. This approach does not reduce the importance of process technology, but underlines it. Consumer wishes, quality demands and legislation lead to more complex products that are more difficult to produce and require innovative process steps.
Forms of Technology
Product technology can be subdivided according to the science that plays the major role in the product design. A useful classification is: chemical/biochemical; food; pharmaceutical; physicalmechanical (also called discrete or fine mechanical); biomedical; software.
Forms of Technology
Market orientation
Product design and development is strongly market oriented and the relation to the market is usually much more direct and intensive than with specification or bulk products. In the latter the offtake is of course the capacity-determining factor, but only with respect to the volume of production. The specification of the product, for example gasoline is not or only to a small extent influenced by the buyer. Performance products usually have a much shorter lifetime than specification products. The latter are sometimes the feedstock for derived products. The intensive relation between product design and the MSE consumer is quite apparent from the 600 Technology and Development examples given
Forms of Technology
Food products The product technology principles of interdisciplinary and looking at the overall production chain and not only at the process, have been applied in food science for some time. Many food-oriented universities possess product-oriented departments, such as meat sciences, dairy sciences and cereal sciences. Food products should always be evaluated by various disciplines.
Forms of Technology
Food products A food product should not only have the right nutritional value and the right structure, but it should also be safe from a microbial point of view. As a result of this, food product technology has always recognized the role of other disciplines. Food products comprise bulk products such as milk and yoghurt. Here the characteristics of bulk production can be recognized, like improving the business economics by investment and operating cost reduction by larger scale production, MSE 600 Technology and Development standardization and a shift to cheaper
Forms of Technology
Food products For a dairy product such as milk there is a strong supply drive from the farmers, as milk deteriorates rapidly. On the other hand, when comparing food products in the supermarket of 10 years ago and nowadays, the difference is impressive. The number and variety of products have increased considerably, while the life cycle of many new products is short. The consumer market directly influences food products.
Forms of Technology
Food products It is extremely important for the success of the product that the requirements of consumers are met. Yet what does the customer want? The food consumers make their decisions based on a mix of rational and emotional considerations that they themselves only partly realize. Thus for food products the insight into the market is of extreme importance. Therefore, research into the requirements of the consumer is of pivotal importance in food MSE 600 Technology and Development product technology.
References
Albrecht, R., "Next Generation Software Techniques", in: SPIE Proceedings "Instrumentation in Astronomy VI", Vol. 627, pg. 225, Tucson, 1986. Barbour, Ian G. Ethics in an Age of Technology. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1993. Burke, James . Connections. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1985. Burke, James . The Day the Universe Changed. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1985.
References
Covault, C., "Rogers Commission Report on Shuttle 51-L Loss" Aviation Week and Space Technology 09-06-86, pg 16. Livingston, J.A., "One Cosmic Instant", Dell Publ. NY, 1974, pg 63. Pfund, B., "High-G Maneuvers", Aviation Week and Space Technology, 02-Sep-85, pg. 98. Popper, K.R., Lorenz, K., "Die Zukunft ist offen", (F. Kreuzer, Ed.), Serie Piper Munchen 1985 Simons, G.L., "Expert Systems and Micros", NCC Publications, England, 1985. MSE 600 Technology and Development Walgate, R., "In Vitro Fertilization", Nature Vol.232, 10-
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MSE 600 Technology and Development

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MSE 600 Technology and Development

MSE 600 Technology and Development

MSE 600 Technology and Development

MSE 600 Technology and Development

MSE 600 Technology and Development

MSE 600 Technology and Development

MSE 600 Technology and Development

MSE 600 Technology and Development

MSE 600 Technology and Development

MSE 600 Technology and Development

MSE 600 Technology and Development

TECHNOLOGY IMPACT ASSESSMENT

MSE 600 Technology and Development

TECHNOLOGY IMPACT ASSESSMENT

MSE 600 Technology and Development

TECHNOLOGY IMPACT ASSESSMENT

EVOLUTION & GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY

EVOLUTION & GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY

EVOLUTION & GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY

EVOLUTION & GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY

EVOLUTION & GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY

EVOLUTION & GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY

EVOLUTION & GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY

EVOLUTION & GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY

EVOLUTION & GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY

EVOLUTION & GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY

EVOLUTION & GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY

EVOLUTION & GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY

MSE 600 Technology and Development

EVOLUTION & GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY

MSE 600 Technology and Development

EVOLUTION & GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY

EVOLUTION & GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY

EVOLUTION & GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY

EVOLUTION & GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY

MSE 600 Technology and Development

EVOLUTION & GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY

MSE 600 Technology and Development

EVOLUTION & GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY

EVOLUTION & GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY

EVOLUTION & GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY

EVOLUTION & GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY

EVOLUTION & GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY

EVOLUTION & GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY

MSE 600 Technology and Development

MSE 600 Technology and Development

The Impact of Technology & Business

The Impact of Technology & Business

The Impact of Technology on Society

The Impact of Technology on Society

The Impact of Technology on Business Environment and Society

The Impact of Technology on Business Environment and Society

MSE 600 Technology and Development

The Impact of Technology on Business Environment and Society

The Impact of Technology on Business Environment and Society

The Impact of Technology on Business Environment and Society