A Review Paper On Analysis Of Automobile Radiator

International Conference on Multidisciplinary Research & Practice P a g e | 388
Volume I Issue VIII IJRSI ISSN 2321-2705
A Review Paper on Analysis of Automobile Radiator
Ramesh J. Ladumor1
, Prof. V. Y Gajjar2
, Prof. K.K.Araniya3
Mechanical Engineering Department
Shree S’ad Vidya Mandal Institute of Technology, Bharuch, Gujarat, India
Abstract— An Automotive engine cooling system takes out of
excess heat produced during engine operation. An automobile
cooling system regulates engine surface temperature for engine
optimum efficiency. Recent advancement and development in
engine for power forced engine cooling system to develop new
strategies to improve its performance efficiency. Also to reduce
fuel consumption along with controlling engine emission to
mitigate environmental pollution norms. This paper throws
light on parameters which influence radiator performance
along with reviews some of the conventional and modern
approaches to enhance radiator performance. This review
paper Focus on the various research papers regarding
experimental, CFD and Numerical analysis to improving
automobile radiator efficiency.
Keywords- CFD (computational fluid dynamics), Cooling
System, Radiator.
I. INTRODUCTION
adiators are heat exchangers used to transfer heat or
thermal energy from one medium to another for the
purpose of cooling and heating. Automobile radiator is used
to cool down automotive engine. If it’s not done various
problems like knocking, piston deformation, cylinder
deformation etc. can happen. If radiator works properly
cooling system will work properly in turn engine
performance will increase.
Radiators are used for cooling internal combustion
engines, mainly in automobiles but also in piston-engine
aircraft, railway locomotives, motorcycles, stationary
generating plant or any similar use of such an engine.
Internal combustion engines are often cooled by passing a
liquid called engine coolant through the engine block, where
it is heated, then through the radiator itself where it loses heat
to the atmosphere, and then back to the engine in a closed
loop. Engine coolant is usually water-based, but may also be
oil. It is common to employ a water pump to force the engine
coolant to circulate, and also for an axial fan to force air
through the radiator [22], [23].
Fig.1.Radiator with its Components
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Yiding Cao and KhokiatKengskool [1], had gave
application of the heat pipe in an automotive engine was
introduced. In this application, heat pipes were incorporated
into the radiator of the automotive engine for more efficient
heat transfer. The cooling load of the radiator can be
increased for heavy-duty engines, while the power
consumption of the cooling fan can be reduced for higher
energy efficiency.
Heat pipes including two-phase closed thermo siphon were
two-phase heat transfer devices with an effective thermal
conductance hundreds of times higher than that of copper.
For the terrestrial applications, gravity was often used to
assistant the return of the liquid condensate and no wick
structure was needed inside the heat pipe. A small amount of
working liquid was filled in a tube or other type of container.
Air was evacuated from the container and the container was
sealed. Heat was applied to the evaporator section, which
causes the liquid to vaporize. The vapor then flows from the
hotter section due to the higher vapor pressure to the colder
section of the heat pipe, where it was condensed. The liquid
condensate then returns to the evaporator section from the
condenser section under the assistance of gravity.
Hwa-Ming Nieh, Tun-Ping Teng, Chao-Chieh Yu
R

[2], This study adopts an alumina (Al2O3) and titanium
(TiO2) Nano-coolant to enhance the heat dissipation
performance of an air-cooled radiator. The two-step synthesis
method is used to produce different concentrations of Al2O3
and TiO2/water (W) Nano fluid by using a 0.2 wt. % chitosan
dispersant, and the Nano fluid is mixed with ethylene glycol
(EG) at a 1:1 volume ratio to form NC1 to NC6(Nano
Coolant). The experiments were conducted to measure the
thermal conductivity, viscosity, and specific heat of the NC
with different concentrations of nanoparticles and sample
temperatures, and then the NC was used in an air-cooled
radiator to evaluate its heat dissipation capacity, pressure
drop, and pumping power under different volumetric flow
rates and heating temperatures.
The experimental results show that the heat dissipation
capacity and the EF of NC are higher than EG/W, and that
the TiO2 NC are higher than Al2O3 NC in most of the
experimental data. The enhanced percentage of the average
EF increases as the concentration and volumetric flow rate of
the TiO2 NC increases.
M. Naraki and S.M. Peyghambarzadeh [3], In
this research, the overall heat transfer coefficient of
CuO/water Nano fluids is investigated experimentally under
laminar flow regime (100 _ Re _ 1000) in a car radiator. The
Nano fluids in all the experiments have been stabilized with
variation of pH and use of suitable surfactant. The results
show that the overall heat transfer coefficient with Nano fluid
is more than the base fluid. The overall heat transfer
coefficient increases with the enhancement in the Nano fluid
concentration from 0 to 0.4 vol. %. Conversely, the overall
heat transfer coefficient decreases with increasing the Nano
fluid inlet temperature from 50 to 80 C.
In this article, the experimental overall heat transfer
coefficient in the automobile radiator has been measured
using CuO/water Nano fluid at different air and liquid
volumetric flow rates, various Nano fluid concentrations and
several inlet temperatures of the liquid. Also, the results have
been statistically analyzed using Taguchi method.
Rahul Tarodiya, J. Sarkar, J. V. Tirkey [4], the
used of “Nano fluids” have been developed and these fluids
offer higher heat transfer properties compared to that of
conventional automotive engine coolants. Energetic analyses
as well as theoretical performance analyses of the flat fin
tube automotive radiator using Nano fluids as coolants have
been done to study its performance improvement. Effects of
various operating parameters using Cu, SiC, and Al2O3 and
TiO2 Nano fluids with 80% water-20% ethylene glycol as a
base fluid are presented in this article. Use of Nano fluid as
coolant in radiator improves the effectiveness, cooling
capacity with the reduction in pumping power. SiC-80%
H2O-20% EG (base fluid) yields best performance in radiator
having plate fin geometry followed by Al2O3-base fluid,
TiO2-base fluid and Cu-base fluid. The maximum cooling
improvement for SiC is 18.36%, whereas that for Al2O3 is
17.39%, for TiO2 is 17.05% and for Cu is 13.41% as
coolants. Present study reveals that the Nano fluids may
effectively use as coolant in automotive radiators to improve
the performance.
Efeovbokhan, Vincent Enontiemonria, Ohiozua,
OhiremeNathaniel [5], The cooling properties of a locally
formulated coolant (sample C) vis-a-vis, its boiling
characteristics and specific heat capacity were investigated
alongside with a common coolant-water (as sample A) and a
commercial coolant (sample B). The results of the
investigation showed that sample C gave the best
performance compared to the other two samples A and B: the
boiling points of sample C was 1100C, sample A 1000C, and
sample B 1010C. This means that the possibility of a boil-out
of sample C from the radiator is little compared to samples A
and B. Also, for the same quantity of coolant more heat
would be required to raise sample C to its boiling point than
for samples A and B. In other word, better cooling would be
achieved using sample C.
S.M. Peyghambarzadeh, S.H. Hashemabadi,
S.M. Hoseini , M. Seifi Jamnani [6], Traditionally forced
convection heat transfer in a car radiator is performed to cool
circulating fluid which consisted of water or a mixture of
water and anti-freezing materials like ethylene glycol (EG).
In this paper the heat transfer performance of pure water and
pure EG has been compared with their binary mixtures.
Furthermore, different amounts of Al2O3 nanoparticle have
been added into these base fluids and its effects on the heat
transfer performance of the car radiator have been
determined experimentally. Liquid flow rate has-been
changed in the range of 2–6 l per minute and the fluid inlet
temperature has been changed for all the experiments. The
results demonstrate that Nano fluids clearly enhance heat
transfer compared to their own base fluid. In the best
conditions, the heat transfer enhancement of about 40%
compared to the base fluids has-been recorded.
S.M. Peyghambarzadeh, S.H. Hashemabadi, M.
Naraki, Y. Vermahmoudi, [7], the heat transfer
performance of the automobile radiator is evaluated
experimentally by calculating the overall heat transfer
coefficient (U) according to the conventional ɛ-NTU
Technique. Copper oxide (CuO) and Iron oxide (Fe2O3)
nanoparticles are added to the Water at three concentrations
0.15, 0.4, and 0.65 vol. % with considering the best pH for
longer stability. In these experiments, the liquid side
Reynolds number is varied in the range of 50-1000 and the
inlet liquid to the radiator has a constant temperature which is
changed at 50, 65 and 80 _C. The effects of these variables
on the overall heat transfer coefficient are deeply
investigated.
 Nano fluids showed greater heat transfer
performance comparing with water.
 Increasing liquid and air Re increases the overall

heat transfer coefficient.
 Increasing the inlet liquid temperature decreases the
overall heat transfer coefficient.
D. Madhesh, R. Parameshwaran, S. Kalaiselvam,
[8] an investigate the heat transfer potential and rheological
characteristics of copper–titania hybrid Nano fluids using a
tube in the tube type counter flow heat exchanger. The Nano
fluids were prepared by dispersing the surface functionalized
and crystalline copper–titania hybrid Nano composite in the
base fluid, with volume concentrations ranging from 0.1% to
2.0%. The surface functionalized and highly crystalline
nature of hybrid nano composite have contributed to the
creation of effective thermal interfaces with the fluid
medium, thereby enabling the achievement of achieving
improved thermal conductivity and heat transfer potential of
Nano fluids. The effective thermal conductivity and diffusion
kinetics of hybrid nano composite in the fluid medium paved
the way for the improved heat transfer Characteristics of
hybrid nano fluid.
Navid Bozorgan, Komalangan Krishnakumar,
Nariman Bozorgan [9] , The heat transfer relations between
airflow and Nano fluid coolant have been obtained to
evaluate local convective and overall heat transfer
coefficients and also pumping power for Nano fluid flowing
in the radiator with a given heat exchange capacity. In the
present study, the effects of the automotive speed and
Reynolds number of the Nano fluid in the different volume
concentrations on the radiator performance are also
investigated. The overall heat transfer coefficient of Nano
fluid is greater than that of water alone and therefore the total
heat transfer area of the radiator can be reduced. However,
the considerable increase in associated pumping power may
impose some limitations on the efficient use of this type of
Nano fluid in automotive diesel engine radiators.
L. Syam Sundar, Manoj K. Singh, Igor Bidkin,
Antonio C.M. Sousa [10] , A magnetic Nano fluid was
prepared by dispersing magnetic Ni nanoparticles in distilled
water. The Nano-particles were synthesized by chemical co-
precipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction
and atomic force microscopy. The average particle size was
measured by the dynamic light scattering method. Thermal
conductivity and absolute viscosity of the Nano fluid were
experimentally determined as a function of particle
concentration and temperature. In addition, the Nusselt
number and friction factor were experimentally estimated as
a function of particle concentration and Reynolds number for
constant heat flux condition in forced convection apparatus
with no phase change of the Nano fluid flowing in a tube.
The experiments were conducted for a Reynolds number
range of 3000–22,000, and for a particle concentration range
from 0% to 0.6%. The results indicate that both Nusselt
number and friction factor of the Nano fluid increase with
increasing particle volume concentration and Reynolds
number. For 0.6% volume concentration, the enhancement of
Nusselt number and friction factor is 39.18% and 19.12%,
respectively, as compared to distilled water under the same
flow conditions. It was verified the classical Gnielinski and
Notter–Rouse correlations under predict the Nusselt number
of the Nano fluid; therefore, new generalized correlations are
proposed for the estimation of the Nusselt number and
friction factor based on the experimental data.
Changhua Lin, Jeffrey Saunders, Simon Watkins
[11], A theoretical model for the calculation of Specific
Dissipation (SD) was developed. Based on the model, the
effect of ambient and coolant radiator inlet temperatures on
SD has been predicted. Results indicate that the effect of
ambient and coolant inlet temperature variation on SD is
small (less than 2%) when ambient temperature varies
between 10 and 50°C and coolant radiator inlet temperature
between 60 and 120°C. The effect of coolant flow rate on SD
is larger if there is a larger flow rate variation. Experimental
results indicate that a 1 % variation at 1.0 L/s will cause
about ±0.6% SD Variation. Therefore the flow rate should be
carefully controlled.
Shaolin Maoa, Changrui Cheng, Xianchang Li,
Efstathios E. Michaelides [12], A thermal/structural
coupling approach is applied to analyze thermal performance
and predict the thermal stress of a radiator for heavy-duty
transportation cooling systems. Bench test and field test data
show that non-uniform temperature gradient and dynamic
pressure loads may induce large thermal stress on the
radiator. A finite element analysis (FEA) tool is used to
predict the strains and displacement of radiator based on the
solid wall temperature, wall-based fluid film heat transfer
coefficient and pressure drop. These are obtained from a
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The FEA
results predict the maximum value of stress/strain and target
locations for possible structural failure and the results
obtained are consistent with experimental observations. The
results demonstrate that the coupling thermal/structural
analysis is a powerful tool applied to heavy-duty cooling
product design to improve the radiator thermal performance,
durability and reliability under rigid working environment.
M.M. Elias, I.M. Mahbubul, R. Saidur, M.R.
Sohel, I.M. Shahrul, S.S. Khaleduzzaman, S. Sadeghipour
[13] , Nano fluid is a new type of heat transfer fluid with
superior thermal performance characteristics, which is very
promising for thermal engineering applications. This paper
presents new findings on the thermal conductivity, viscosity,
density, and specific heat of Al2O3 Nano particles dispersed
into water and ethylene glycol based coolant used in car
radiator. The Nano fluids were prepared by the two-step
method by using an ultrasonic homogenizer with no
surfactants. Thermal conductivity, viscosity, density, and
specific heat have been measured at different volume
concentrations (i.e. 0 to 1 vol. %) of nanoparticles and
various temperature ranges (i.e. from 10 °C to 50 °C). It was

found that thermal conductivity, viscosity, and density of the
Nano fluid increased with the increase of volume
concentrations. However, specific heat of Nano fluid was
found to be decreased with the increase of nanoparticle
volume concentrations. Moreover, by increasing the
temperature, thermal conductivity and specific heat were
observed to be intensified, while the viscosity and density
were decreased.
Adnan M. Hussein, R.A. Bakar, K. Kadirgama,
K.V. Sharma [14], The increasing demand of Nano fluids in
industrial applications has led to increased attention from
many researchers. In this paper, heat transfer enhancement
using TiO2 and SiO2 nano powders suspended in pure water
is presented. The test setup includes a car radiator, and the
effects on heat transfer enhancement under the operating
conditions are analyzed under laminar flow conditions. The
volume flow rate, inlet temperature and Nano fluid volume
concentration are in the range of 2–8 LPM, 60–80 °C and 1–
2% respectively. The results showed that the Nusselt number
increased with volume flow rate and slightly increased with
inlet temperature and Nano fluid volume concentration. The
regression equation for input (volume flow rate, inlet
temperature and Nano fluid volume concentration) and
response (Nusselt number) was found. The results of the
analysis indicated that significant input parameters to
enhance heat transfer with car radiator. These experimental
results were found to be in good agreement with other
researchers' data, with a deviation of only approximately 4%.
Adnan M. Hussein, R.A.Bakar, K.Kadirgama
[15], The heat transfer enhancement for many industrial
applications by adding solid Nano- particles to liquids is
significant topics in the last10years.This article included the
friction factor and forced convection heat transfer of SiO2
Nano particle dispersed in water as a base fluid conducted in
a car radiator experimentally and numerically. Four different
concentrations of Nano fluids in the range of 1–2.5 vol%
have been used. The flow rate changed in the range of 2–8
LPM to have Reynolds number with the range 500–1750.
The results showed that the friction factor decreases with an
increase in flow rate and increase with increasing in volume
concentration. Furthermore, the inlet temperature to the
radiator has in significantly affected to the friction factor. On
the other side, Nusselt number increases with increasing in
flow rate, Nano fluid volume concentration and inlet
temperature. Meanwhile, application of SiO2 Nano fluid with
low concentration scan enhance heat transfer rate up to 50%
as a comparison with pure water. The simulation results
compared with experimental data, and there is a good
agreement. Likewise, these results compared to other
investigators to be validated.
C. Oliet, A. Oliva, J. Castro, C.D. Perez-Segarra
[16], A set of parametric studies performed on automotive
radiators by means of a detailed rating and design heat
exchanger model developed by the authors. This numerical
tool has been previously verified and validated using a wide
experimental data bank. A first part of the analysis focuses
on the influence of working conditions on both fluids (mass
flows, inlet temperatures) and the impact of the selected
coolant fluid. Following these studies, the influence of some
geometrical parameters is analyzed (fin pitch, louver angle)
as well as the importance of coolant flow lay-out on the
radiator global performance. This work provides an overall
behavior report of automobile radiators working at usual
range of operating conditions, while significant knowledge-
based design conclusions have also been reported. The
results show the utility of this numerical model as a rating
and design tool for heat exchangers manufacturers, being a
reasonable compromise between classic Ԑ-NTU methods and
CFD.
Rahul A. Bhogare B. S. Kothawale [17], Nano
fluids are potential heat transfer fluids with enhanced thermo
physical properties and heat transfer performance can be
applied in many devices for better performances (i.e. energy,
heat transfer and other performances). Evaluating the heat
transfer enhancement due to the use of Nano fluids has
recently become the center of interest for many researchers.
This newly introduced category of cooling fluids containing
ultrafine nanoparticles (1–100 nm) has displayed fascinating
behavior during experiments including increased thermal
conductivity and augmented heat transfer coefficient
compared to a pure fluid. In this paper, a comprehensive
literature on the applications and challenges of Nano fluids
have been compiled and reviewed in Automobile sector.
A. Witry, M.H. Al-Hajeri, Ali A. Bondok [18], the
thermal performance of an automotive radiator plays an
important role in the performance of an automobile cooling
system and all other associated systems. For a number of
years, this component has suffered from little attention with
very little changing in its manufacturing cost, operation and
geometry. As opposed to the old tubular heat exchanger
configurations used in automotive radiators, plate heat
exchangers currently form the backbone of today's process
industry with their advanced performance Reaching levels
the designers of tubular heat exchangers can only dream of
the aluminums roll-bonding technique widely used in
manufacturing the cooling compartments for domestic
refrigeration units is one of the cheapest methods for heat
exchanger manufacturing. Using this technique, it is possible
to manufacture a wide range of heat exchanger
configurations that can help augment heat transfer whilst
reducing pressure drops. CFD results obtained for a patterned
plate heat exchanger using the CFD code FLUENT show
tremendous levels of possible performance improvement on
both sides of the heat exchanger.
For the internal flow, heat transfer augmentation caused by
the repetitive impingement against the dimple obstructions
renders such geometries equal to those of aerospace industry

pin-fins whilst lowering pressure drops due to the wider
cross-sectional areas. For the external flows, the wider and
wavy nature of the surface area increases heat transfer
leaving the addition of extra surface roughness add-ons as an
option.
S.M. Peyghambarzadeh, S.H. Hashemabadi, M.
Seifi Jamnani, S.M. Hoseini [19], In this paper, forced
convective heat transfer in a water based Nano fluid has
experimentally been compared to that of pure water in an
automobile radiator. Five different concentrations of Nano
fluids in the range of 0.1-1 vol. % have been prepared by the
addition of Al2O3 nanoparticles into the water. The test liquid
flows through the radiator consisted of 34 vertical tubes with
elliptical cross section and air makes a cross flow inside the
tube bank with constant speed. Liquid flow rate has been
changed in the Range of 2-5 lit/min to have the fully
turbulent regime (9*103
< Re< 2.3*104
). Additionally, the
effect of fluid inlet temperature to the radiator on heat
transfer coefficient has also been analyzed by varying the
temperature in the range of 37-490
C. Results demonstrate
that increasing the fluid circulating rate can improve the heat
transfer performance while the fluid inlet temperature to the
radiator has trivial effects. Meanwhile, application of Nano
fluid with low concentrations can enhance heat transfer
efficiency up to 45% in comparison with pure water.
Gokhan Sevilgen, Muhsin Kilic [20], A three-
dimensional steady-state numerical analysis was performed
in a room heated by two-panel radiators. A virtual sitting
manikin with real dimensions and physiological shape was
added to the model of the room, and it was assumed that the
manikin surfaces were subjected to constant temperature.
Two different heat transfer coefficients for the outer wall and
for the window were considered. Heat interactions between
the human body surfaces and the room environment, the air
flow, the temperature, the humidity, and the local heat
transfer characteristics of the manikin and the room surfaces
were computed numerically under different environmental
conditions. Comparisons of the results are presented and
discussed. The results show that energy consumption can be
significantly reduced while increasing the thermal comfort by
using better-insulated outer wall materials and windows.
S. Vithayasai, T. Kiatsiriroa, A. Nuntaphan [21],
the effect of electric field on the performance of automobile
radiator is investigated in this work. In this experiment, a
louvered fin and flat tube automobile radiator was mounted
in a wind tunnel and there was heat exchange between a hot
water stream circulating inside the tube and a cold air stream
flowing through the external surface. The electric field was
supplied on the airside of the heat exchanger and its supply
voltage was adjusted from 0 kV to 12 kV. From the
experiment, it was found that the unit with electric field
pronounced better heat transfer rate, especially at low frontal
velocity of air. The correlations for predicting the air-side
heat transfer coefficient of the automobile radiator, with and
without electric field, at low frontal air velocity were also
developed and the predicted results agreed very well with the
experimental data.
III. CONCLUSIONS
From the review of literature, it can be analyzed the
Automobile radiator cooling system is very important in an
internal combustion engine. From literature survey, different
findings are concluded.
 The efficiency of radiator increase by inserting heat
pipe in radiator core.
 The heat capacity dissipation and the efficiency
factor (EF) of Nano coolant (NC) are higher than
ethyl glycol-water (EG/W), and the TiO2 NC are
higher than Al2O3 NC. The overall heat transfer
coefficient increases with enhancing volumetric
flow rate of the Nano fluid significantly.
 Cooling capacity and effectiveness increase with
increase in mass flow rate of air and coolant. Also
increasing the inlet liquid temperature decreases the
overall heat transfer coefficient.
 The overall heat transfer coefficient decreases with
increasing inlet temperature of the Nano fluid.
 Nano fluid offer higher heat-transfer properties
compared to that of conventional automotive engine
coolant.
 Requirement of pumping power reduce with the use
of Nano fluid in radiator.
 A blend of 50/50 mix of water and ethylene glycol
in which corrosion inhibitors have been
incorporated is much more effective than using
water and ethylene glycol alone. While water alone
is good coolant but the enormous corrosion
problems associated with it, is enough to discourage
its use.
 The heat transfer behaviour of the Nano fluid were
highly depended on the particle concentration, the
flow condition and depended on the temperature.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to express my special thank of
gratitude to my teacher as well as Principal, H.O.D and
teaching staff of mechanical engineering department for
providing their valuable guidance and overwhelming support
to carrying out this work.
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and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 – 8958,
Volume-2, Issue-3, February 2013.
[24] Upendra Kulshrestha, Gaurav Kumar Manu Augustine and
Sanjay Mittal, “CFD Analysis of Automobile Radiator – A
Review”. International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622.

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