Exploring the Fascinating World of Orchids: A Journey into the Orchidaceae Family

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The Orchidaceae family, commonly known as orchids, is a diverse and captivating group of flowering plants. With over 28,000 species, orchids exhibit an astonishing array of forms, colors, and fragrances. From the iconic Phalaenopsis to the exotic Vanda, orchids can be found in a wide range of habitats, from tropical rainforests to temperate grasslands. Renowned for their intricate blooms and unique reproductive strategies, orchids have captured the imagination of botanists, artists, and collectors for centuries. This family offers endless opportunities for exploration and discovery, making it a fascinating subject for study and appreciation.

ORCHIDACEAE
The Orchid Family
Mostly epiphytic or
terrestrial perennial
herbs
15-20,000 species in
about 800 genera
Widespread distribution
Orchids are abundant in
the tropics, where they
are often epiphytic
Orchids are less common in cooler
temperate areas, where they have
a terrestrial habit
Spiranthes lucida
Liparis hawaiensis

Vegetative morphology
roots with velamen
pseudobulbs
Leaves 2-ranked, simple, entire, and coarsely
veined
 Stems often basally thickened, forming a
pseudobulb (internode thickening) in
epiphytes
Roots of epiphytes have a multi-layered,
water-absorbing epidermis composed of dead
cells called velamen (harbor mycorrhizal fungi)
 Mycorrhizal associates universal in roots

Floral morphology Ca 3 Co z
2 + 1 A 1 - 2 G ( 3 )
Perianth of 6 tepals in two
whorls of three or sometimes
with a distinct calyx & corolla
 Flowers strikingly zygomorphic
Median petal larger and often
spurred or variously colored =
lip or labellum.
 Flowers often resupinate

Calopogon, a common bog orchid of the northeastern US.
Non-resupinate flower of grass pink
resupinate

Floral morphology,
continued
Ca 3 Co z
2 + 1 A 1 - 2 G ( 3 )
 Androecium of commonly 1 (primitively 2) stamen; usually pollen in 1 or 2
masses called pollinia.
 Gynoecium of 3 united carpels; ovules numerous; ovary inferior
 Stigma, style and the androecium are fused into a complex structure, the
column or gynandrium
 Stigma 3-lobed, usually with a sterile central lobe called a rostellum

Exploring the Fascinating World of Orchids: A Journey into the Orchidaceae Family

Fruit is a capsule with
abundant minute seeds
(several hundred per fruit)

Ophrys spp. - a genus well-known for
its bee-mimic flowers
Floral adaptation and pollination

Angraecum sesquipedale - Darwin’s orchid
Xanthopan sp.
Floral adaptation and pollination

Vanilla planifolia is the source
of the vanilla flavoring
Economic importance

Brassoleiocattleya - the trigeneric hybrid
Economic importance

Orchidaceae -
Local Flora
Cypripedium acaule
Epipactis
helleborine*
Calypso bulbosa

Local members of the Orchidaceae
Spiranthes cernua
nodding ladies tresses
Isotria verticillata
Large whorled pogonia
Pogonia ophioglossoides
Rose pogonia

Orchidaceae, in the monocot order Asparagales

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Exploring the Fascinating World of Orchids: A Journey into the Orchidaceae Family

1. ORCHIDACEAE

2. ORCHIDACEAE The Orchid Family Mostly epiphytic or terrestrial perennial herbs 15-20,000 species in about 800 genera Widespread distribution Orchids are abundant in the tropics, where they are often epiphytic Orchids are less common in cooler temperate areas, where they have a terrestrial habit Spiranthes lucida Liparis hawaiensis

3. Vegetative morphology roots with velamen pseudobulbs Leaves 2-ranked, simple, entire, and coarsely veined  Stems often basally thickened, forming a pseudobulb (internode thickening) in epiphytes Roots of epiphytes have a multi-layered, water-absorbing epidermis composed of dead cells called velamen (harbor mycorrhizal fungi)  Mycorrhizal associates universal in roots

4. Floral morphology Ca 3 Co z 2 + 1 A 1 - 2 G ( 3 ) Perianth of 6 tepals in two whorls of three or sometimes with a distinct calyx & corolla  Flowers strikingly zygomorphic Median petal larger and often spurred or variously colored = lip or labellum.  Flowers often resupinate

5. Calopogon, a common bog orchid of the northeastern US. Non-resupinate flower of grass pink resupinate

6. Floral morphology, continued Ca 3 Co z 2 + 1 A 1 - 2 G ( 3 )  Androecium of commonly 1 (primitively 2) stamen; usually pollen in 1 or 2 masses called pollinia.  Gynoecium of 3 united carpels; ovules numerous; ovary inferior  Stigma, style and the androecium are fused into a complex structure, the column or gynandrium  Stigma 3-lobed, usually with a sterile central lobe called a rostellum

9. Fruit is a capsule with abundant minute seeds (several hundred per fruit)

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11. Angraecum sesquipedale - Darwin’s orchid Xanthopan sp. Floral adaptation and pollination

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14. Orchidaceae - Local Flora Cypripedium acaule Epipactis helleborine* Calypso bulbosa

15. Local members of the Orchidaceae Spiranthes cernua nodding ladies tresses Isotria verticillata Large whorled pogonia Pogonia ophioglossoides Rose pogonia

16. Orchidaceae, in the monocot order Asparagales

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