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- 1. FAMILY ORCHIDACEAE GAUHAR NAYAB REG# BO220172016 DEPARTMENT BOTANY SEMESTER MSC2nd SUBMITTED TO MA’AM GHAZALA NAWAZ DATE JULY 4Th ,2018
- 3. ORCHID FAMILY • SYSTEMATIC POSITION Kingdom Plantae Phylum Magnoliophyta Class Liliopsida Family Orchidaceae
- 4. CHARACTERS OF ORCHIDACEAE • Perennial herbs, epiphytes or saprophytes may be terrestrial; • flowers zygomorphic, hermaphrodite, epigynous; • perianth 6 in two whorls, the posterior segment of the inner whorl developed as lip or labellum; • presence of peculiar structures – Labium, column and Rostellum; • Stamens 1-2, one or two staminode pollengrains united into pollinia;
- 5. • gynoecium tricarpellary, inferior unilocular with parietal placentation; the fertile stamen is adherent to the style and forms with it the column or gynandrium, which projects more or less in the centre of flower; Stigma 2 or 3 lobed, in some two fertile and one sterile and modified into rostellum
- 6. SIZE,DISTRIBUTION & GENERAL INFORMATION • Orchidaceae is one of the largest family of the flowering plants, represented by about 1000 genera and 20,000 species which are cosmopolitan but primarily distributed in tropical areas. • Its members are rare in arctic regions. • In Indian and Pakistan flora it is the second largest family represented by about 130 genera and 800 species, distributed mainly in eastern Himalayas, Western Ghats and Khaki hills.
- 7. SIZE,DISTRIBUTION & GENERAL INFORMATION • This is the family of greatest variety of flowers among flowering plants. Orchids flowers are known for their strange shape, longevity and beautiful look. Some of the largely represented genera along with the number of their approximately reported species are Dendrobium (1500), Habenaria (600), Vanda (60), etc…..
- 9. Orchids can be divided into four types according to growing condition • Epiphytic orchids ;The Orchids that grow on trees are called epiphytes. They are air plants gaining nourishment from debris that collects on the tree bark and moisture from the air. They are not parasites and they have thickened leaves and stem to store water. • Terrestrial Orchids grow on the ground. Their roots are always moist, humid or wet.
- 10. Orchids can be divided into four types according to growing condition • Lithophytes - The rock growers, cling to the surfaces of rocks. • . Saprophytes- Those that grow in mulch, often on the forest floor
- 11. Orchid can be divided into two basic growth types • Monopodial (one footed) have a main stem which counties to grow year after. (Eg. Phalaenopsis, Renonthera, Vanda, etc.) • Sympodial (many footed) The Plant produces a series of adjacement shoots which grow to a certain size, bloom, then stop growing to be replaced by the next growth. (Eg. Cattleya, Cymbidium)
- 12. MONOPODIAL
- 13. SYMPODIAL
- 14. DISCRIPTION OF THE FAMILY • VEGETATIVE CHARACTERS GENERAL HABIT Perennial herbs; either terrestrial (Orchids), epiphytic(Cattleya) or saprophytic(Neottia); Orchids in temprate region are mainly terrestrial while those in tropical regions are mainly epiphytic; sometime climbers (bulbophyllum, Vanilla;….
- 17. • ROOTS; • Adventitious, tuberous, (Orchis), fleshy, climbing or aerial. Main roots always absent. • Stem: • Erect, sometimes climbing or trailing, annual in terrestrial forms, perennial in epiphytic forms; generally thickened into rhizome or pseudobulbs (Phajus, Bulbophyllum), bearing aerial assimilatory roots. (Taeniophyllum). VEGETATIVE CHARACTERS
- 18. ADVANTATIOUS AND FIBROUS ROOTS
- 19. ERECT STEM
- 20. VEGETATIVE CHARACTERS • LEAF • Simple, alternate, rarely opposite; sometime rudueced to achlorophylous scales as in saprophytic species . • Usually fleshy and linear to ovate in shape, often encircling the stem ; foliage leave absent in some species of Dendrophylax; only a single leaf per shoot is present in Pleurothallis.
- 21. ALTERNATE & OPPOSITE LEAF
- 22. floral CHARACTERS • Inflorescence; • Solitary or spike, racemes or panicle (Oncidium).
- 23. floral CHARACTERS • Flower: • Flowers are of variable and peculiar, shape, size and colour, often showy, bracteate, zygororphic, bisexual or rarely unisexual, eipgynous, trimerous, mostly resupinate i.e. twisted to 180° or upside down.
- 24. BRACTEATE FLOWER
- 27. floral CHARACTERS • Perianth: • Tepals 6, in two whorls of each, outer 3 tapals (representing calyx); inner 3 tepals coloured (representing corolla), dissimilar-the 2 lateral or wings like, the third posterior tepals is lightly modified often projected basally the labellum or lip; broad, shoe-like spursed, tubular, butterfly shaped or variously branched and contributing most of the beauty of the flower.
- 28. floral CHARACTERS • The labellum is actually posterior it comes to lie on the anterior side of the flower due to twisting (or resupinationl) of the inferior ovary through 180°.
- 29. SHOWING PERIANTH
- 30. floral CHARACTERS • ANDROECIUM • Represented by 2 fused lateral stamens or 1 terminal stamen, anther dithecous, introse; pollen grain granular or bound together by viscin theards into masses called POLLINIA . • Stigma style and stamens are adnate to form a single , highly complex structure called column or gynandrium (which represents the most characteristics part of the orchids flower)
- 31. floral CHARACTERS • In several orchids(Zeuxine) a pair of pollinia remain connected to the glandula or corpusculum with the help of a stalk called caudicle. • A connection between the ovary and stamen is made by ROSTELLUM. Sometimes staminodes are also present.
- 33. ANDROCIUM
- 34. SHOWING THE FLORAL PARTS OF ORCHIDS
- 35. floral CHARACTERS • GYNOECIUM • Tricarpellary, syncarpous, ovary inferior, unilocular, parietal placentation, rarely trilocular and axile placentation (Apostasia); stigmas 3, of which 2 lateral are often fertile, the third stigma is sterile forming a small beaked outgrowth – the rostellum lying in the centre of column between the anther and fertile stigma. In Cypripedium and Paphiopedium, all the 3 stigmas are functional.
- 38. floral CHARACTERs • FRUITS AND SEEDS • Fruit usually a capsule, containing a very large number of very small, non endospermic seed which are distributed easily by wind.
- 39. floral CHARACTERs • POLLINATION • Flowers of Orchidaceae are well adopted for insect pollination because of several characters, such as large size, pleasant smell, and presence of nectar secreted in nectary or sac like rotellum . • When an insect enters the flower the pollina get attached to its body by their caudicles. • When this insect visits another flower, it may deposit the pollen grains on its stigmatic surface below the rostellum thus completing the process of pollination.
- 40. Floral FORMULA
- 41. 1. Food: • During scarcity the tuberous roots of Habenaria susannae and Orchis latifolia are used as food. 2. Flavor: • The capsules of Vanilla planifolia V. fragrans yield commercial ‘Vanilla’ a flavouring agent for chocolate and confectionary. 3. Medicine: • The root-stocks of Eulophia epidendraeas are used as vermifage. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ORCHIDACEAC
- 42. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF Orchidaceac • 4. Dye: • The leaves of Calanthe veratrifolia contain a glycoside ‘indican’, which on hydrolysis yields ‘indigo blue’. • 5. Ornamentals: • Many orchids are cultivated in the green houses for their beautiful sweet-scented flowers of various forms, shapes with highly attractive labellum of various hues and bright colours. The orchid flowers are in great demand and are much more sought after than any other flowers.
- 43. Primitive characters 1. Plants are perennial by means of pseudobulbs or root-tubers. • 2. Leaves simple. • 3. Presence of large, coloured and scented flowers. • 4. Flowers solitary, terminal and bisexual. • 5. Parietal placentation. • 6. Entomophilous pollination. • 7. Ovules numerous.
- 44. ADVANCE CHARACTERS • 1. It is an immense family of 20000 species. • 2. Plants only herbs that are widely distributed and successfully invaded in various situations. Cosmopolitan all over the globe. • 3. Leaves exstipulate. • 4. Adventitious roots-variously modified. • 5. Flowers of diverse shape, size and colour, small and incospicuous. • 6. Flowers zygomorphic due to labellum, which is variously modified. • 7. Epigynous flowers.
- 45. ADVANCE CHARACTERS • 8. Reduction in number of stamens to two or one. • 9. Adhesion of stamens with style and stigma to form- column. • 10. Gynoecium 3, syncarpous and inferior. • 11. Reduction in the number of fertile lobes of stigma to 2. • 12. Modification of third sterile lobe of stigma into a structure called restellum. • 13. Pollen-grains are agglutinate into pollinia. • 14. Fruit is a simple capsule. • 15. Seeds non-endospermic, minute-and light in weight.
- 46. ESY
Editor's Notes
- Orchids can be divided into four types according to growing condition