The last three kings of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty were Philip III, Philip IV, and Charles II. This period was marked by economic and demographic crisis for Spain due to wars, disease, and the expulsion of the Moriscos. However, Spanish culture flourished. Charles II died without an heir in 1700, leading to the War of Spanish Succession and the replacement of the Habsburgs with the Bourbon dynasty as rulers of Spain. The inbreeding of the Habsburgs also left Charles II physically and mentally disabled.
The document discusses nanotechnology, including its definition as manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular scale through chemistry, physics, and engineering. It provides examples of nanotechnology applications such as thin film solar cells, nanorobots for removing cancer genes from blood cells, and contact lenses with built-in cameras. The document also discusses how various fields like energy, medicine, electronics, and defense would be impacted without nanotechnology and provides websites for more information.
Nanotechnology refers to manipulating matter on the nanoscale, which is 1 to 100 nanometers. Richard Feynman first suggested in 1959 that devices could be built atom by atom. Nanotechnology was popularized by K Eric Drexler in 1986. It has since exploded in research and applications. Nanotechnology works at the nanoscale and can be used across many fields like chemistry, biology, physics and engineering. It deals with small sizes that exhibit unique properties due to their size. Control of structure and composition at the nanoscale allows control of properties. Nanotechnology has many applications in medicine, energy, fabrics, technology and consumer goods. It promises to revolutionize these fields by enabling targeted drug delivery, more efficient solar panels and batteries
Richard Feynman introduced the concept of nanotechnology in 1959 when he suggested there is plenty of room for building things at the smallest scales. Nanotechnology involves constructing and engineering functional systems at the atomic or molecular scale, between 1 to 100 nanometers. Key discoveries in nanotechnology include buckyballs, spherical carbon molecules, and carbon nanotubes, hollow structures made of linked carbon atoms. Nanotechnology has applications in electronics, medicine, cancer treatment, surgery, the military, agriculture, sports equipment, and LEDs. India is working to develop nanotechnology through initiatives like the National Initiative on Nanomaterials.
Nanophysics is the study of phenomena and manipulation of structures at the nanoscale (1-100 nanometers). It involves physics, chemistry, biology and engineering at the molecular level. Some key applications of nanophysics include medicine for targeted drug delivery, environmental remediation using nano-membranes, energy storage and conversion, electronics manufacturing, and novel consumer products. Carbon nanotubes are an example that demonstrate extraordinary properties like strength and heat/electrical conductivity at the nanoscale, but defects can reduce these properties.
Application of nanotechnology in agriculture Amit Bishnoi
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the application of nanotechnology in agriculture. The seminar outline includes an introduction to nanotechnology, nanoparticles, applications of nanotechnology, and nanotechnology in agriculture and allied sciences. Some specific applications discussed are nano-fertilizers, nano-pesticides, precision farming using nano-sensors, crop improvement using nanoparticles for gene delivery, and environmental remediation using nanoparticles to detect and remove contaminants. Both the positive impacts like improved nutrient use efficiency and targeted delivery of agrochemicals, as well as potential negative impacts like toxicity, are mentioned.
nanotechnology presentation in college (b.tech)Prashant Singh
Nanotechnology refers to constructing and engineering functional systems at the atomic scale, around 1 to 100 nanometers. The field was first introduced in 1959 and has since seen advances like the scanning tunneling microscope and discovery of fullerenes. Government funding for nanotechnology research in India has increased from 350 crores in 2002-2006 to over 200 million currently under the Department of Science and Technology. Potential applications of nanotechnology include medicine, manufacturing, defense, and environmental remediation. In medicine, nanotechnology could help target drug delivery, tissue repair, and create "nanorobots" to aid the body. However, risks need to be addressed regarding long term impact within the body and environment.
Nanotechnology Advantages and DisadvantagesK.SURYA SAGAR
This document provides an introduction to nanomaterials and nanotechnology. It defines nanomaterials as particles between 1-100 nm made of organic or inorganic materials. Nanotechnology was first discussed in 1959 and the term was coined in 1974. The document outlines how nanotechnology is used in various fields like carbon nanotubes, medicine, IT, sensors, computers, and solar cells due to unusual material properties at the nanoscale. Advantages include stronger, lighter, cheaper and more durable materials while disadvantages include potential health issues from particles and increased weapons capabilities and pollution.
Nanotechnology involves working at the atomic and molecular scale to control matter. It has applications across many fields including electronics, energy, materials science, and life sciences. Some key advantages are that nanomaterials can have improved properties and devices can be made much smaller and more powerful. However, there are also disadvantages such as potential health risks from inhalation of nanoparticles and high costs. The future of nanotechnology includes developments in areas like smart wearables, displays, and phones that will become more functional yet smaller through nanoscale engineering.
Nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling and manipulating matter at the nanoscale of approximately 1 to 100 nanometers. It allows scientists to see and manufacture materials at the atomic scale using techniques like scanning tunneling microscopes. Nanotechnology has applications in electronics such as transistors and displays, energy with batteries and solar cells, materials like carbon nanotubes, and life sciences for targeted drug delivery and tissue regeneration. Advocates argue it will lead to stronger, lighter and cheaper materials while critics warn of potential environmental and health risks from nanomaterials. The future of nanotechnology is predicted to include electronic paper, morphing devices and smart contact lenses that will transform many everyday objects over the next century.
This document discusses the use of nanotechnology in bioremediation. It begins by introducing bioremediation and some common remediation methods like ex situ and in situ techniques. It then discusses how nanotechnology tools can help overcome challenges with bioremediation by increasing bioavailability and contaminant solubility using techniques like iron nanoparticles, nano sorbers, single-enzyme nanoparticles, and zero-valent iron nanoparticles. The document concludes by covering how nanotechnology is being applied in industry for treatment, sensing, and pollution prevention.
Nanotechnology shows promise for protecting the environment in several ways:
1. Nanoparticles can be used to make more efficient solar cells, wind turbine blades, and batteries to help transition to renewable energy.
2. Nanomaterials have properties that allow for more effective water treatment, such as through filtration and photocalytic disinfection.
3. Nanocatalysts can help reduce pollution by enabling more effective catalytic converters and chemical production processes.
However, there is still uncertainty around the environmental impacts of nanomaterials. Their large surface area means nanoparticles could interact with the environment in unexpected ways, and some core nanomaterials are toxic. More research is needed to evaluate risks and ensure nanotechnologies are developed and managed
X ray spectroscopy tools for the characterization of nanoparticlesmd islam
This document discusses various x-ray spectroscopy techniques for characterizing nanoparticles, focusing on x-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. It provides an overview of XRD principles and applications, including Bragg's law, instrumentation, peak analysis to determine structure and composition, and limitations when analyzing nanomaterials due to lack of long-range order. The document also discusses other x-ray techniques like XPS and XRF spectroscopy before concluding that XRD is a powerful tool for determining properties like phase, orientation, stress, and crystallite size in nanoparticle samples.
This document provides an overview of nanotechnology, including definitions, history, applications, and health impacts. Nanotechnology involves engineering at the molecular level between 1 to 100 nanometers. It has a variety of applications, including carbon nanotubes, molecular electronics, quantum dots, and more efficient energy generation. While many nanotechnology applications pose no new health risks, some free nanoparticles may have negative health impacts due to their small size and chemical properties. The document outlines the history and development of nanotechnology from 1959 to present.
Nanorobotics involves the design and use of robots at the nanoscale level. Key points include:
- Nanorobots are designed to perform tasks at the nanometer scale and are made of components like carbon nanotubes.
- They have a variety of potential medical applications like cancer treatment, breaking up kidney stones, and restoring artery health.
- Challenges include powering nanobots, controlling them, and ensuring they function safely inside the human body.
- Future developments could include using nanobots to repair equipment in space or detect hazardous microbes in the environment.
Nanophysics summarizes the physics of materials at the nanoscale (1-100 nm). It describes how properties change at this scale due to surface effects dominating over bulk properties. The document classifies nano materials based on dimensionality and provides examples such as quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, nanofilms and graphite. It discusses top-down and bottom-up synthesis techniques and outlines applications in areas like medicine, computers, electronics and textiles.
Dos perros entraron a una casa abandonada y encontraron una habitación llena de espejos. El primer perro se sintió cómodo con los reflejos y regresó varias veces, mientras que el segundo perro se sintió amenazado por los reflejos y nunca volvió. Un letrero afuera de la casa reveló que era "La casa de los muchos espejos".
Este documento contiene una lista de 15 platillos y recetas de cocina, incluyendo pechugas a la cordon bleu, volteado de piña, paté con queso crema, costillas al pastor, huevos benedictine al curry, pechugas en salsa de brócoli, brownies, carlota, banana split, sushi, pastel azteca, burritos de carne, pizza, empanadas de piña y empanadas de camarón. Además, incluye las instrucciones detalladas y los ingredientes para preparar algunas de estas rec
Donahí es una chica de 14 años que practica patinaje de velocidad. Vive en San Nicolás con sus padres, que trabajan como profesor y ama de casa, y sus hermanos. Le gusta comer pizza y dibujar en su tiempo libre. Su meta es competir en un mundial o panamericano de patinaje.
Using Glow Meet to Connect Learning Professionals - Lessons from The Access N...dafc1885
The document discusses using Glow Meet to connect learning professionals. It describes The Access Network and how they use Flashmeetings. It also looks at Glow Groups and Glow Meet on the Glow Portal. Finally, it considers how to build and sustain online communities and compares various tools on the open web that can be used, including edublogs, Wikispaces, Skype, Ning, Twitter, and Google.
Seminar Nasional thermofluid VI 2014 JokjakartaHendra Dinata
Seminar Nasional Thermofluid VI 2014 diselenggarakan oleh Jurusan Teknik Mesin dan Industri Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada pada 29 April 2014 di Yogyakarta. Seminar ini menerima 51 abstrak yang kemudian direview untuk diterima atau direvisi, dengan topik yang meliputi Combustion Engineering, Energy and Renewable Energy, Fluid Mechanics, Heat-Mass Transfer, Internal Combustion Engines, dan Multiphase Flow.
This document discusses various insect pests and methods for their control. It describes the life cycles and symptoms caused by cabbage white butterflies, wireworms, cockchafer grubs, turnip flea beetles, codling moths, apple sawflies, vine weevils, brown-tail moths, European pine sawflies, aphids, whiteflies, scales, slugs, snails, spider mites, and root knot nematodes. Control methods include biological controls using parasites, predators and nematodes, as well as chemical controls using approved insecticides and nematicides applied at different life stages of the pests.
Gandia: Melhor Que O Orkut E Paga Pelo Sua Participação.peler
O documento descreve uma nova proposta de rede social chamada Gândia, que visa oferecer um ambiente online seguro e completo para relacionamentos. Os usuários poderiam fazer transações financeiras através de uma conta bancária online na plataforma. A meta é atrair 6 milhões de usuários até o final de 2007 através de um modelo de marketing multinível, substituindo gradualmente o Orkut.
The document outlines 5 rules for students at Carmen 6.a School: 1) Don't run in the school to avoid falls and injuries, 2) Don't smoke or drink alcohol on school grounds, 3) Don't play with matches to prevent fires, 4) Don't hurt others or damage property, 5) Be respectful towards teachers and fellow students.
The Sharks had a successful 2007 Super Rugby season, defeating local rivals the Bulls and Stormers as well as overseas teams the Waratahs, Highlanders, Crusaders, Hurricanes, Reds, and Blues. Their only home loss was to the Brumbies, while they also lost away matches against the Force and Chiefs. They finished the season by defeating the Blues in the semi-final to qualify for the 2007 Super Rugby final.
Este documento resume varios movimientos artísticos vanguardistas como el futurismo, el cubismo y el surrealismo. También describe los movimientos literarios del novecentismo/generación del 14 y la generación del 27 en España. La generación del 27 se caracterizó por mezclar la tradición con lo moderno y admirar la obra de Luis de Góngora. Algunos de los poetas más destacados de esta generación fueron Federico García Lorca, Pedro Salinas y Luis Cernuda.
This document provides an overview of the introductory grant workshop for Timbuktu staff. It discusses the reasons for applying for grants, including paying for programming and operational costs. It also covers the types of grants available such as corporate, private foundation, public foundation, government, and community grants. Examples are given for each type. The document outlines some grant directories and resources for finding grants. It discusses roles and responsibilities involved in implementing a grant such as writing, managing, evaluating, and reporting. Specific grant ideas are brainstormed for needs at the school.
Philip III (1598-1621) was the son and successor of Philip II. He did not directly govern his kingdom and left responsibilities to chief ministers. His reign was short and peaceful.
Philip IV (1621-1665) also left governance to his chief minister, the Count-Duke of Olivares. Under Olivares, Spain engaged in conflicts during the Thirty Years' War but was ultimately defeated at Rocroi in 1643. Olivares' domestic reforms met strong opposition from territories seeking to maintain autonomy.
Charles II (1665-1700) inherited the throne as a child. He was ill and unable to rule, so the government was run by his mother and chief
HISTORY: SPAIN IN THE 17th AND 18th CENTURIES (SUMMARY)rafakarmona
In the 16th-18th centuries, Spain lost power and territories across Europe due to costly wars and bad harvests. Several kings ruled weakly or through favorites, until the Bourbon dynasty came to power in the early 18th century after the War of Succession. The new kings centralized power and modernized Spain through reforms, establishing Spanish as the sole official language and excluding women from the throne. Cultural achievements flourished like Golden Age art, literature, and the Enlightenment brought by French philosophers, while Goya emerged as one of history's great painters.
The War of Spanish Succession was fought from 1702-1713 over who would inherit the Spanish throne after the death of the mentally ill and inbred King Charles II of Spain. Louis XIV of France wanted the throne to go to his grandson, while other European powers supported the Habsburg claim. This caused an alliance led by England, Austria and the Netherlands to form against France and Spain. Major battles included the English victory at Blenheim in 1704 which weakened France. The war ended in 1713 with the Treaty of Utrecht, dividing Spanish territories between Austria and France.
The document discusses the Bourbon Dynasty in Spain following the death of Carlos II in 1700. Felipe V, a grandson of Louis XIV of France, ascended the Spanish throne, causing concern among other European powers about a potential France-Spain alliance. This led to the War of the Spanish Succession between Felipe V and the Habsburg Archduke Karl, backed by opposing European countries. The war lasted from 1702-1714 and devastated Spain, especially Catalonia. Felipe V emerged victorious and was confirmed as King of Spain by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713.
This document provides an overview of Spanish history from the reign of the Catholic Monarchs in the late 15th century through the early 18th century. It discusses how the Catholic Monarchs unified Spain and expanded its territories through conquest. It then outlines the reigns of Charles I, Philip II, and several kings of the House of Habsburg in the 16th-17th centuries during which Spain built a vast global empire but also faced conflicts and economic troubles. The document notes the cultural golden age in Spain during this period before discussing the War of Spanish Succession and the establishment of the House of Bourbon in the early 18th century. Reforms were introduced under the new Bourbon kings aimed at improving the economy and culture.
1. Charles V was elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1519. When he departed for Germany in 1520, he left Cardinal Adrian of Utrecht to rule Castile. This led to a revolt called the Revolt of the Comuneros by citizens in Castile against Charles V's rule.
2. Philip II inherited a vast empire from his father Charles I. He faced many problems during his reign including wars with France and confrontations with the Turks and English.
3. Spain began to lose its supremacy in the 17th century due to economic crisis, population decline, and an impoverished society. France rose to supremacy under the absolute rule of Louis XIV.
The Habsburg dynasty ruled Spain for over two centuries through marriage alliances. They held vast European lands but faced numerous challenges. Key rulers included Charles I who focused on his German lands, leading to Spanish revolts. Philip II solidified central control but faced issues with the Dutch Revolt, the Spanish Armada defeat, and the Alpujarras Morisco Revolt. By the 17th century, later Habsburg kings neglected governance and faced economic troubles and succession disputes, ending Habsburg rule in Spain and beginning the Bourbon dynasty under Philip V after the War of the Spanish Succession.
The document provides details about the Habsburg dynasty in Spain, including Charles I and Philip II. It can be summarized as follows:
Charles I inherited a vast empire through marriage alliances, including territories in Spain, the Netherlands, Austria, and Italy. He faced many internal revolts during his rule due to his inexperience and favoritism toward Flemish advisers. Externally, he battled France and the Ottoman Empire for control of territories. He abdicated in 1556, leaving Spain and other territories to his son Philip II.
Philip II established a highly centralized and authoritarian monarchy in Spain. He focused on expanding royal power at the expense of representative bodies like the Cortes. Relig
The Habsburg dynasty ruled Spain for over two centuries through a series of kings. They came to power after Juana of Castile married Philip of Habsburg. Their grandson Charles I became king of Spain. Under Charles I and his successor Philip II, the Habsburg Empire expanded greatly across Europe and the Americas but faced numerous revolts within Spain. By the 17th century under later kings, the empire was in decline due to mismanagement and overextension, culminating in the War of Spanish Succession after the childless death of Charles II in 1700.
Charles I inherited a vast empire from his parents and grandparents that included territories in Spain, the Netherlands, Austria, and Italy. He also became the Holy Roman Emperor, making his empire one of the largest and most influential in Europe. However, he faced many internal problems in Spain from local revolts against his rule and faced external threats from France and the Ottoman Empire. Though he tried to address religious divisions, the problems were not fully resolved in his lifetime. Charles helped establish the Spanish Habsburg dynasty and vastly expanded Spanish power, though the empire became overextended and his son Philip inherited an empire engaged in many conflicts.
Philip II ruled Spain from 1556 to 1598 and focused on centralizing royal power. He established Madrid as the capital and strengthened the bureaucracy. Politically, he was an authoritarian monarch who weakened the power of the Cortes. Religiously, he fought Protestantism and persecuted converts. He annexed Portugal in 1580, expanding Spain's overseas empire. His foreign policy was dominated by rivalry with France and England, as well as revolts in the Netherlands and attacks from the Ottoman Empire. Culturally, Philip patronized great works like the Escorial and supported renowned artists, while mystic literature flourished.
Resumen del siglo XVIII español para la asignatura de Ciencias sociales (4º de ESO). Las diapositivas están en inglés por ser material destinado a la sección bilingüe del I.E.S. Fray Pedro de Urbina
The 18th century: the first Bourbons and Enlightenmentpapefons Fons
The document summarizes the political, social, and economic developments in Spain during the 18th century, a period defined by the establishment of the Bourbon dynasty and the influence of Enlightenment ideas. Key events included the War of Spanish Succession that resulted in Philip V becoming king, the centralization of power through absolutism and reforms, and Spain's involvement in international conflicts through alliances with France. The Bourbons suppressed regional autonomy outside of the Basque provinces and Navarre through the Nueva Planta decrees. The era saw the consolidation of an absolute monarchy, though Enlightenment thinking faced limitations from the Catholic Church.
The document discusses the modern age in Spain from 1580-1700. It summarizes the reigns of several Spanish monarchs during this period including Charles I, Philip II, Philip III, Philip IV, and Charles II. Key events included the territorial unification of Spain, wars with France and the Ottoman Empire, the Spanish Armada against England, revolts in the Low Countries and Portugal, and the gradual decline of the Habsburg dynasty's control over its vast empire in this period.
The document summarizes the War of Spanish Succession and its aftermath. It began with the death of the childless King Charles II of Spain, who named his grandnephew Philip of France as his heir. This led to a war as other European powers opposed a French dynasty ruling Spain. Philip ultimately emerged victorious in 1713 with the Treaty of Utrecht, establishing the Bourbon dynasty in Spain but ceding Spanish territories in Europe to Austria. This marked the beginning of British naval supremacy globally.
King Carlos I became King of Spain in 1516 but faced many challenges ruling his vast empire. His son Felipe II ruled the largest empire of its time but also faced conflicts trying to maintain control over the Netherlands and against England. All of these wars were very costly for Spain. Over subsequent centuries, the Spanish Empire continued to weaken as it lost territories and faced economic difficulties and independence movements. The Modern Age also saw a Golden Age of literature, art, and architecture in Spain.
Presentation - Spain during the Modern Agerafakarmona
- The document discusses Christopher Columbus' 1492 voyage where he discovered the Americas and the consequences of this discovery.
- It then summarizes the reigns of several Spanish kings from the 16th-18th centuries including Carlos I, Felipe II, Felipe III, Felipe IV, Carlos II, Felipe V, and Carlos III.
- Key events mentioned include Spain gaining territory in the Americas, Africa, and Asia; wars with France and the Turks; rebellions in Spain; and the loss of Spanish territories after several wars.
The Hispanic Monarchy during the 17th centurypapefons Fons
The 17th century saw the decline of the Hispanic Monarchy under the rule of indolent monarchs. Though most of the empire was maintained through this century, it came at great cost to the population. Monarchs delegated power to favorites ("validos") who often used their positions corruptly. Major crises occurred during this time, including revolts in Catalonia and Portugal in 1640 that led to Portuguese independence by 1668. The inbreeding of the Habsburg dynasty also took its toll, culminating in the disabled rule of Charles II at the end of the 17th century, leaving the empire vulnerable to the ambitions of Louis XIV of France.
The document summarizes key developments in Europe and colonial empires during the 17th century. It describes the rise of absolute monarchy and decline of the Spanish Empire. Absolute rulers consolidated power while societies remained divided between privileged and underprivileged estates. Population growth slowed due to wars, epidemics and famines. New trading routes and companies challenged Iberian control over colonial trade. The Thirty Years' War and English revolutions curtailed monarchical power. The Scientific Revolution advanced knowledge through empiricism and rationalism. The Spanish Empire lost territories and influence due to economic troubles and succession issues.
The document provides background information on Spanish history from ancient times through the early modern period when Spain rose to become a dominant global power. It summarizes key events such as the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella that united Castile and Aragon, their conquest of Granada in 1492, and their establishment of policies that laid the foundations for the Spanish Empire. It then discusses the 16th century reigns of Charles I and Philip II of the House of Habsburg, noting how they consolidated Spanish hegemony in Europe and amassed global territories, facing internal and external conflicts along the way.
Revolución Rusa - Cuando, dónde, por qué, cómo, consecuencias internas y cons...Gema
La Revolución Rusa comenzó en 1917 y condujo a la creación de la Unión Soviética. Hubo primero una revolución en febrero que derrocó al zar y estableció un gobierno provisional, pero los bolcheviques liderados por Lenin y Trotsky tomaron el control en octubre. Luego estalló una guerra civil entre los bolcheviques (rojos) y sus opositores (blancos), que los bolcheviques ganaron. En 1921, se formó oficialmente la Unión Soviética bajo el liderazgo de Lenin.
Tratado de Versalles, Fin de la Primera Guerra MundialGema
El Tratado de Versalles de 1919 estableció la culpabilidad de Alemania por la Primera Guerra Mundial, obligándola a pagar reparaciones y perder territorio. También reorganizó el mapa de Europa con la creación de nuevas naciones y la desaparición de cuatro imperios, e intentó mantener la paz a través de la nueva Sociedad de Naciones y controlar la expansión del comunismo con un cinturón de países anticomunistas.
Este documento resume las causas y el desarrollo de la Primera Guerra Mundial entre 1914 y 1918. Las principales causas fueron las rivalidades entre las potencias europeas, la carrera armamentística y las tensiones en los Balcanes. La guerra comenzó tras el atentado de Sarajevo y se desarrolló inicialmente como una guerra de movimientos, luego se estabilizó en trincheras entre 1915 y 1917, hasta que Estados Unidos entró en la guerra y los países centrales se rindieron en 1918.
La Revolución Francesa tuvo varias fases, comenzando con los Estados Generales en 1789 y terminando con el establecimiento del Consulado bajo Napoleón en 1799. Las causas incluyeron las ideas de la Ilustración, problemas económicos como la bancarrota real y las malas cosechas, y agravios sociales. Eventos clave fueron la toma de la Bastilla, la abolición de los privilegios feudales, y la ejecución del rey Luis XVI, lo que llevó a regímenes más radicales como la Conven
The document discusses how 9 large multinational corporations control much of the global food industry. A few mega-corporations like Nestle, PepsiCo, and JBS control many of the world's most popular food and beverage brands. A small number of huge companies now dominate the global production and sale of grains, oils, meats, snacks, and drinks.
The document discusses key concepts about the Earth's rotation, revolution, cardinal directions, time zones, and methods for representing the Earth's surface through maps, parallels, meridians, latitude and longitude. Specifically, it notes that the Earth rotates on its axis in slightly less than 24 hours, causing days and nights. It revolves around the sun in 365 days, causing the seasons. Time zones divide the Earth into 24 zones running north to south by meridians to coordinate time. Maps are flat representations that inevitably distort the true spherical surface. Parallels and meridians are lines that circle the globe horizontally and vertically, with the equator and Greenwich meridian being the most famous examples. Latitude is the distance north
1) Los reinos cristianos avanzaron hacia el sur en los siglos XI-XII, conquistando Toledo, Zaragoza y Tortosa, pero los almorávides y almohades frenaron este avance.
2) La batalla de las Navas de Tolosa en 1212 permitió la consolidación cristiana hasta el Guadiana, Guadalquivir y Murcia.
3) Portugal se independizó de León bajo Alfonso Henriques.
Unit 5: Rebirth of Cities - Section 2 - Christian KingdomsGema
1) The Christian Kingdoms advanced south into al-Andalus in the 11th-12th centuries, taking Toledo in 1085 and reaching the rivers Tajo and Ebro. This was halted by the Almoravids and Almohads.
2) After defeating the Almohads at Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212, the Christian Kingdoms continued advancing south, reaching the rivers Guadiana and Guadalquivir in the west and modern-day Murcia in the east.
3) The last remaining kingdom was the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, occupying parts of Cadiz, Malaga, Granada and Almeria.
Este documento resume el resurgir de las ciudades que tuvo lugar durante la Alta Edad Media (siglos XI-XIII). 1) Las ciudades crecieron en número y tamaño debido a las nuevas técnicas agrarias que aumentaron la producción y la población. 2) Los campesinos llevaban sus excedentes a las ciudades para venderlos y comprar otros productos, lo que impulsó la economía urbana y la aparición de gremios, mercados y ferias. 3) También hubo cambios políticos como la creación
The document summarizes the rebirth of cities in Europe during the High Middle Ages from the 11th to 13th centuries. Agricultural innovations like the triennial rotation and iron plough increased food production and allowed the population to grow from 36 to 80 million. The surplus population moved to cities to sell extra crops and buy goods, stimulating new industries and the rise of trade guilds and international fairs. This urban growth produced a new social class, the bourgeoisie, and led to political changes like the establishment of parliaments. Culturally, this era saw the rise of Gothic architecture, universities, and more realistic paintings and sculptures.
El arte prehistórico incluye el arte paleolítico y neolítico. El arte paleolítico apareció hace 35,000 años y consistía en pinturas realistas de animales en el interior de cuevas, mientras que el arte neolítico apareció alrededor de 8000 a.C. e incluía escenas esquemáticas de animales y figuras humanas pintadas en refugios rocosos.
Unit 4 (part 2): The Creation of the Christian KingdomsGema
1) The Kingdom of Asturias originated from Don Pelayo defeating the Muslims in 722 at the Battle of Covadonga and establishing himself as a local leader. Over time, the Kingdom expanded and its capital was moved to Leon, becoming the Kingdom of Leon.
2) The Kingdom of Leon originated from the expanded former Kingdom of Asturias. Castile began as a county vassal to Leon, located in the east defending it from Muslim attacks. In the 10th century, the Count of Castile gained independence.
3) The County of Castile gained independence in the 10th century after originally being a vassal county of the Kingdom of Leon, located in the east defending it
Feudalism emerged in Europe in the 9th century after the fall of the Carolingian Empire. Kings granted lands and authority to nobles in exchange for military support. This led to the rise of a feudal system where society was divided into estates. Nobles received fiefs divided into demesne and holdings. Peasants lived on these lands and paid rents and taxes. Feudal relationships were based on oaths of loyalty between lords and vassals. Feudalism shaped politics, society, and the arts during the Middle Ages in Europe.
1) El Reino de Asturias surgió luego de que Don Pelayo derrotara a los musulmanes en la Batalla de Covadonga en 722. Más tarde, el reino se expandió y pasó a llamarse Reino de León.
2) El Condado de Castilla originalmente fue un condado vasallo del Reino de León, pero en el siglo X el conde Fernán González proclamó su independencia.
3) Carlomagno creó la Marca Hispánica como zona defensiva contra los musulmanes, dando origen a varios
El documento habla sobre el feudalismo en Europa. Explica que el feudalismo surgió en el siglo IX después de la muerte de Carlomagno debido a las luchas internas en el Imperio Carolingio y los ataques externos. El feudalismo consistía en que los monarcas débiles pedían ayuda a los nobles a cambio de tierras, creando una relación de vasallaje. La sociedad feudal estaba dividida en estamentos y los privilegiados eran la nobleza y el clero.
The equatorial climate is located near the equator between 0-15 degrees north and south. It has high, stable temperatures around 25-27 degrees C with very abundant and regular rainfall over 2000mm per year supporting lush rainforests with tall trees. The tropical climate is located between 15-25 degrees north and south, also with high temperatures over 18 degrees C but with alternating rainy and dry seasons and rainfall between 500-2000mm supporting savannas with grasslands and isolated trees. The hot desert climate is located on the tropics near cold currents and inland areas with very high daytime temperatures and cold nights, very scarce and irregular rainfall under 250mm per year supporting almost no vegetation except for oasis with date palms
El documento describe los diferentes tipos de climas alrededor del mundo, incluyendo el clima ecuatorial, tropical, desértico cálido, mediterráneo, oceánico, continental, polar y de alta montaña. Para cada clima, se especifican su ubicación, temperaturas, precipitaciones y vegetación características.
The document provides information about al-Ándalus from the 8th to 15th centuries. It begins with a timeline of the different phases: Conquest, Dependent Emirate, Independent Emirate, Caliphate of Córdoba, Taifa kingdoms, Almoravids, Almohads, and the Nasrid kingdom of Granada. It then discusses the Muslim conquest in the 8th century, the causes of their success, their only defeat at Covadonga, and the terms of the Treaty of Teodomiro. Subsequent sections cover the political independence of the Emirate of Córdoba, the establishment of the Caliphate, the reign of Almanzor,
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The Habsburgs (MInor Austrias)
1. Unit 2 – The Habsburgs – Minor Austrias
Unit 2 – the habsbUrgs
INDEX
Índice de contenido
4. General Introduction........................................................................................................................2
4.1. Philip III 1578 – (1598) - 1621........................................................................................2
4.2. Philip IV 1605 – (1621) - 1665........................................................................................3
Cultural and artistic legacy................................................................................................4
4.2. Charles II 1661 (1665) 1700.............................................................................................4
1
2. Unit 2 – The Habsburgs – Minor Austrias
4. General Introduction.
The last three Austrias are called the minor Austrias (Austrias menores) due to the fact that
the 17th
century was a century of general crisis. The Spanish monarchy suffered a severe
economic crisis, tremendous demographic losses (because of the spread of diseases such as
the black death) and military defeats that implied lost of European territories (such as The
Netherlands, Russillon and Artois).
At the end of the century Charles II will die without descendants and that will mean the
disappearance of the Habsburg dynasty in the Spanish territories.
Although this period is characterised by a severe economic, demographic and political
crisis, Culture experienced a period of splendour and magnificence, because of this the 17th
century is know as the Golden century (el Siglo de Oro).
In the political aspect the last three Habsburgs started to delegate their duties in the figure
of the favourites (validos). These favourites are going to become powerful and influential
personalities.
The last three kings of the House of Habsburg were:
• Philip III 1578 – (1598) - 1621
• Philip IV 1605 – (1621) - 1665
• Charles II 1661 – (1665) - 1700
4.1. Philip III 1578 – (1598) - 1621
Son of Philip II he was proclaimed king after the death of his father.
Philip III started to delegate many functions of government in the figure of the favourite
(valido). His favourite was the Duke of Lerma, who became a very powerful person.
One of the worst measures of this period was the expulsion of the Moriscos. This measure
was ordered by the king and his “valido”. Some 300.000 people were expelled, which was
approximately a 5% of the population. The consequences of this expulsion were a
demographic crisis and also a lack of agricultural products (as many of the Moriscos were
peasants). This expulsion has been criticised by many historians as it worsened the crisis
that the Spanish Monarchy was already suffering.
In International Relations the king and the Duke of Lerma entered into a period of peace
and stability, avoiding any type of conflict or war. He signed peace treaties with The
Netherlands, France and England
Culturally speaking we can mention that during the kingdom of Philip III Cervantes wrote
“El Quijote”, one of the most important works of all time. In Madrid some famous
buildings were constructed during this period, such as “El Palacio del Duque de Uceda”
2
3. Unit 2 – The Habsburgs – Minor Austrias
and “La Plaza Mayor”.
4.2. Philip IV 1605 – (1621) - 1665
Son of Philip III and Anna of Austria he inherited the Spanish Monarchy after the death
of his father.
During his kingdom the economic and demographic crisis reached severe levels.
On the other hand the cultural, literary and artistic production is considered the most
important of all Spanish history.
The valido of Philip IV was the “Conde Duque de Olivares”. He constructed the Palace
of “El Buen Retiro” for the king so that the king enjoyed himself and didn't care about
government.
In Foreign Affairs the Count Duke of Olivares believed that he could bring the glory and
splendour of previous years. Because of that he started an aggressive international policy
and participated in the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) against France. In this war France
and the Spanish Monarchy were fighting for the supremacy in Europe.
The war finished with the Peace of Westphalia (1648), in which Spain finally recognised
the independence of The Netherlands.
Nevertheless the war between France and Spain continued till 1652. This conflict ended
with the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659) in which Roussillon (in the Pyrenees) and Artois
(near Flanders) were given to France. In this treaty it was also arranged the marriage
between the Spanish princess Maria Theresa and the future king Louis XIV, also known as
the Sun king.
3
Did you know ... that the king in France was Louis XIII, married to the sister of Philip IV,
Anne of Austria. His favourite was the Cardinal Richelieu.
These historical characters appear in the novel “Los Mosqueteros”, written by Alexandre
Dumas.
4. Unit 2 – The Habsburgs – Minor Austrias
In 1640 there were popular uprisings in Andalusia, Catalonia and Portugal. These
uprisings occurred because Olivares increased the taxes and asked for soldiers in order to
support the war. All the effort to support the war was mainly made by Castille and Olivares
tried to share the cost of the war, but the population protested and rejected this measure.
• In Andalusia the revolt was easily repressed.
• But Portugal managed to separate from the Spanish Monarchy.
• Catalonia received help from the French and the conflict continued till 1652.
Cultural and artistic legacy
Regarding to the cultural and artistic legacy we have to pay special attention to the
period of Philip IV. He was educated with a special taste for arts and he was capable of
seeing the special talent of Velázquez and appointed him as painter of the Court.
During his kingdom art and literature flourished with a special glory.
In painting we have incredible artists such as Velázquez, Murillo, Zurbarán, Alonso Cano,
Ribera...
In sculpture we can still admire the works of Gregorio Fernández, Juan Martínez
Montañés, Juan de Mesa and Alonso Cano. All these sculptures can be still enjoyed and
admired during the processions of our “Semana Santa”
In literature the importance of the legacy is undeniable and we can still read and enjoy the
works of Lope de Vega, Quevedo and Góngora.
In architecture The Madrid of the Austrias is recognised for its typical buildings such as the
Town Hall (Ayuntamiento), “La Cárcel de Corte”, or the Gardens and Palaces of “Los
Jardines del Buen Retiro”.
4.2. Charles II 1661 (1665) 1700
When Philip IV died Charles II was only 4 years old. Because of this the government
was ruled by his mother Mariana of Austria, who ruled a a regent.
This kingdom was characterised by a general crisis and a weak governmet, caused by the
serious health problems of Charles II.
4
5. Unit 2 – The Habsburgs – Minor Austrias
In international relations the Spanish Monarchy started its decadence as a major power,
position that was taken by France.
In 1700 Charles II died without an heir. In his testament of Charles II apointed a candidate
of the Bourbon dynasty as the next king of the Spanish Monarchy, this candiate was Philip
of Bourbon. However Charles of Austria, appointed himself as the right candidate of the
Spanish Monarchy.
Due to this confrontation the War of the Spanish Succession broke out. This war lasted
till 1713 and ended with the Peace Treaty of Utrecht.
As a consequence of this Treaty the Habsburg dynasty finally disappeared in Spain and a
new dynasty started, the Bourbon dynasty.
The Spanish Monarchy also lost all its European territories, and was displaced as a major
power.
5
Did you know that....?
Due to the extreme consanguinity of the Habsburg marriages Charles II was physically and
mentally disabled and infertile.
Marriages within the family by his ancestors led him to being almost as inbread as the child
of an incestuous relationship.
His parents were uncle and niece and all of his eight great-grandparents were descendants of
Joanna of Castile and Philip I.
Because of this inbreeding the Habsburg generation was more prone to still-births
(miscarriages) than were peasants in Spanish villages.
It is said that Charles did not learn to speak until the age of four nor to walk until eight, and
was treated as virtually an infant until he was ten years old. His jaw was so badly deformed
(an extreme example of the so-called Habsburg jaw) that he could barely speak or chew.
6. Unit 2 – The Habsburgs – Minor Austrias
In international relations the Spanish Monarchy started its decadence as a major power,
position that was taken by France.
In 1700 Charles II died without an heir. In his testament of Charles II apointed a candidate
of the Bourbon dynasty as the next king of the Spanish Monarchy, this candiate was Philip
of Bourbon. However Charles of Austria, appointed himself as the right candidate of the
Spanish Monarchy.
Due to this confrontation the War of the Spanish Succession broke out. This war lasted
till 1713 and ended with the Peace Treaty of Utrecht.
As a consequence of this Treaty the Habsburg dynasty finally disappeared in Spain and a
new dynasty started, the Bourbon dynasty.
The Spanish Monarchy also lost all its European territories, and was displaced as a major
power.
5
Did you know that....?
Due to the extreme consanguinity of the Habsburg marriages Charles II was physically and
mentally disabled and infertile.
Marriages within the family by his ancestors led him to being almost as inbread as the child
of an incestuous relationship.
His parents were uncle and niece and all of his eight great-grandparents were descendants of
Joanna of Castile and Philip I.
Because of this inbreeding the Habsburg generation was more prone to still-births
(miscarriages) than were peasants in Spanish villages.
It is said that Charles did not learn to speak until the age of four nor to walk until eight, and
was treated as virtually an infant until he was ten years old. His jaw was so badly deformed
(an extreme example of the so-called Habsburg jaw) that he could barely speak or chew.