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Admission in India 2015
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Emotional States and Health

Mind and Body
 Can the body affect the
mind?
 Example?
 How about the mind
affecting the body?
 Example?
 Two-way communication
between mind and body

Psychosomatic Medicine
 Psyche (mind)
 Soma (body)
 Butterflies in the
stomach
 Anxious before giving
speech
 Indigestion, nausea
 Stress may contribute
to getting an ulcer.

Reducing the effects of stress
Stress is less harmful if
Have some control (even if just belief).
Predictable (“going to feel a little pinch”).
Know the duration.
Coping mechanism.
Some way to relieve stress.
Positive attitude.
Active participant in process.

Relieve stress
 Meditation
 Listening to soothing
music
 Taking a quiet walk
 Reduce stress
 Eliminate butterflies

Affects on long-term health
 Attitude towards illness
can affect healing.
 Thought, beliefs and
emotions have major
impact on physical
health.
 Link between mind and
body is the immune
system.

The Immune System
Cells that protect the body against
intruders such as viruses and bacteria.
 Like a police force
 Too weak and criminals (viruses etc.) run wild
 Ex: Opportunistic diseases seen with HIV-AIDS
 Too strong and it attacks law-abiding citizens:
 The body’s own cells (Autoimmune disease)
 Ex. Rheumatoid arthritis

What is Emotion?
Internal conscious states that we infer
in ourselves and others.
 Emotions are private experiences.
 We use operational definitions
because we cannot actually see
feelings.
 We infer observable behavior
associated with emotion.

Emotions are
Multidimensional

Four components of Emotion
Social-
Expressive
Sense of
Purpose
Bodily
Arousal
Feelings
Emotion
Significant life event

Feeling component
Emotions are subjective feelings
Make us feel in a particular way.
Anger or joy.
Meaning and personal significance.
Vary in intensity and quality.
Rooted in mental processes
(labeling).

Bodily Arousal
Biological activation.
Autonomic and hormonal systems.
Prepare and activate adaptive
coping behavior during emotion.
Body prepared for action.
Alert posture, clenched fists.

Purposive component
Give emotion its goal-directed force.
Motivation to take action.
Cope with emotion-causing
circumstances.
Why people benefit from emotions.
Social and evolutionary advantage.

Social-Expressive component
 Emotion’s communicative aspect.
 Postures, gestures, vocalizations,
facial expressions make our
emotions public.
 Verbal and nonverbal
communication.
 Helps us interpret the situation.
 How person reacts to event.

Emotions read in the face
The Japanese Female Facial Expression (JAFFE) Database

Aspect of Emotional Intelligence
 Peter Salovey (Yale)
 John Mayer (U of NH)
 Four branch ability model of
emotional intelligence
 Mayer-Salovey-Caruso
Emotional Intelligence Test
 MSCEIT

Identifying Emotions (Branch 1)
Skills needed to perceive and express
feelings.
Recognizing facial expressions.
Non-verbal communication.
Tell when someone is being authentic.
Express accurate emotions for situation.
Foundation for other branches.

Identifying Emotions (MSCEIT)

Facilitating Emotions (Branch 2)
Using emotions to facilitate thinking.
Improve problem solving and boost
creativity.
Emotional component to motivation.
“Care enough to send the very best.”
Using emotion to help make decisions.

Facilitation (MSCEIT)
What mood(s) might be helpful to feel when
meeting in-laws for the very first time?
 Not Useful Useful
a) Tension 1 2 3 4 5
 b) Surprise 1 2 3 4 5
 c) Joy 1 2 3 4 5

Understanding emotions (Branch 3)
Understanding complex and conflicting
emotions.
Emotions and behavioral consequences.
Read a situation and respond correctly.
Some emotional responses are
maladaptive.
Jealousy and envy are destructive.

Understanding Emotions (MSCEIT)
Tom felt anxious, and became a bit
stressed when he thought about all the
work he needed to do. When his supervisor
brought him an additional project, he felt
____. (Select the best choice.)
a) Overwhelmed
 b) Depressed
 c) Ashamed
 d) Self Conscious
 e) Jittery

Managing emotions (Branch 4)
Developing mood regulation skills.
Productive ways to change mood.
Avoid over and under regulation.
Seek natural means rather than alcohol,
tobacco or other drugs.
Stress coping strategies.
Use optimistic explanatory style.

Managing Emotions (Branch 4)
1. Debbie just came back from vacation. She was feeling
peaceful and content. How well would each action
preserve her mood?
 Action 1: She started to make a list of things at home that
she needed to do.
 Very Ineffective..1.....2.....3.....4.....5..Very Effective
 Action 2: She began thinking about where and when she
would go on her next vacation.
 Action 3: She decided it was best to ignore the feeling
since it wouldn't last anyway.

Emotional States and Physical
Health
Salovey et at
American Psychologist (1/2000)

Healing through laughter
 Norman Cousins
 Anatomy of an Illness (1979)
 Life-threatening inflammatory
disease
 Cartoons and Marx Brothers
 10 mins of laughing gave him 2
hrs of pain-free sleep
 Laughter reduced inflammation
 Healing power of positive mood

Emotional states and immunity
Negative emotional states associated
with unhealthy physical states.
Positive emotional states associated
with healthier states.
Cardiovascular and immune systems.
S-IgA = secretory immunoglobulin A
First line of defense in the immune
system

S-IgA levels and emotion
 Increased occurrence of
desirable events predicts
higher S-IgA.
 Positive moods boost the
immune system.
 Negative moods lower S-
IgA levels.
 Undesirable events
suppress immune system.
 Negative moods increase
susceptibility to illness.

Manipulating Emotion
 Healthy college students
watching videos.
 Humorous video
enhanced immune
function ( S-IgA)
 Sad video suppressed
immune function ( S-IgA)
 Not clear how long these
changes persist.
 Contribute to illness.

Coping styles and illness
 People dealing with severe stressors more
susceptible to illness.
 Negative emotional states reduce immune
function.
 Coping styles could aid healing.
 Pennebaker: helping people process and
confront traumatic life events improves health.
 Talk about illness, release pent-up negative
emotions.

Emotion and environment
 Positive emotional states
signal a safe environment.
 Negative states signal an alert.
 Something is wrong and must
be corrected.
 Function of pain.
 It hurts; get help.

Role in seeking help
 Some believe that:
 Happy people less likely
to recognize signs of
distress and less likely to
get help.
 Unhappy people more
vigilant and seek help.
 Better to be pessimistic?

Processing health information
 Other evidence that:
 Positive outlook may make it
easier to process threatening
information (diagnosis).
 Seek help.
 Negative outlook may cause a
person not recognize new
symptoms as threatening.
 Not seek help.

Optimistic outlook
Positive emotional states provide
resilience.
Strength to confront illness.
Personal resources to seek solutions.
Creativity in thought and action.
Focus on and plan for future outcomes.
Belief that you will get well.
Do what you can to support recovery.

Healthy heart surgery
 Men undergoing cardiac
bypass surgery.
 Optimistic men better able to
focus on postoperative goals.
 5 years post surgery, optimists
had healthier habits.
 Diet and exercise programs
 Scheier et al. (1989)

Role of health care worker
 One who inspires hope in others.
 Freud: patient’s expectations
“colored by hope and faith and
an effective force in all our
attempts at treatment and cure.”
 Positive mood comes from a
renewal of hope.

Social Support
 With social support, observe:
 Lower mortality
 More resistant to disease.
 Lower incidence of heart
disease.
 Faster recovery from surgery.
 Decreased levels of stress.
 Improved coping with illness.

Affect on Health
1. Buffering hypothesis:
Social support buffers individual from
stressful life event. Only when needed.
2. Direct effect:
Social support promotes well-being at all
times. Not just under stress.
Both are possible, depending on the
nature of the stressor.

Role of Social Support
 Mediated by emotional experience.
 Know that help will be provided if
needed.
 Less likely to feel lonely and
depressed.
 Positive outlook on life more likely
to get social support.
 Develop and maintain social
network.

Spirituality
Also plays a role in
wellness and
recovery from illness.
A topic for later
discussion.

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