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  • Ali Murat Kursun is a PhD candidate at Aberystwyth University's International Politics department. Kursun received hi... moreedit
This study aims to evaluate the emergence of the Sykes-Picot order and deconstruct its mythologization by proposing an evolutionary assessment of border understanding. This study addresses the following primary research questions: How did... more
This study aims to evaluate the emergence of the Sykes-Picot order and deconstruct its mythologization by proposing an evolutionary assessment of border understanding. This study addresses the following primary research questions: How did the interplay of domestic, regional, and international developments lay the groundwork for the formation of the Sykes-Picot territorial order? How was the administrative structure and regional divisions before the Sykes-Picot agreement and to which border categorizations did these structures correspond? Was the Sykes-Picot agreement the only international intervention that affected the borders of the region or were there other international interventions before the Sykes-Picot agreement? This study argues that the history of Middle Eastern border formation is not only an international one but also involves many aspects that have not widely been taken into consideration. In doing so, this paper adopts a critical historical perspective to analyze the evolution of Middle Eastern borders. This paper proposes a three-tracked evolutionary analytical framework (frontiers, boundaries, borders) to analyze the emergence of borders and applies it to the emergence of Ottoman territoriality. This study concludes that the Sykes-Picot agreement is only one, complementary part of a long process in the emergence of Middle Eastern geopolitics.
This article attempts to assess Turkey’s accommodation to the US-led global governance at the institutional level using T.V. Paul’s institutional accommodation strategy. In doing so, it specifically deals with Turkey’s accommodation in... more
This article attempts to assess Turkey’s accommodation to the US-led global governance at the institutional level using T.V. Paul’s institutional accommodation strategy. In doing so, it specifically deals with Turkey’s accommodation in two specific international institutions: the UN as the major global governance institution and the G20 as an informal international platform. Departing from the existing literature on accommodation, this study first proposes and outlines a new typology for peaceful accommodation. The second part seeks to analyze and compare the main driving factors of Turkey’s institutional accommodation in the UN and G20. Finally, the third part seeks to operationalize the analytical framework of institutional accommodation strategy for understanding Turkey’s institutional accommodation in the examples of the UN and G20. This study concludes that although Turkey’s accommodation and its institutional form can be nuanced from that of other rising states, Turkey has the capacity to act as an “intermediary accommodator” for becoming a responsible stakeholder in global governance.
This study attempts to analyse Turkey’s contribution to the United Nations (UN) system in comparison with those of the Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) countries between 2008 and 2014 on three levels: personnel,... more
This study attempts to analyse Turkey’s contribution to the United Nations (UN) system in comparison with those of the Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) countries between 2008 and 2014 on three levels: personnel, financial, ideational. Employing an integrated methodology of a global governance contribution index (GGCI) and statistical analysis of complementary raw data, this study empirically reveals the degree to which Turkey was able to transfer its capabilities into an effective contribution to the UN system on the three levels. Drawing on the findings of its quantitative analysis, this paper further qualitatively assesses the reasons behind the gap between Turkey’s global governance motivations and its contribution to the UN system. In doing so, this study, first, deals with the main motivational drivers of its activism in global governance in the 2000s. After unpacking its integrated methodology, the second part of this study quantitatively compares Turkey’s contribution to the UN system to that of the BRICS. The third part of this study delves into the main trends and deficiencies in Turkey’s contribution to the UN system. Finally, this study concludes that Turkey, despite its high motivations for activism in global governance, has not performed well in transferring its capacities into contributions to the UN system, particularly on financial and personnel levels.
Abstract This paper attempts to analyze the voting behavior of Turkey in the UN General Assembly between 2002-2014 in comparison with those of the BRICS countries by using selected reference groups of IBSA, EU, P5 and the Western group of... more
Abstract
This paper attempts to analyze the voting behavior of Turkey in the UN General Assembly between 2002-2014 in comparison with those of the BRICS countries by using selected reference groups of IBSA, EU, P5 and the Western group of P5 with the help of a two layered methodology. In doing so, this paper, with a two-layered quantitative and qualitative methodological model, empirically tests Turkey’s voting alignments and cohesion scores in the UNGA to provide a comparative perspective on the degree of foreign policy cohesion among Turkey and its BRICS peers by comparing the group and pair-wise “cohesion” results. Finally, this paper will qualitatively analyze and discuss Turkey’s exceptional voting behaviors and alignments with both the Western group of P5 (USA, UK, France) and the BRICS to understand the nature of the international issues leading to convergences or divisions between Turkey and the BRICS and to demonstrate Turkey’s in-between and dual foreign policy role in international affairs.
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Abstract This study attempts to grasp the possible existence of new roles for intermediary actors in the changing global architecture by focusing on Turkey’s middle power capacity in the nascent middle power network of MIKTA. This study... more
Abstract
This study attempts to grasp the possible existence of new roles for intermediary actors in the changing global architecture by focusing on Turkey’s middle power capacity in the nascent middle power network of MIKTA. This study looks at an overarching embedded analytical triad of goals, means and impact, superposed by positional, behavioral and ideational sublayers. In doing so this paper argues and tests the assumption that the more a state accords its middle power goals, means and impact in a combined way, the more leverage it can have as a middle power in the changing international political economy. While the first part of this paper outlines this embedded analytical framework, after reviewing the existing literature on middle powers, the second and the third parts seek to operationalize this framework on middle powers, in particular at institutional and state level in the examples of  MIKTA and Turkey. The fourth part delves into the opportunities and challenges that Turkey faces in its MIKTA trajectory (in the light of the conclusions drawn from the second and third part). Then, it concludes by saying that while Turkey possesses fairly compatible goals and impact with those of MIKTA, it is still far from channeling all of its capabilities to this new network mainly due to the domestic and regional impediments it faces--as well as, because in relation to MIKTA it lacks a comprehensive roadmap.
Keywords: MIKTA, Turkey, Middle Powers, Global Governance, G20
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The Syrian civil war gave birth to a wide range of new generation VNSAs, among which ISIS as a global revolutionary nonethnic VNSA and the YPG as an ethnic and nationalist VNSA are the most visible. This article first intends to offer a... more
The Syrian civil war gave birth to a wide range of new generation VNSAs, among which ISIS as a global revolutionary nonethnic VNSA and the YPG as an ethnic and nationalist VNSA are the most visible. This article first intends to offer a comprehensive portrait of ISIS and the YPG as the new generation of VNSAs. Second, it employs a three-layered framework of actorness, powerfulness, and effectiveness in order to position these two actors in the Middle Eastern and Syrian contexts and to assess their distinctive characteristics and behaviors distinguishing them from the old generation VNSAs. Third, it will explore how the actorness, powerfulness, and effectiveness of ISIS and the YPG have been constructed and reconstructed within the deepening Syrian civil war. Finally, it will explore how global and regional actors have envisaged the rise of these two new VNSAs.
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ISIS’ territorial ambitions and broader effect need a more comprehensive analysis to understand the group’s effects on international relations. However, research on the group is still far less comprehensive when it comes to its level of... more
ISIS’ territorial ambitions and broader effect need a more comprehensive analysis to understand the group’s effects on international relations. However, research on the group is still far less comprehensive when it comes to its level of agency as a VNSA. By using a three-layered framework on autonomy, representation, and influence (ARI), this paper problematizes ISIS’s revolutionary state formation and attempts to evaluate the group’s potential actorness and identify its nuanced territorial understanding and wider impact.
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Özet Son yıllarda, kalkınma yardımları ülkelerin önemli dış politika araçlarından biri haline dönüşmüştür. Bu yeni trendin altında yatan nedenlerden bir tanesi, yükselen güçlerin bu alanda giderek artan etkileri ve aktivizmidir. Özellikle... more
Özet
Son yıllarda, kalkınma yardımları ülkelerin önemli dış politika araçlarından biri haline dönüşmüştür. Bu yeni trendin altında yatan nedenlerden bir tanesi, yükselen güçlerin bu alanda giderek artan etkileri ve aktivizmidir. Özellikle son yıllarda kalkınma yardımları ve Afrika aktivizmi yükselen güçler için önemli bir bağlam haline dönüşmüştür. Yükselen güçlerin bu alanda artan motivasyonunun arkasında ekonomik, politik, askeri ve insani boyutlar bulunmakla birlikte, yükselen güçler açısından kalkınma yardımları çok boyutlu ve çok katmanlı bir dış politika stratejisinin bir parçası olarak ele alınmalıdır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye-Hindistan Afrika kalkınma yardımları karşılaştırması yapılarak, kalkınma yardımları hakkında teorik ve pratik çıkarsamalar ortaya koymak, Türkiye’nin ve Hindistan’ın bu alanda yapmış olduğu pratikleri mercek altına almak ve böylece etkili bir kalkınma yardımı vericisi olma hedefinde olan Türkiye için siyaseten uygulanabilir bir takım politika önerilerinde bulunmak amaçlanmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kalkınma Yardımları, Hindistan, Türkiye, Afrika, Yükselen Güçler

THE COMPARISON OF TURKEY AND INDIA IN THE CONTEXT OF THEIR DEVELOPMENT AID POLICIES TOWARDS AFRICA IN THE 2000s

Abstract
Development aid has become an important foreign policy tool for states in recent years. One of the most important reason behind this new trend is the fact that rising powers have increased their efforts and activism in this field. Development aid and African activism have become an important context for the rising powers in particular. Even though there are economic, political, military and humanitarian reasons behind the increasing motivation of rising powers in the context of development cooperation, development aid should be approached as a part of a multi-dimensional and multi layered foreign policy strategy of rising powers. This study aims to make a comparison between Turkish and Indian development aid policies towards Africa. In doing so, it seeks to produce theoretical and practical inferences regarding development aid and to propose politically applicable policy proposals to Turkey aiming to be an effective development aid donor among the other rising powers. 
Key Words: Development Aids, Turkey, India, Africa, Rising Powers
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ORDAF Lisansüstü Öğrenci Sempozyumu’nda sunulan tebliğlerden ve tamamlanmış tezlerden üretilen çalışmalardan müteşekkil bu kitap genç araştırmacılar eliyle toplum ve siyaset çalışmalarına yeni bir soluk getirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bir dizi... more
ORDAF Lisansüstü Öğrenci Sempozyumu’nda sunulan tebliğlerden ve tamamlanmış tezlerden üretilen çalışmalardan müteşekkil bu kitap genç araştırmacılar eliyle toplum ve siyaset çalışmalarına yeni bir soluk getirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bir dizi olarak sürdürülmesi planlanan bu çalışmalar ile Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e iç ve dış siyaset, ekonomi, hukuk, kültür vb. diğer siyaseti ve toplumu ilgilendiren tüm alanlarda yaşanan değişimler ve dinamiklerin yeni çalışmalar ile irdelenmesi hedeflenmektedir.
Elinizdeki bu eser de bu gayretin ilk ürünüdür. Genç araştırmacıların birinci elden kaynaklara dayanarak ortaya koydukları çözümlemeler ile bu kitap tarihi, toplumu ve siyaseti bir kere daha düşünmemize imkan tanımaktadır.
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Küresel otoritenin farklı merkezler arasında dağılma sürecine girdiği bu dönemde Türkiye’nin uluslararası sistemde sorumlu bir aktör olarak öne çıkma isteğinin bir sonucu olarak diğer yükselen güçlerin takip ettiği stratejiye benzer bir... more
Küresel otoritenin farklı merkezler arasında dağılma sürecine girdiği bu dönemde Türkiye’nin uluslararası sistemde sorumlu bir aktör olarak öne çıkma isteğinin bir sonucu olarak diğer yükselen güçlerin takip ettiği stratejiye benzer bir şekilde BM sistemine yaptığı personel, finansal ve fikirsel katkıyı arttırma eğilimine girdiğini görmekteyiz. Peki  genel olarak uluslararası sistemde ve özel olarak da uluslararası örgütlerde muhtemel yeni bir köklü reform sürecine eli kuvvetli olarak girmeyi hedefleyen yükselen güçlerle mukayese edildiğinde Türkiye’nin küresel yönetişime ve özellikle BM sistemine katılımının arkasında hangi  temel motivasyonlar bulunmaktadır ve bu sisteme yaptığı katkıları nelerdir? Buradan hareketle Türkiye, küresel yönetişimde nasıl daha görünür bir sorumlu aktör haline gelebilir?
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The Sykes-Picot metaphor has incrementally become firmly associated with almost all the geopolitical predicaments the Middle Eastern states had to face. Added to this, increasing challenges to the established territorial order of the... more
The Sykes-Picot metaphor has incrementally become firmly associated with almost all the geopolitical predicaments the Middle Eastern states had to face. Added to this, increasing challenges to the established territorial order of the Middle Eastern countries combined with the complicated structure of the Syrian civil war have once again centered the Sykes-Picot narrative on the academic and popular discussions about the future of the Middle Eastern order. However, despite a recently emerged trend attempting to unclose the historical continuity of the interplay between local, regional and international factors, they neither provide deeper insights about the historical interplay between different factors nor bring new analytical assessments. Departing from this lacuna in the literature, this study attempts to find answers to the following main research questions: How did the interplay of the array of domestic, regional, and international factors laid the groundwork for the formation of the Sykes-Picot territorial order? What are the types of borders and how can they be theoretically categorized for being used as an analytical tool? How was the administrative structure and divisions of the regions before the Sykes-Picot agreement and to which border categorizations do these structures correspond? Drawing largely on the existing theoretical assumptions of border studies, this study attempts to apply a three-tracked typology of borders (fronties, boundaries, borders) to the historical interplay between local, regional and international factors during the process of the formation of modern Middle Eastern borders. Arguing that the Sykes-Picot agreement constitutes only one of the aspects of the Middle Eastern border formation, this study concludes that there is a historical linkage between the evolution of the Ottoman domestic territorial administrative system with the adjustments of the subsequent regional and international developments regarding the formation of the Middle Eastern borders.
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