- Bowling Green, Ohio, United States
- Apollos O. Nwauwa, PhD., is Professor of History and Africana Studies at Bowling Green State University, Bowling Gree... moreApollos O. Nwauwa, PhD., is Professor of History and Africana Studies at Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio. Educated both in Nigeria and Canada, Dr Nwauwa earned his PhD in History from Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada. He has taught for over 20 years in various institutions in Nigeria and the US, including Bendel State University and University of Calabar both in Nigeria, and Rhode Island College, Brown University and now Bowling Green State University in the US. He served as the Director of Africana Studies Program at Bowling Green State University. With his teaching and research focus on modern Africa and African diaspora, Dr Nwauwa has published extensively including several monographs and over 30 scholarly works in many reputable international journals such as Anthroposedit
This study reexamines the enduring Aro phenomenon especially in relation to its complex process of state formation, chronological timelines, and historiography. While correlating the evolution of the Aro confederacy to state formation... more
This study reexamines the enduring Aro phenomenon especially in relation
to its complex process of state formation, chronological timelines, and
historiography. While correlating the evolution of the Aro confederacy to state formation models in Africa, this work interrogates the Hamitic hypothesis and autochthonous assumptions, which have pervaded much of Aro studies. It
has uniquely and creatively established relatively firm chronology for the Aro using genealogies collected by the British as well as other Aro natives. Thus, a core dating structure has been worked out for the Aro, which integrates the Confederacy not only within reliable historical perspective but also into the regional chronological structure. It further interrogates the gaping imbalance between the paucity of field research and the profusion of literature and distorted historical writings on the Aro. This book is an invaluable resource for students and researchers on all aspects of Aro studies.
to its complex process of state formation, chronological timelines, and
historiography. While correlating the evolution of the Aro confederacy to state formation models in Africa, this work interrogates the Hamitic hypothesis and autochthonous assumptions, which have pervaded much of Aro studies. It
has uniquely and creatively established relatively firm chronology for the Aro using genealogies collected by the British as well as other Aro natives. Thus, a core dating structure has been worked out for the Aro, which integrates the Confederacy not only within reliable historical perspective but also into the regional chronological structure. It further interrogates the gaping imbalance between the paucity of field research and the profusion of literature and distorted historical writings on the Aro. This book is an invaluable resource for students and researchers on all aspects of Aro studies.
Perspectives on the Igbo: Multidisciplinary Approach explores an array of topics and themes that address aspects of the Igbo past, contemporary challenges and prospects, and Igbo identity at home and in the diaspora. This collections... more
Perspectives on the Igbo: Multidisciplinary Approach explores an array of topics and themes that address aspects of the Igbo past, contemporary challenges and prospects, and Igbo identity at home and in the diaspora. This collections deals with the pre-historic past of the Igbo through the Igbo experiences in contemporary times. It covers a range of disciplines, including history, arts, culture, language, music, education, gender and youth. Here is a book that will enrich the knowledge of anyone interested in a broad overview of the Igbo experience.
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Governance and Leadership in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges is a collection of analytical essays on different topical issues of Nigerian politics. Political leaders are often faced with challenges of governance. How well they address... more
Governance and Leadership in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges is a collection of analytical essays on different topical issues of Nigerian politics. Political leaders are often faced with challenges of governance. How well they address the main issues of the country is important. Past and present leaders learn from historical facts, some of which are presented in this book. While the challenges of leadership and governance have not been exhausted in this volume, there are prospects for change and improvement.
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Nigerian Political Leaders is a collection of comprehensive and well-researched essays on selected political leaders, both civilian and military written by notable scholars. While many leaders have ruled Nigeria since 1960, not all have... more
Nigerian Political Leaders is a collection of comprehensive and well-researched essays on selected political leaders, both civilian and military written by notable scholars. While many leaders have ruled Nigeria since 1960, not all have made significant contributions to good governance and nation building. Because of leadership challenges, the search for sustainable democracy and political stability has been quite elusive. These problems have been compounded by the vastness of the country as well as its multi-ethnic composition, religious divide, and the recurrent intervention of the military in politics. Thus, the result has been an unending difficulty in establishing a workable political schema for an enduring unity. Given the series of political and religious disturbances, civil war, economic meltdown, plundering of national resources, and frequent change of government, are Nigerians as a people simply ungovernable or is poor governance the result of the failure of leadership? These are some of the questions that this book addresses.
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Research Interests: British History, Higher Education, British Imperial and Colonial History (1600 - ), Transnational Feminism, Empire, and 21 moreHistory of the British Empire, Women in higher education, Rural Japanese women, Immigrant women of colour, Conflict and security, Post Colonial Theory, Indigenous Knowledges, Anti racist Feminism, Governance and Democracy, Anti colonial Feminism, Colonialism and Imperialism, Nationalism and Decolonization, Belonging and Citizenship, Ethnicity and Nationality, Nation building and State making, Pedagogy of Conscientization, International/global & Cross cultural Education, Language Imperialism In the Classroom, Diasporic Students, Identity, Belonging, and Socio cultural Conditions In Education, and Rewriting Notions of Success & Failure In Schools
Research Interests: Entrepreneurship, Communication, Globalization, Innovation statistics, Africa, and 10 moreConsumer Behavior, Market Research, Marketing Research, Technological change, Transition Economies, Europe, Business & Ethics, International & Intercultural Communication/Marketing, International and Comparative Education Policies With Foci on Development Strategies Regarding Higher Education, and Research and Innovation Partnerships In Latin America
This paper focuses on Nnamdi Azikiwe's political leadership and legacy in relation to his visions, philosophies, and actions as one of the foremost political leaders in pre- and post-independence Nigeria, and perhaps in the entire African... more
This paper focuses on Nnamdi Azikiwe's political leadership and legacy in relation to his visions, philosophies, and actions as one of the foremost political leaders in pre- and post-independence Nigeria, and perhaps in the entire African continent. Of immense significance are his contributions to governance and leadership in Nigeria, especially as the country's foremost nationalist and first premier of the former Eastern Region, first indigenous President of the Nigerian Senate, first indigenous Governor-General of independent Nigeria, and first President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. It is noteworthy that throughout his political career, Azikiwe envisioned a federation of smaller states, which would weaken regional parties and undermine ethnic rivalry. Subsequent governments pursued this policy eventually. Thus, he was willing to make compromises even at personal discomfort to advance and preserve the unity of Nigeria.
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This book is compelling, brilliantly written and immensely scholarly, a remarkable account... Bunmi Akpata-Ohehe, West Africa "...a scholarly and welcome addition to the history of British colonial education." History of... more
This book is compelling, brilliantly written and immensely scholarly, a remarkable account... Bunmi Akpata-Ohehe, West Africa "...a scholarly and welcome addition to the history of British colonial education." History of Education Review The International History Review - AHM Kirk-Greene "..a welcome contribution to the amplitude of studies on this or that aspect of higher education in anglophone tropical Africa -" Commonwealth and Comparative Studies "His discussion of the role of this lobby offers interesting new insights into the history of colonial reform in Africa." "This is an important publication on a topical subject ... It is a story told in a refreshing way in an agreeable and satisfying style" - Michael Omolewa, "Paedagogica Historica" Imperial and Commonwealth History Vol 26, No 1, 1997 "A thoughtful and soudly-based account.
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Flyer for Fall 2007 ICS Faculty Fellow Lecture by Apollos Nwauwa
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Flyer for Fall 2004 ICS Faculty Fellow Lecture by Apollos Nwauwa
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With the arrival of Europeans in West Africa in the 15th century, which preceded formal conquest and pacification, missionaries took the lead in introducing Western education as an indispensable tool for effective evangelism.... more
With the arrival of Europeans in West Africa in the 15th century, which preceded formal conquest and pacification, missionaries took the lead in introducing Western education as an indispensable tool for effective evangelism. Subsequently, the various European colonial governments appropriated education as a means of consolidating colonial rule in West Africa. By the middle of the 19th century, Western education began to produce a new, educated elite, at the core of which were “liberated slaves” in Sierra Leone. Western education produced its own contradictions. On the one hand, it produced educated hybrids who were alienated from their own peoples and cultures and who collaborated with Europeans to entrench colonialism in West Africa. On the other hand, the new elite, educated both in Africa and overseas, subsequently morphed into the new nationalists who became valuable agents for the liquidation of European imperialism in Africa. The emergent institutions of higher learning and t...
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The book focuses on issues critical to the contemporary emphasis on gender sensitive health care for the poor pregnant women in Bangladesh. The core of the book explores the differing perspectives between rural women and health care... more
The book focuses on issues critical to the contemporary emphasis on gender sensitive health care for the poor pregnant women in Bangladesh. The core of the book explores the differing perspectives between rural women and health care providers regarding childbirth care ...
The British Establishment of Universities in Tropical Africa, 1920-1948: A Reaction against the Spread of American 'Radical' Influence (La création des universités britanniques en Afrique tropicale, 1920-1948: une réaction contre la diffusion de l'influence radicale américaine dans les colonies)more
... Holy Johnson: Pioneer of African Nationalism, 1836-1917 (London: Frank Cass). BURTON, RF 1863 Wanderings in West Africa from Liverpool to Fernando Po, vol. 1 (London: Tinsley brothers). EKEJIUBA, F. I. 1972 "The Aro System of... more
... Holy Johnson: Pioneer of African Nationalism, 1836-1917 (London: Frank Cass). BURTON, RF 1863 Wanderings in West Africa from Liverpool to Fernando Po, vol. 1 (London: Tinsley brothers). EKEJIUBA, F. I. 1972 "The Aro System of Trade in the Nineteenth Century", Ikenga I ...
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The University Press of Virginia © 2000 by the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First published in 2000 ©The paper used in this publication meets the minimum... more
The University Press of Virginia © 2000 by the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First published in 2000 ©The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National ...
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Antecedents - before 1900 colonialism and higher education decolonization and higher education 1945-60 the politics of independence and higher education 1960-70 the association of African universities higher education and African... more
Antecedents - before 1900 colonialism and higher education decolonization and higher education 1945-60 the politics of independence and higher education 1960-70 the association of African universities higher education and African development 1970s and 1980s issues and problems of the 1990s towards the 21st century the mission of the university reviewed new expectations and reorientations the outreach.
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The Niger-Benue Valley regional chronology is expanding. This is satisfying. Dates from the early city states and chiefdoms in the lower Cross river valley have been suggested and integrated into the larger regional chronological... more
The Niger-Benue Valley regional chronology is expanding. This is satisfying. Dates from the early city states and chiefdoms in the lower Cross river valley have been suggested and integrated into the larger regional chronological structure. Arochukwu was one such chiefdom. Utilizing the available genealogies from within Arochukwu and its satellite settlements, and guided by the existing methodology of chronology, I have calculated what I believe to be fairly reliable dates which locate the foundation of the chiefdom, ca. 1690/1720. These dates have been interrelated with the importation of the first guns into Calabar, since firearms were said to have been used in the war which ultimately resulted in the foundation of the Aro chiefdom (Arochukwu). They appear firm. Aro influence was evident in the whole of the Niger Benue-Cross river area, especially during the period when the Atlantic slave trade climaxed. Hence it seems appropriate to situate the foundation generation in the wider ...
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This work analyzes the unique evolution of the Aro state (Arochukwu) in southeastern Nigeria in ca. 1690-1720. The state emerged from the union of three distinct ethnic groups - Igbo, Ibibio, and Akpa - but the traditions have been... more
This work analyzes the unique evolution of the Aro state (Arochukwu) in southeastern Nigeria in ca. 1690-1720. The state emerged from the union of three distinct ethnic groups - Igbo, Ibibio, and Akpa - but the traditions have been distorted by colonial officials/anthropologists for both racial and admin- istrative convenience. This study attempts to correct the misrep- resentations and offer a more plausible analysis by correlating the process of the development of the Aro confederacy with the theories of state formation. Because of the inherent defects of the conventional assumptions, this work advances an alternative interpretation based on the judicious mix of the scarce resource, Marxist, and multiethnic hypotheses. Granted that most of the traditional theories of state formation exhibit relevance, both class and ethnicity were powerful internal forces which not only stimulated change but also determined the patterns of inter- and intragroup relations within the Aro society. (N...
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Research Interests: Sociology, Black Studies Or African American Studies, African Studies, Racial and Ethnic Politics, Race and Racism, and 10 moreAfrican Diaspora Studies, African History, Critical Race Theory, Race and Ethnicity, African American Studies, Africana Studies, Race and Racism in Higher Education Persistence Strategies of Minority Leaders in Predominantly White Institutions Social Justice in Higher Education Higher Education Institutional Leadership Organizational Socialization and Culture, Politics of Race In the Usa, Studying Africa In the USA, and Africa studies in usa
Sir Arthur Creech Jones has been an intriguing figure in British imperial history both as a Member of Parliament and as Secretary of State for the Colonies. He had a tradition of devotion to colonial causes and, over many years, developed... more
Sir Arthur Creech Jones has been an intriguing figure in British imperial history both as a Member of Parliament and as Secretary of State for the Colonies. He had a tradition of devotion to colonial causes and, over many years, developed contacts with the colonial intelligentsia. For ten years as a backbencher in parliament, Creech Jones remained ‘the principal voice of the House of Commons’ conscience on colonies’.1 Believing that a class of well-educated Africans would prove beneficial to Britain, Creech Jones courted the African elite and strongly favoured the continued expansion of this class through the provision of institutions for higher education. Although available evidence attests to the central, but sometimes ambiguous, role that Creech Jones played, scholars have been rather slow in placing him within the centre-stage of events culminating in the post-war establishment of universities in British colonial Africa. It is against this background that this study focuses on Creech Jones’ ideas and actions for African university education in the post-war years.
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The successful implementation of the Lugardian system of indirect rule among the Igbo eluded British colonial officials. In Northern Nigeria the British had effectively used the Fulani aristocrats in implementing the system. The Fulani... more
The successful implementation of the Lugardian system of indirect rule among the Igbo eluded British colonial officials. In Northern Nigeria the British had effectively used the Fulani aristocrats in implementing the system. The Fulani were believed to represent a superior caste of nomads who possessed superior ideas of centralization, organization, and administration. Since the Aro were able to organize their spectacular slave- trading network in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the British assumed that, like the Fulani, they represented equally superior elements, and so could be used to implement the indirect rule policy in Igboland. Or, if they did not possess a centralized administration as the Fulani, which could be effectively utilized, one could be invented for the occasion.As a result the Aro began to agitate British colonial officers and anthropologists, designing to show their “foreignness” to the Igbo. British officials quickly rejected that the Aro were Igbo. Bec...
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Research Interests: Black Studies Or African American Studies, African Studies, Racial and Ethnic Politics, Race and Racism, African Diaspora Studies, and 9 moreAfrican History, Critical Race Theory, Race and Ethnicity, African American Studies, Africana Studies, Race and Racism in Higher Education Persistence Strategies of Minority Leaders in Predominantly White Institutions Social Justice in Higher Education Higher Education Institutional Leadership Organizational Socialization and Culture, Politics of Race In the Usa, Studying Africa In the USA, and Africa studies in usa
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... One of the indigenous people then "afraid of being driven away or being destroyed by the warriors ... con-tacted the Aro traders...." In return for protection, the Aro trader, Ukpabi, was to be emissary to the... more
... One of the indigenous people then "afraid of being driven away or being destroyed by the warriors ... con-tacted the Aro traders...." In return for protection, the Aro trader, Ukpabi, was to be emissary to the "Chuku" oracle for the people. ...
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Precolonial African historiography has been plagued by historical reconstructions which remain in the realm of legend because events are suspended in almost timeless relativity.Igbo history has not been adequately researched. Worse still,... more
Precolonial African historiography has been plagued by historical reconstructions which remain in the realm of legend because events are suspended in almost timeless relativity.Igbo history has not been adequately researched. Worse still, the little known about the people has not been dated. It might be suggested that the major reason which makes the study of the Igbo people unattractive to researchers has been the lack of a proper chronological structure. Igbo genealogies have not been collected. The often adduced reason has been that the Igbo did not evolve a centralized political system whereby authority revolved round an individual—king or chief—which would permit the collection of regnal lists. Regrettably, Nigerian historians appear to have ignored the methodology of dating kingless or chiefless societies developed and applied elsewhere such as in east Africa. In west African history generally, there has been an overdependence for dating on external sources in European languages or in Arabic, and combining these with the main regnal list of a kingdom. Even within kingdoms, genealogies of commoners and officials have rarely been collected or correlated with the regnal lists. Among the Igbo, the external sources are rare and the regnal lists few. Even the chiefdoms—Onitsha and Aboh, Oguta and Nri—were ignored for a long time after modern historiography had achieved major advances elsewhere. Arochukwu has been another neglected Igbo chiefdom. Most of these states with hereditary leadership were peripheral to the Igbo heartland. Nevertheless, they were important because of their interactions with the heartland and the possibility of dating interactive events from their genealogies.
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With the arrival of Europeans in West Africa in the 15th century, which preceded formal conquest and pacification, missionaries took the lead in introducing Western education as an indispensable tool for effective evangelism.... more
With the arrival of Europeans in West Africa in the 15th century, which preceded formal conquest and pacification, missionaries took the lead in introducing Western education as an indispensable tool for effective evangelism. Subsequently, the various European colonial governments appropriated education as a means of consolidating colonial rule in West Africa. By the middle of the 19th century, Western education began to produce a new, educated elite, at the core of which were “liberated slaves” in Sierra Leone. Western education produced its own contradictions. On the one hand, it produced educated hybrids who were alienated from their own peoples and cultures and who collaborated with Europeans to entrench colonialism in West Africa. On the other hand, the new elite, educated both in Africa and overseas, subsequently morphed into the new nationalists who became valuable agents for the liquidation of European imperialism in Africa. The emergent institutions of higher learning and the three new universities in West African founded in the aftermath of World War II became hotbeds of intellectual discourse just as the debate over the need for adaptation and Africanization resurfaced. Following the end of colonial rule, the “new elite,” now expanding in number, continued to provide contentious, neocolonial leadership and direction for development in postcolonial West Africa. Thus, despite its undesirable effect on European colonialism, Western education played into the hands of the educated elite who appropriated and deployed its latent, potent force in order to dislodge Europeans from Africa.
Keywords: West African elites, educated elites, African new elites, missionary enterprise, mission schools, Krio, Saro, recaptives, social Darwinism, assimilé, indirect rule
Keywords: West African elites, educated elites, African new elites, missionary enterprise, mission schools, Krio, Saro, recaptives, social Darwinism, assimilé, indirect rule
Research Interests: African Studies, African History, Colonialism, Post-Colonialism, Social Darwinism, and 14 moreAfricanisation of Education, Higher Education in Africa, Image of Africa in the Western World, Missionary Education, Colonial Conquest, Educated elites, West African elites, African new elites, Missionary Enterprise, Mission Schools, Krio, Saro, Recaptives, and Assimilé
Every third Monday of January of every year all across America (and the world), we remember the birth, life and times of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. as well as the impact and/or relevance of his vision, values and legacy on race relations... more
Every third Monday of January of every year all across America (and the world), we remember the birth, life and times of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. as well as the impact and/or relevance of his vision, values and legacy on race relations in the United States. Although Martin Luther King Jr. was not the first black American to advocate vigorously for civil rights for African-Americans, his efforts were quite unique and compelling. Through his dream and involvement in the civil rights movement, Dr. King, Jr. gave hope and full meaning to the idea of equality, freedom, and justice. However, civil rights movements in America did not begin with Dr. King, Jr.; it dates back to the signing of the American Declaration of Independence in 1776. The declaration contains a short but very powerful sentence, which states, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal..." Ever since, this sentence has remained the basis for future struggles for the protection of civil rights and civil liberties, and subsequent laws that would prohibit many forms of racial and gender discrimination in the United States.
Research Interests: Black Studies Or African American Studies, African Studies, Black/African Diaspora, Race and Racism, African Diaspora Studies, and 8 moreCritical Race Theory, Race and Ethnicity, Equality and Diversity, African American Studies, Philosophy Of Race, Critical Race Theory and Whiteness theory, Racial and ethnic discrimination, and Equality and Non Discrimination
OFO: JOURNAL OF TRANSATLANTIC STUDIES
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The evolution of states — chiefdoms and kingdoms — in Ig-boland, like in other societies in Africa, has been subjected to varying interpretations. For much of Igboland, the British warrant chief system has been ascribed as the source of... more
The evolution of states — chiefdoms and kingdoms — in Ig-boland, like in other societies in Africa, has been subjected to varying interpretations. For much of Igboland, the British warrant chief system has been ascribed as the source of kingship (ezeship) tradition though centralized states and monarchical heritages of Onitsha, Nri, Arochukwu, Osomari, Oguta, and other Igbo societies predated co-lonialism. 2 The stories of the origins of these centralized states among predominantly segmentary peoples, whose political institution was rooted in village republicanism and the principle of Igbo-Enwe-Eze (the Igbo have no kings), continue to fascinate historians. Aro history has been quite intriguing, and even more so is the origin of the Aro state. Predictably, the complex nature of the process of state formation in 1 Among the Igbo, the Aro were one of the most famous groups owing their notoriety not only to their great oracle — Ibini-Ukpabi — but also to their enviable skill in the formation and operation of a network of trading oligarchy, especially in slaves in the 18th and 19th centuries. In this essay, where appropriate, the name " Arochukwu " has been used interchangeably with the Aro state (chief-dom). Although a related version of this study was published elsewhere a few years back, the scope of this special issue on Igbo political history warrants that the pre-colonial evolution of kingship tradition and state formation in Igboland be revisited through the prism of the Aro.
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European imperial retreat from sub-Saharan Africa, usually described as decolonization, was one of the most sudden and momentous transfor-mations in the history of the modern world. It occurred in the aftermath of World War II. Although... more
European imperial retreat from sub-Saharan Africa, usually described as decolonization, was one of the most sudden and momentous transfor-mations in the history of the modern world. It occurred in the aftermath of World War II. Although the granting of self-government was not entirely novel prior to the end of the war in 1945 given the independence of Libe-ria in 1848, South Africa in 1910, and Ethiopia in 1943, nevertheless, the post-war imperial transformation was unprecedented. Between 1945 and 1965, almost all European African colonies, except the former Portuguese territories, Zimbabwe and Namibia, regained their independence. So sudden and dramatic was the phenomenon that it has since become known as “the winds of change.” Some profound questions have contin-ued to engage scholars since the demise of European colonies in Africa. For instance, to what extent was the decolonization consciously planned and directed by imperial powers? Why did European withdrawal from Africa occur when it did – after the end of World War II? How did the various European powers approach the process of devolution of power? It is the purpose of this article to address these questions and to hazard a simplified analysis of this rather puzzling process.