palina kurlovich

The article presents the first results of hillfort 1 field research near Rechki village of Vilejka district in 2019–2021. It is the part of archaeological complex dating to the 1st millennium AD, which consists of two hillforts, a settlement and two barrow groups. The hillfort was founded by the population of the late hatched pottery culture at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. The largest number of discovered materials belongs to the third quarter of the 1st millennium AD. There are finds of the III-IV centuries and materials that can be correlated with the Smolensk-Polatsk long barrows culture. Evidence of metallurgy (remains of a metallurgic furnace, slag), household materials (pottery, kitchen wastes, fragments of jewelry) and some other finds were found at the monument. However, it will be possible to make conclusions about the specifics of the use of the settlement in different chronological periods only after further large-scale excavations.

The paper examines the history of the archaeological study of two hillforts located near Rechki village in Vileyka District of Minsk Oblast. Both sites are located on natural hills and feature a complex fortification system. The most studied hillfort is the one referred to by the locals as “Castle Hill”. It was originally investigated by A. Kirkor, who considered it to be a major fortification of the Krivichi belonging to the Pre-Christian period. In the interwar period, a plan of the hillfort was compiled in the course of an expedition by the Archaeological Museum of the Stefan Batory University. The monument itself was attributed to the “prehistoric” or “early historical” period. In the second half of the twentieth century, the site was explored by L.V. Alekseev, M.M. Charniausky and Y.G. Zvjaruga. M.M. Charniausky discovered materials at the site which date back to the third quarter of the 1st Millennium AD. According to J.G. Zvjaruga’s interpretation, the monument was a feudal castle. In 2019-2020, archaeological exploration was carried out on the “Castle Hill” under the supervision of P.S. Kurlovich. The finds allow to date the hillfort within the 1st Millennium AD. Remains of a metallurgical complex were discovered on the edge of the site. The second hillfort “Haradok” has remained practically unexplored. It was originally mentioned by F.V. Pokrovsky. In 2020, hand-made pottery with large content of crushed stone admixtures was discovered at the site. Determination of the chronology and interpretation of the hillforts located near Rechki village will become possible after further archaeological investigations.

// Государства Центральной и Восточной Европы в исторической перспективе : сборник научных статей, УО “Полесский государственный университет”, Пинск 25 февраля 2022 г. / Министерство образования Республики Беларусь [и др.]; редкол.: В.И. Дунай [и др.]. – Пинск : ПолесГУ, 2022. – Вып. 7. – С. 141-147.

Аналізуецца канцэпцыя першабытна-камуністычнага грамадства, выкладзеная вядомым навукоўцам, арганізатарам навукі 1930-х гг., першым дэканам гістарычнага факультэта Беларускага дзяржаўнага ўніверсітэта В. К. Шчарбаковым у працы «Нарыс гісторыі Беларусі» (1934). Гэта кніга стала першай у айчыннай гістарыяграфіі спробай сістэматычнага асвятлення пачатковага перыяду гісторыі нашай краіны ў  марксісцкім ключы. Даследчык не  ставіў
перад сабой мэты падрыхтаваць паўнавартасную археалагічную публікацыю. Ствараючы сінтэтычны агляд гісторыі
Беларусі, ён уключыў у яго толькі асобныя тэмы, датычныя першабытнай і раннесярэдневяковай археалогіі. Метадалагічныя падыходы навукоўца да вывучэння старажытнасці знаходзіліся ў рэчышчы тэарэтычных распрацовак савецкай гістарычнай навукі 1920-х – пачатку 1930-х гг. і на момант выхаду працы ўжо не адпавядалі новым ідэалагічным
устаноўкам. Здзейсненае аўтарамі артыкула вызначэнне ўнёску В. К. Шчарбакова ў справу інтэрпрэтацыі першабытнай гісторыі Беларусі дазваляе лепш зразумець гісторыю беларускай археалагічнай і гістарычнай думкі міжваеннага
часу

ILYAN GUTA AND ITS PLACE IN THE HISTORY OF THE GUTTEN FISHING OF EASTERN EUROPE (PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF INTEGRATED RESEARCH)
P.S. Kurlovich, A.A. Chubur, V.N. Guryanov, S.V. Kuznetsov, E.I. Luksha
A comprehensive study of Ilyanskaya Guta - a place where the manufacture of glass and crystal was located in the 18th - early 19th centuries - was carried out. Written, archaeological, archaeozoological sources were analyzed, and a spectral analysis of samples of products was carried out. New data have been obtained on the gut fishing and everyday life of the people who served it.

Статья посвящена первым результатам исследований стекольной мануфактуры середины 18 - начала 19 вв. на территории современного аг. Илья Вилейского района Минской области. Приводятся сведения о местонахождении памятника и характеризуются находки, связанные со стекольным производством.

Археалагічныя напластаванні ў гарадах, якія датуюцца перыядам позняга Сярэдневякоўя–ранняга Новага часу, на тэрыторыі сучаснай Беларусі мэтанакіравана сталі вывучацца з другой паловы 1970-х гг.[1, с. 7]. Аднак некаторыя даследчыкі пачалі звяртаць увагу на асобныя элементы гарадской матэрыяльнай культуры гэтага перыяду і раней. Так, у археалагічных калекцыях, прадстаўленых матэрыяламі з даследаванняў пад кіраўніцтвам ЭМ Загарульскага, прысутнічаюць знаходкі шкляных вырабаў, якія датуюцца пазней за старажытнарускі час, які ў той перыяд з’яўляўся верхняй храналагічнай мяжой археалагічных даследаванняў. У фондах вучэбнай лабараторыі музейнай справы БДУ захоўваецца каля 200 асобнікаў такіх прадметаў з раскопак на тэрыторыі Дзяржынска, Свіслачы, Рагачова, Мінска і Стрэшына. Але найбольш прадстаўнічая калекцыя гутнага шкла, якая складаецца са 104 вырабаў, паходзіць з даследаванняў 1972 г. на гарадзішчы ў Копысі.

Для изучения распространения гутного производства стекла в XVII – XIX веках в верхнем Поднепровье проведен анализ распространения ойконимов с корневой формантой «гут-» на территории семи северных областей Украины (Черниговской, Киевской, Сумской, Полтавской, Житомирской, Ровенской, Волынской), семи областей западной и юго-западной России (Белгородской, Курской, Брянской, Орловской, Смоленской, Калужской, Псковской), а также Республики Беларусь. Учтено и сопоставлено современных ойконима и 188 ойконимов, упоминающихся в источниках. Исследование показало, что южная и восточная граница их распространения практически совпадает с границей зоны смешанных и широколиственных лесов и лесостепи. Лишь несколько пунктов оказались на некотором расстоянии за пределами этого природного рубежа. Связана такая закономерность с обильным использованием древесины в технологическом процессе производства стекла. Сделаны также выводы о постепенном продвижении гутного дела с запада на восток (по территории Речи Посполитой) и последующем формировании мощного производственного ядра в украинских землях на Днепровском левобережье, получившего дополнительный импульс развития в годы правления Петра
Великого. На территории Московского царства гутное дело практически не было известно до Переяславской Рады. Во второй половине XVIII и в первой половине XIX века гутное производство в Черниговских землях затухает, распространяясь на верхний Днепр, в Припятское Полесье. К середине XIX века гутное производство окончательно угасает, но некоторые промышленные стекольные заводы по традиции иногда продолжают называть гутами.

To study the distribution of glass production in the 17th – 19th centuries, an analysis of the distribution of oikonyms with the root formant "gut-" in the territory of seven northern regions of Ukraine (Chernigov, Sumy, Poltava, Kiev, Zhitomir, Rovno, Volyn), seven regions of western and south-western Russia (Belgorod, Kursk, Bryansk, Oriol, Kaluga, Smolensk, Pskov), as well as the Republic of Belarus, was conducted on the Upper Dnieper basin. 102 modern oikonyms and 188 oikonyms, mentioned in the sources, were taken into account and compared. The study showed that the south and east border of their distribution practically coincides with the boundary of the zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests and forest-steppe. Only a few points were at some distance beyond this natural boundary. This regularity is associated with the abundant use of wood in the technological process of glass production. Conclusions are also made about gradual progress of the gut business from west to east (through the territory of the Commonwealth) and the subsequent formation of a powerful production nucleus in the Ukrainian lands on the Dnieper left bank, which received an additional impulse of development during the reign of Peter the Great. In the territory of the Moscow kingdom, the gut-glass business was practically unknown until the Pereyaslavl Rada. In the second half of the 18th century and in the first half of the 19th century, the gut production in the Chernigov lands fades, spreading to the upper Dnieper, to the Pripyat Polesye. By the middle of the 19th century, the gutter production was finally dying out, but some industrial glass factories, by tradition, sometimes continue to be called gutis.

Рассмотрен на примере монастыря Льпиновская Троицкая пустынь импорт стекла в периферийные территории осковского/Российского государства, лежащие вне зоны распространения кустарного производства стекла. Сделаны выводы о крайне незначительных объемах поставок стеклянных изделий с малороссийских или НеруссоДеснянских гут. В то же время тип оконных стекол указывает на возможные контакты с гутами Днепровского правобережья в XVI – начале XVII века (возможно в период Смутного времени).

On the lands and times frontiers. The detection of the import of guta glass production in the Kursk Posem`e (on the example of the Lipinovsky Trinity monastery)
In the article, the example of the Lipinovskaya Trinity monastery examined the import of glass into the peripheral territories of the Moscow / Russian state, lying outside the zone of handicraft production of glass. Conclusions are drawn about the extremely small volumes of supplies of glassware from the Little Russian or Nerusso-Desnyanskiy forest. At the same time, the type of window glass indicates possible contacts with the guts of the Dnieper right bank in the 16th-early 17th centuries (possibly during the Time of Troubles).

The article is devoted to the historical geography formation and development of glass production in the territory of the Desna and the Upper Dnieper (watershed of Dniepr, Sozh, Besed, Iput, Snov, Sudost, Desna, Seim, Nerussa) in XVI – XIX. The need for the availability of various chemical components in the mix (quartz sand, potash, lime, various additives), water for fire safety, fuel for glass-making furnaces had a very strong influence on the distribution and landscape confinement of guta manufactories (centers of handicraft production of glass). All guts are connected with sandy sites (quartz sand – a furnace charge basis) and located near water (the reasons – fire safety and preparation of potash). The southern boundary of distribution is clearly connected with the northern boundary of the forest-steppe zone of Eastern Europe. In the forest-steppe, the afforested areas of the riverine areas were small (< 12%), the forest-steppe was not able to provide the necessary quantity of wood (fuel and raw materials for potash production). As deforestation in convenient places, the glass production centers gradually moved deeper into the forest zone to the north. A possible limitation of this advancement is the distribution of chalk outlets, the necessary component of the charge. As the industrial production of glass and glass products, less tied to local resources, the artisan production centers gradually fade. The research can be practically useful for the organization of tourist skansen, reconstructing ancient production processes.