article

Concurrent testing of digital microfluidics-based biochips

Authors:

Krishnendu ChakrabartyAuthors Info & Claims

ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES), Volume 11, Issue 2

Pages 442 - 464

https://doi.org/10.1145/1142155.1142164

Published: 01 April 2006 Publication History

Abstract

We present a concurrent testing methodology for detecting catastrophic faults in digital microfluidics-based biochips and investigate the related problems of test planning and resource optimization. We first show that an integer linear programming model can be used to minimize testing time for a given hardware overhead, for example, droplet dispensing sources and capacitive sensing circuitry. Due to the NP-complete nature of the problem, we also develop efficient heuristic procedures to solve this optimization problem. We apply the proposed concurrent testing methodology to a droplet-based microfluidic array that was fabricated and used to perform multiplexed glucose and lactate assays. Experimental results show that the proposed test approach interleaves test application with the biomedical assays and prevents resource conflicts. The proposed method is therefore directed at ensuring high reliability and availability of bio-MEMS and lab-on-a-chip systems, as they are increasingly deployed for safety-critical applications.

References

[1]

Balch, T. and Arkin, R. 1993. Avoiding the past: a simple, but effective strategy for reactive navigation. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 678--685.

[2]

Berkelaar, M. lpsolve. Eindhoven Univ. Technol., Eindhoven, The Netherlands {Online}. Available at ftp://ftp.ics.ele.tue.nl/pub/lp_solve.

[3]

Cho, S. K., Fan, S. K., Moon, H., and Kim, C. J. 2002. Toward digital microfluidic circuits: Creating, transporting, cutting and merging liquid droplets by electrowetting-based actuation. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on MEMS. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 32--52.

[4]

Davies, B. 1995. Robotics in minimally invasive surgery. In Proceedings of the IEE Colloquium Through the Keyhole: Microengoneering in Minimally Invasive Surgery, 5/1--5/2.

[5]

Deb, N. and Blanton, R. D. 2000. Analysis of failure sources in surface-micromachined MEMS. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Test Conference. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 739--749.

Digital Library

[6]

Deb, N. and Blanton, R. D. 2004. Multi-modal built-in self-test for symmetric microsystems. In Proceedings of the IEEE VLSI Test Symposium. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 139--147.

Digital Library

[7]

Dhayni, Al, Mir, S. and Rufer, L. 2004. MEMS built-in-self-test using MLS. In Proceedings of the European Test Symposium, 66--71.

Digital Library

[8]

Dumas, N., Azais, F., Latorre, L., and Nouet, P. 2004. Electrically-induced thermal stimuli for MEMS testing. In Proceedings of the European Test Symposium, 60--65.

Digital Library

[9]

Graham, R., Lawler, E., Lenstra, J., and Kan, A. R. 1979. Optimization and approximation in deterministic sequencing and scheduling: A survey. Ann. Disc. Math. 5, 287--326.

[10]

Henning, A. K. 1998. Microfluidic MEMS. In Proceedings of the IEEE Aerospace Conference. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 471--486.

[11]

Hull, H. F., Danila, R., and Ehresmann, K. 2003. Smallpox and bioterrorism: Public-health responses. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 142, 221--228.

[12]

International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS), http://public.itrs.net/Files/2003ITRS/Home2003.htm.

[13]

Kerkhoff, H. G. 1999. Testing philosophy behind the micro analysis system. In Proceedings of the SPIE: Design, Test and Microfabrication of MEMS and MOEMS. 78--83.

[14]

Kerkhoff, H. G. and Acar, M. 2003. Testable design and testing of micro-electro-fluidic arrays. In Proceedings of the IEEE VLSI Test Symposium. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 403--409.

Digital Library

[15]

Kerkhoff, H. G. and Hendriks, H. P. A. 2001. Fault modeling and fault simulation in mixed micro-fluidic microelectronic systems. J. Elect. Test. Theory. Appl. 17, 427--437.

Digital Library

[16]

Kolpekwar, A. and Blanton, R. D. 1997. Development of a MEMS testing methodology. In Proceedings of the IEEE Inernational Test Conference. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 923--931.

Digital Library

[17]

Mir, S., Charlot, B., and Courtois, B. 2000. Extending fault-based testing to microelectromechanical systems. J. Elect. Test. Theory Appl. 16, 279--288.

Digital Library

[18]

Paik, P., Pamula, V. K., and Fair, R. B. 2003. Rapid droplet mixers for digital microfluidic systems. Lab on a Chip 3, 253--259.

[19]

Poul, J. 2002. Bioterrorism and biodefence, J. Infect. 44, 59--66.

[20]

Pollack, M. G., Fair, R. B., and Shenderov, A. D. 2000. Electrowetting-based actuation of liquid droplets for microfluidic applications. Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 1725--1726.

[21]

Pollack, M. G., Shendero, A. D., and Fair, R. B. 2002. Electrowetting-based actuation of droplets for integrated microfluidics. Lab on a Chip 2, 96--101.

[22]

Pollack, M. G., Paik, P. Y., Shendero, A. D., Pamula, V. K., Dietrich, F. S., and Fair, R. B. 2003. Investigation of electrowetting-based microfluidics for real-time PCR applications. In Proceedings of μTAS. 619--622.

[23]

Ren, H. and Fair, R. B. 2002. Micro/nano liter droplet formation and dispensing by capacitance metering and electrowetting actuation. Technical Digest IEEE-NANO, 36--38.

[24]

Schulte, T. H., Bardell, R. L., and Weigl, B. H. 2002. Microfluidic technologies in clinical diagnostics. Clinica Chimica Acta 321, 1--10.

[25]

Srinivasan, V., Pamula, V. K., Pollack, M. G., and FAIR, R. B. 2003a. A digital microfluidic biosensor for multianalyte detection. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on MEMS. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA, 327--330.

[26]

Srinivasan, V., Pamula, V. K., Pollack, M. G., and FAIR, R. B. 2003b. Clinical diagnostics on human whole blood, plasma, serum, urine, saliva, sweat, and tears on a digital microfluidic platform. In Proceedings of μTAS, 1287--1290.

[27]

Srinivasan, V., Pamula, V. K., and Fair, R. B. 2004. An integrated digital microfluidic lab-on-a-chip for clinical diagnostics on human physiological fluids. Lab on a Chip 4, 310--315.

[28]

Su, F. and Chakrabarty, K. 2004. Architectural-level synthesis of digital microfluidics-based biochips. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on CAD. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos,CA, 223--228.

Digital Library

[29]

Su, F. and Chakrabarty, K. 2005. Design of fault-tolerant and dynamically-reconfigurable microfluidic biochips. In Proceedings of the Design, Automation and Test in Europe (DATE) Conference. 1202--1207.

Digital Library

[30]

Su, F., Ozev, S., and Chakrabarty, K. 2004. Test planning And test resource optimization for droplet-based microfluidic systems. In Proceedings of the European Test Symposium, 72--77.

Digital Library

[31]

Su, F., Ozev, S., and Chakrabarty, K. 2005. Ensuring the operational health of droplet-based microelectrofluidic biosensor systems. IEEE Sens. J. 5, 763--773.

[32]

Thorsen, T., Maerkl, S., and Quake, S. 2002. Microfluidic large-scale integration. Science 298, 580--584.

[33]

Trinder, P. 1969. Determination of glucose in blood using glucose oxidase with an alternative oxygen acceptor. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 6, 24--27.

[34]

Venkatesh, S. and Memish, Z. A. 2003. Bioterrorism: A new challenge for public health. Int. J. Antimicro. Agents 21, 200--206.

[35]

Verpoorte, E. and De Rooij, N. F. 2003. Microfluidics meets MEMS, Proc. IEEE 91, 930--953.

[36]

Videos on droplet transport, dispensing, mixing and biomedical assays {Online}. Available at http://www.ee.duke.edu/Research/microfluidics

[37]

Zhang, T., Chakrabarty, K., and Fairs, R. B. 2002. Microelectrofluidic Systems: Modeling and Simulation. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

Cited By

Jana PRoy PChakraborty SBiswas TGhosh S(2023)MEDA-Based BiochipsNovel Research and Development Approaches in Heterogeneous Systems and Algorithms10.4018/978-1-6684-7524-9.ch009(155-172)Online publication date: 28-Apr-2023
https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7524-9.ch009
Luo ZHuang BXu JWang LHuang ZCao LLiu S(2021)Machine vision-based driving and feedback scheme for digital microfluidics systemOpen Chemistry10.1515/chem-2021-006019:1(665-677)Online publication date: 7-Jun-2021
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2021-0060
Huang XXu CZhang L(2021)On-Line Test of Pin-Constrained Digital Microfluidic Biochips with Connect-5 StructureJournal of Electronic Testing: Theory and Applications10.1007/s10836-020-05923-z37:1(97-107)Online publication date: 1-Feb-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s10836-020-05923-z
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Concurrent testing of digital microfluidics-based biochips
1. Applied computing
  1. Life and medical sciences
2. Hardware

Recommendations

Digital microfluidic biochips: recent research and emerging challenges
CODES+ISSS '11: Proceedings of the seventh IEEE/ACM/IFIP international conference on Hardware/software codesign and system synthesis

Microfluidic biochips are replacing the conventional biochemical analyzers, and are able to integrate on-chip all the basic functions for biochemical analysis. The "digital" microfluidic biochips (DMFBs) are manipulating liquids not as a continuous flow,...
Read More
Microfluidics-Based Biochips: Technology Issues, Implementation Platforms, and Design-Automation Challenges

Microfluidics-based biochips are soon expected to revolutionize clinical diagnosis, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing, and other laboratory procedures involving molecular biology. In contrast to continuous-flow systems that rely on permanently ...
Read More
Routing-based synthesis of digital microfluidic biochips

Microfluidic biochips are replacing the conventional biochemical analyzers, and are able to integrate on-chip all the necessary functions for biochemical analysis. The "digital" biochips are manipulating liquids as discrete droplets on a two-dimensional ...
Read More

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems

ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems Volume 11, Issue 2

April 2006

283 pages

ISSN:1084-4309

EISSN:1557-7309

DOI:10.1145/1142155

Issue’s Table of Contents

Copyright © 2006 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Journal Family

ACM Journals for the Design of Smart and Connected Systems

Publication History

Published: 01 April 2006

Published in TODAES Volume 11, Issue 2

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Article

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

55
Total Citations
View Citations
684
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)2
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)0

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Jana PRoy PChakraborty SBiswas TGhosh S(2023)MEDA-Based BiochipsNovel Research and Development Approaches in Heterogeneous Systems and Algorithms10.4018/978-1-6684-7524-9.ch009(155-172)Online publication date: 28-Apr-2023
https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-7524-9.ch009
Luo ZHuang BXu JWang LHuang ZCao LLiu S(2021)Machine vision-based driving and feedback scheme for digital microfluidics systemOpen Chemistry10.1515/chem-2021-006019:1(665-677)Online publication date: 7-Jun-2021
https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2021-0060
Huang XXu CZhang L(2021)On-Line Test of Pin-Constrained Digital Microfluidic Biochips with Connect-5 StructureJournal of Electronic Testing: Theory and Applications10.1007/s10836-020-05923-z37:1(97-107)Online publication date: 1-Feb-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s10836-020-05923-z
Huang XXu CZhang L(2020)An Efficient Algorithm for Optimizing the Test Path of Digital Microfluidic BiochipsJournal of Electronic Testing: Theory and Applications10.1007/s10836-020-05865-636:2(205-218)Online publication date: 1-Apr-2020
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s10836-020-05865-6
Luo ZFan JHuang BLiu SDai F(2020)Position and feedback for digital microfluidic system based on light intensity informationAsia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering10.1002/apj.244915:S1Online publication date: 25-Mar-2020
https://doi.org/10.1002/apj.2449
Flegar GScheidegger FNovaković VMariani GTomás AMalossi AQuintana-Ortí E(2019)FloatXACM Transactions on Mathematical Software10.1145/336808645:4(1-23)Online publication date: 9-Dec-2019
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3368086
Kirby RMitchell L(2019)Code Generation for Generally Mapped Finite ElementsACM Transactions on Mathematical Software10.1145/336174545:4(1-23)Online publication date: 25-Dec-2019
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3361745
Sagebaum MAlbring TGauger N(2019)High-Performance Derivative Computations using CoDiPackACM Transactions on Mathematical Software10.1145/335690045:4(1-26)Online publication date: 9-Dec-2019
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3356900
Lucambio Pérez LPrudente L(2019)A Wolfe Line Search Algorithm for Vector OptimizationACM Transactions on Mathematical Software10.1145/334210445:4(1-23)Online publication date: 9-Dec-2019
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3342104
Kara GÖzturan C(2019)Algorithm 1002ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software10.1145/333048145:4(1-28)Online publication date: 9-Dec-2019
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3330481
Show More Cited By

View Options

Get Access

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Article

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Issue’s Table of Contents