Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
skip to main content
research-article

Hate Raids on Twitch: Understanding Real-Time Human-Bot Coordinated Attacks in Live Streaming Communities

Published: 04 October 2023 Publication History

Abstract

Online harassment and content moderation have been well-documented in online communities. However, new contexts and systems always bring new ways of harassment and need new moderation mechanisms. This study focuses on hate raids, a form of group attack in real-time in live streaming communities. Through a qualitative analysis of hate raids discussion in the Twitch subreddit (r/Twitch), we found that (1) hate raids as a human-bot coordinated group attack leverages the live stream system to attack marginalized streamers and other potential groups with(out) breaking the rules, (2) marginalized streamers suffer compound harms with insufficient support from the platform, (3) moderation strategies are overwhelmingly technical, but streamers still struggle to balance moderation and participation considering their marginalization status and needs. We use affordances as a lens to explain how hate raids happens in live streaming systems and propose moderation-by-design as a lens when developing new features or systems to mitigate the potential abuse of such designs.

References

[1]
[n.d.]. Defining ?Online Abuse": A Glossary of Terms. https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/defining-online-harassment-a-glossary-of-terms/
[2]
2021. H2 2021 Transparency Report. https://safety.twitch.tv/s/article/H2--2021-Transparency-Report?language=en_US
[3]
Zahra Ashktorab and Jessica Vitak. 2016. Designing Cyberbullying Mitigation and Prevention Solutions through Participatory Design With Teenagers. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 3895--3905. https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858548
[4]
Connor Bennett. 2021. What is ?A Day off Twitch'? Why streamers are striking to protest. https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/what-is-a-day-off-twitch-why-streamers-are-striking-to-protest-1643209/
[5]
Lindsay Blackwell, Jill Dimond, Sarita Schoenebeck, and Cliff Lampe. 2017. Classification and its consequences for online harassment: Design insights from HeartMob. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 1, CSCW (11 2017). https://doi.org/10.1145/3134659
[6]
Lindsay Blackwell, Nicole Ellison, Natasha Elliott-Deflo, and Raz Schwartz. 2019. Harassment in Social Virtual Reality: Challenges for Platform Governance. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3, CSCW (11 2019), 1--25. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359202
[7]
Danah Michele Boyd. 2008. Taken out of context: American teen sociality in networked publics. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of California, Berkeley. https://www.proquest.com/openview/9cc930ef134daf46c17434d2992e8251/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750
[8]
Andrea Braithwaite. 2014. ?Seriously, get out': Feminists on the forums and the War(craft) on women. New Media & Society 16, 5 (8 2014), 703--718. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444813489503
[9]
Anna Brown. 2020. LGB online daters have positive experiences overall but face harassment. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/04/09/lesbian-gay-and-bisexual-online-daters-report-positive-experiences-but-also-harassment/
[10]
Jie Cai and Donghee Y. Wohn. 2019. Categorizing Live Streaming Moderation Tools: An Analysis of Twitch. International Journal of Interactive Communication Systems and Technologies 9, 2 (7 2019), 36--50. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJICST.2019070103
[11]
Jie Cai and Donghee Yvette Wohn. 2021. After Violation But Before Sanction: Understanding Volunteer Moderators' Profiling Processes Toward Violators in Live Streaming Communities. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, CSCW2 (10 2021), 1--25. https://doi.org/10.1145/3479554
[12]
Jie Cai and Donghee Yvette Wohn. 2022. Coordination and Collaboration: How do Volunteer Moderators Work as a Team in Live Streaming Communities?. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1--14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3517628
[13]
Jie Cai, Donghee Y. Wohn, and Mashael Almoqbel. 2021. Moderation Visibility: Mapping the Strategies of Volunteer Moderators in Live Streaming Micro Communities. In Proceedings of ACM International Conference on Interactive Media Experiences. 61--72. https://doi.org/10.1145/3452918.3458796
[14]
Jie Cai and Donghee Yvette Wohn. 2023. Understanding Moderators' Conflict and Conflict Management Strategies with Streamers in Live Streaming Communities; Understanding Moderators' Conflict and Conflict Management Strategies with Streamers in Live Streaming Communities. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '23). ACM, Hamburg, Germany, 1--12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3580982
[15]
Stevie Chancellor, Jessica Annette Pater, Trustin Clear, Eric Gilbert, and Munmun De Choudhury. 2016. #thyghgapp: Instagram Content Moderation and Lexical Variation in Pro-Eating Disorder Communities. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing. 1201--1213. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818048.2819963
[16]
Eshwar Chandrasekharan, Chaitrali Gandhi, Matthew Wortley Mustelier, and Eric Gilbert. 2019. Crossmod: A Cross-Community Learning-based System to Assist Reddit Moderators. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3, CSCW (2019), 1--30. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359276
[17]
Eshwar Chandrasekharan, Mattia Samory, Anirudh Srinivasan, and Eric Gilbert. 2017. The bag of communities: Identifying abusive behavior online with preexisting internet data. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings 2017-May (5 2017), 3175--3187. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3026018
[18]
Despoina Chatzakou, Nicolas Kourtellis, Jeremy Blackburn, Emiliano De Cristofaro, Gianluca Stringhini, and Athena Vakali. 2017. Hate is not Binary: Studying Abusive Behavior of \#GamerGate on Twitter. In Proceedings of the 28th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 65--74. https://doi.org/10.1145/3078714.3078721
[19]
Despoina Chatzakou, Nicolas Kourtellis, Jeremy Blackburn, Emiliano De Cristofaro, Gianluca Stringhini, and Athena Vakali. 2017. Measuring \#GamerGate: A Tale of Hate, Sexism, and Bullying. In Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion. ACM Press, New York, New York, USA, 1285--1290. https://doi.org/10.1145/3041021.3053890
[20]
Mia Consalvo. 2012. Confronting Toxic Gamer Culture: A Challenge for Feminist Game Studies Scholars. Journal of Gender, New Media, and Technology 1 (11 2012), 1--11. https://doi.org/10.7264/N33X84KH
[21]
Amanda C.e Cote. 2017. "I Can Defend Myself": Women's Strategies for Coping with Harassment while Gaming Online. Games and Culture 12, 2 (2017), 136--155. https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412015587603
[22]
Anubrata Das, Brandon Dang, and Matthew Lease. 2020. Fast, Accurate, and Healthier: Interactive Blurring Helps Moderators Reduce Exposure to Harmful Content. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Human Computation and Crowdsourcing 8, 1 (2020), 33--42. https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/HCOMP/article/view/7461
[23]
Bryan Dosono and Bryan Semaan. 2019. Moderation Practices as Emotional Labor in Sustaining Online Communities. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1--13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300372
[24]
Ian Drosos and Philip J Guo. 2022. The Design Space of Livestreaming Equipment Setups: Tradeoffs, Challenges, and Opportunities. In Designing Interactive Systems Conference. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 835--848. https://doi.org/10.1145/3532106.3533489
[25]
Jennifer Fereday and Eimear Muir-Cochrane. 2006. Demonstrating Rigor Using Thematic Analysis: A Hybrid Approach of Inductive and Deductive Coding and Theme Development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods 5, 1 (3 2006), 80--92. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690600500107
[26]
Michelle Ferrier and Nisha Garud-Patkar. 2018. TrollBusters: Fighting Online Harassment of Women Journalists. In Mediating Misogyny. Springer International Publishing, Cham, 311--332. https://doi.org/10.1007/978--3--319--72917--6{_}16
[27]
Jessica L. Feuston, Alex S. Taylor, and Anne Marie Piper. 2020. Conformity of Eating Disorders through Content Moderation. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 4, CSCW1 (5 2020), 1--28. https://doi.org/10.1145/3392845
[28]
Colin Ford, Dan Gardner, Leah Elaine Horgan, Calvin Liu, a. m. Tsaasan, Bonnie Nardi, and Jordan Rickman. 2017. Chat Speed OP PogChamp: Practices of Coherence in Massive Twitch Chat. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 858--871. https://doi.org/10.1145/3027063.3052765
[29]
Jesse Fox and Wai Yen Tang. 2017. Women's experiences with general and sexual harassment in online video games: Rumination, organizational responsiveness, withdrawal, and coping strategies. New Media and Society 19, 8 (3 2017), 1290--1307. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816635778
[30]
Eric J. Friedman* and Paul Resnick. 2001. The Social Cost of Cheap Pseudonyms. Journal of Economics Management Strategy 10, 2 (6 2001), 173--199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1430--9134.2001.00173.x
[31]
Tarleton Gillespie. 2020. Content moderation, AI, and the question of scale. Big Data & Society 7, 2 (7 2020), 1--5. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951720943234
[32]
Tarleton Gillespie, Patricia Aufderheide, Elinor Carmi, Ysabel Gerrard, Robert Gorwa, Ariadna Matamoros-Fernández, Sarah T. Roberts, Aram Sinnreich, and Sarah Myers West. 2020. Expanding the debate about content moderation: Scholarly research agendas for the coming policy debates. Internet Policy Review 9, 4 (2020), 1--29. https://doi.org/10.14763/2020.4.1512
[33]
Nitesh Goyal, Ian D. Kivlichan, Rachel Rosen, and Lucy Vasserman. 2022. Is Your Toxicity My Toxicity? Exploring the Impact of Rater Identity on Toxicity Annotation. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6, CSCW2 (11 2022), 1--28. https://doi.org/10.1145/3555088
[34]
Nitesh Goyal, Leslie Park, and Lucy Vasserman. 2022. ?You have to prove the threat is real": Understanding the needs of Female Journalists and Activists to Document and Report Online Harassment. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1--17. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3517517
[35]
Nathan Grayson. 2022. How Twitch took down the Buffalo shooter's stream faster than Facebook. https://www.washingtonpost.com/video-games/2022/05/20/twitch-buffalo-shooter-facebook-nypd-interview/
[36]
James Grimmelmann. 2015. The Virtues of Moderation. Yale Journal of Law and Technology 17, 1 (2015), 68. https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/yjolt/vol17/iss1/2
[37]
Oliver L. Haimson, Justin Buss, Zu Weinger, Denny L. Starks, Dykee Gorrell, and Briar Sweetbriar Baron. 2020. Trans Time: Safety, Privacy, and ContentWarnings on a Transgender-Specific Social Media Site. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 4, CSCW2 (10 2020). https://doi.org/10.1145/3415195
[38]
Oliver L. Haimson, Daniel Delmonaco, Peipei Nie, and Andrea Wegner. 2021. Disproportionate Removals and Differing Content Moderation Experiences for Conservative, Transgender, and Black Social Media Users: Marginalization and Moderation Gray Areas. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, CSCW2 (10 2021), 1--35. https://doi.org/10.1145/3479610
[39]
William A. Hamilton, Oliver Garretson, and Andruid Kerne. 2014. Streaming on twitch: Fostering participatory communities of play within live mixed media. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1315--1324. https://doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557048
[40]
U. Hedestig and V. Kaptelinin. 2003. Facilitator's invisible expertise and supra-situational activities in a telelearning environment. In Proceedings of the 36th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE, 10. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2003.1173637
[41]
Graeme Horsman. 2018. A forensic examination of the technical and legal challenges surrounding the investigation of child abuse on live streaming platforms: A case study on Periscope. Journal of Information Security and Applications 42 (10 2018), 107--117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2018.07.009
[42]
Ian Hutchby. 2001. Technologies, texts and affordances. Sociology 35, 2 (5 2001), 441--456. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0038038501000219
[43]
Abdul Rehman Javed, Waqas Ahmed, Mamoun Alazab, Zunera Jalil, Kashif Kifayat, and Thippa Reddy Gadekallu. 2022. A Comprehensive Survey on Computer Forensics: State-of-the-Art, Tools, Techniques, Challenges, and Future Directions. IEEE Access 10 (2022), 11065--11089. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3142508
[44]
Shagun Jhaver, Darren Scott Appling, Eric Gilbert, and Amy Bruckman. 2019. ?Did you suspect the post would be removed?": Understanding user reactions to content removals on reddit. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3, CSCW (11 2019), 1--33. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359294
[45]
Shagun Jhaver, Iris Birman, Eric Gilbert, and Amy Bruckman. 2019. Human-machine collaboration for content regulation: The case of reddit automoderator. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 26, 5 (2019), 35. https://doi.org/10.1145/3338243
[46]
Shagun Jhaver, Christian Boylston, DIyi Yang, and Amy Bruckman. 2021. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Deplatforming as a Moderation Strategy on Twitter. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, CSCW2 (10 2021), 1--30. https://doi.org/10.1145/3479525
[47]
Shagun Jhaver, Quan Ze Chen, Detlef Knauss, and Amy X. Zhang. 2022. Designing Word Filter Tools for Creator-led Comment Moderation. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1--21. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3517505
[48]
Jialun Jiang, Charles Kiene, Skyler Middler, Jed R. Brubaker, and Casey Fiesler. 2019. Moderation challenges in voice-based online communities on discord. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3, CSCW (11 2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3359157
[49]
Jialun Aaron Jiang, Peipei Nie, Jed R Brubaker, and Casey Fiesler. 2022. A Trade-off-centered Framework of Content Moderation; A Trade-off-centered Framework of Content Moderation. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. (2022), 1--34. https://doi.org/10.1145/3534929
[50]
Chris Jones, Lone Dirckinck-Holmfeld, and Berner Lindström. 2006. A relational, indirect, meso-level approach to CSCL design in the next decade. International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning 1, 1 (3 2006), 35--56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11412-006--6841--7
[51]
Joann Keyton and Kathy Menzie. 2007. Sexually Harassing Messages: Decoding Workplace Conversation. Communication Studies 58, 1 (2 2007), 87--103. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510970601168756
[52]
Soomin Kim, Changhoon Oh, Won Ik Cho, Donghoon Shin, Bongwon Suh, and Joonhwan Lee. 2021. Trkic G00gle: Why and How Users Game Translation Algorithms. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, CSCW2 (10 2021), 1--24. https://doi.org/10.1145/3476085
[53]
Yubo Kou. 2021. Punishment and Its Discontents: An Analysis of Permanent Ban in an Online Game Community. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, CSCW2 (10 2021), 1--21. https://doi.org/10.1145/3476075
[54]
Srijan Kumar, William L. Hamilton, Jure Leskovec, and Dan Jurafsky. 2018. Community Interaction and Conflict on the Web. In Proceedings of the 2018 World Wide Web Conference on World Wide Web. ACM Press, New York, New York, USA, 933--943. https://doi.org/10.1145/3178876.3186141
[55]
Jeffrey H. Kuznekoff and Lindsey M. Rose. 2013. Communication in multiplayer gaming: Examining player responses to gender cues. New Media and Society 15, 4 (9 2013), 541--556. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812458271
[56]
Vivian Lai, Samuel Carton, Rajat Bhatnagar, Q. Vera Liao, Yunfeng Zhang, and Chenhao Tan. 2022. Human-AI Collaboration via Conditional Delegation: A Case Study of Content Moderation. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1--18. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3501999
[57]
Charlotte Lambert, Ananya Rajagopal, and Eshwar Chandrasekharan. 2022. Conversational Resilience: Quantifying and Predicting Conversational Outcomes Following Adverse Events. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 16, 1 (2022), 548--559. https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/19314
[58]
Cliff Lampe and Paul Resnick. 2004. Slash(dot) and Burn: Distributed Moderation in a Large Online Conversation Space. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 543--550. https://doi.org/10.1145/985692.985761
[59]
Alexander Lee. 2022. ?Don't let it bother you, just continue streaming': Confessions of a Twitch streamer who received ?hate raids'. https://digiday.com/marketing/dont-let-it-bother-you-just-continue-streaming-confessions-of-a-twitch-streamer-and-victim-of-online-hate-raids/
[60]
Pascal Lessel, Alexander Vielhauer, and Antonio Krüger. 2017. Expanding video game live-streams with enhanced communication channels: A case study. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings. Association for Computing Machinery, 1571--1576. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025708
[61]
Hanlin Li, Brent Hecht, and Stevie Chancellor. 2022. Measuring the Monetary Value of Online Volunteer Work. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media. 596--606. https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/19318
[62]
Hanlin Li, Nicholas Vincent, Janice Tsai, Jofish Kaye, and Brent Hecht. 2019. How Do People Change Their Technology Use in Protest? Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3, CSCW (11 2019), 1--22. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359189
[63]
Lingyuan Li, Kelsea Schulenberg, Guo Freeman, and Dane Acena. 2023. "We Cried on Each Other's Shoulders": How LGBTQ Individuals Experience Social Support in Social Virtual Reality. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '23), Vol. 16. ACM, 1--16. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3581530
[64]
Na Li, Jie Cai, and Donghee Yvette Wohn. 2023. Ignoring As a Moderation Strategy for Volunteer Moderators on Twitch. In Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Vol. 1. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1--7. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544549.3585704
[65]
Megan Lindsay, Jaime M. Booth, Jill T. Messing, and Jonel Thaller. 2016. Experiences of Online Harassment Among Emerging Adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 31, 19 (11 2016), 3174--3195. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515584344
[66]
Jeremy Lopez and Guo Freeman. 2022. To Tag or Not To Tag: The Interplay of the Twitch Tag System and LGBTQIA Visibility in Live Streaming. Proceedings of the 55th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (1 2022). https://doi.org/10.24251/HICSS.2022.413
[67]
Mufan Luo, Tiffany W. Hsu, Joon Sung Park, and Jeffrey T. Hancock. 2020. Emotional Amplification During Live-Streaming: Evidence from Comments During and After News Events. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 4, CSCW1 (5 2020), 1--19. https://doi.org/10.1145/3392853
[68]
Renkai Ma and Yubo Kou. 2021. "How advertiser-friendly is my video?": YouTuber's Socioeconomic Interactions with Algorithmic Content Moderation. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, CSCW2 (10 2021), 1--25. https://doi.org/10.1145/3479573
[69]
Enrico Mariconti, Guillermo Suarez-Tangil, Jeremy Blackburn, Emiliano De Cristofaro, Nicolas Kourtellis, Ilias Leontiadis, Jordi Luque Serrano, and Gianluca Stringhini. 2019. ?You Know What to Do": Proactive Detection of YouTube Videos Targeted by Coordinated Hate Attacks. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3, CSCW (11 2019), 1--21. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359309
[70]
Adrienne Massanari. 2017. #Gamergate and The Fappening: How Reddit's algorithm, governance, and culture support toxic technocultures. New Media and Society 19, 3 (2017), 329--346. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815608807
[71]
Binny Mathew, Punyajoy Saha, Hardik Tharad, Subham Rajgaria, Prajwal Singhania, Suman Kalyan Maity, Pawan Goyal, and Animesh Mukherjee. 2019. Thou shalt not hate: Countering online hate speech. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Web and Social Media, ICWSM 2019. 369--380. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.31128.85765
[72]
Brian McInnis, Leah Ajmani, Lu Sun, Yiwen Hou, Ziwen Zeng, and Steven P. Dow. 2021. Reporting the Community Beat: Practices for Moderating Online Discussion at a News Website. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, CSCW2 (10 2021), 1--25. https://doi.org/10.1145/3476074
[73]
Lavinia McLean and Mark D. Griffiths. 2019. Female Gamers' Experience of Online Harassment and Social Support in Online Gaming: A Qualitative Study. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 17, 4 (8 2019), 970--994. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11469-018--9962-0/FIGURES/1
[74]
Joanne Meredith. 2017. Analysing technological affordances of online interactions using conversation analysis. Journal of Pragmatics 115 (7 2017), 42--55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2017.03.001
[75]
Fernando Miró-Llinares and Asier Moneva. 2019. What about cyberspace (and cybercrime alongside it)? A reply to Farrell and Birks ?Did cybercrime cause the crime drop?". Crime Science 8, 1 (12 2019), 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-019-0107-y
[76]
Kimberly J Mitchell, David Finkelhor, Lisa M Jones, and Janis Wolak. 2010. Use of social networking sites in online sex crimes against minors: an examination of national incidence and means of utilization. The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine 47, 2 (8 2010), 183--90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.01.007
[77]
Ed Nightingale. 2022. Twitch streamers positive about new raid feature in response to harassment. https://www.eurogamer.net/twitch-streamers-positive-about-new-raid-feature-in-response-to-harassment
[78]
Shirin Nilizadeh, François Labrèche, Alireza Sedighian, Ali Zand, José Fernandez, Christopher Kruegel, Gianluca Stringhini, and Giovanni Vigna. 2017. POISED: Spotting twitter spam off the beaten paths. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1159--1174. https://doi.org/10.1145/3133956.3134055
[79]
Donald A. Norman. 1988. The Psychology of Everyday Things. Basic Books, New York. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1988--97561-000
[80]
Xinru Page, Andrew Capener, Spring Cullen, Tao Wang, Monica Garfield, and Pamela J. Wisniewski. 2022. Perceiving Affordances Differently: The Unintended Consequences When Young Autistic Adults Engage with Social Media. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1--21. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3517596
[81]
Joon Sung Park, Lindsay Popowski, Carrie J Cai, Meredith Ringel Morris, Percy Liang, and Michael S Bernstein. 2022. Social Simulacra: Creating Populated Prototypes for Social Computing Systems. In The 35th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST '22). 1--18. https://doi.org/10.1145/3526113.3545616
[82]
Ash Parrish. 2021. How to stop a hate raid. https://www.theverge.com/22633874/how-to-stop-a-hate-raid-twitch-safety-tools
[83]
Ash Parrish. 2021. Twitch sues two alleged ?hate raiders'. https://www.theverge.com/2021/9/10/22666953/twitch-sues-alleged-hate-raiders-harassment-streamers
[84]
Ethel Quayle. 2016. Researching online child sexual exploitation and abuse: Are there links between online and offline vulnerabilities? Technical Report. The University of Edinburgh, UK. 1--48 pages. www.globalkidsonline.net/sexual-
[85]
Sarah Riddick and Rich Shivener. 2022. Affective Spamming on Twitch: Rhetorics of an Emote-Only Audience in a Presidential Inauguration Livestream. Computers and Composition 64 (6 2022), 102711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compcom.2022.102711
[86]
D Robey, C Anderson, B Raymond Journal of the Association for, and undefined 2013. 2013. Information technology, materiality, and organizational change: A professional odyssey. aisel.aisnet.org 14, 7 (2013), 379--398. https://aisel.aisnet.org/jais/vol14/iss7/1/
[87]
Morgan Klaus Scheuerman, Stacy M. Branham, and Foad Hamidi. 2018. Safe spaces and safe places: Unpacking technology-mediated experiences of safety and harm with transgender people. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 2, CSCW (11 2018), 1--27. https://doi.org/10.1145/3274424
[88]
Morgan Klaus Scheuerman, Jialun Aaron Jiang, Casey Fiesler, and Jed R. Brubaker. 2021. A Framework of Severity for Harmful Content Online. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, CSCW2 (10 2021), 1--33. https://doi.org/10.1145/3479512
[89]
Sarita Schoenebeck and Lindsay Blackwell. 2021. Reimagining Social Media Governance: Harm, Accountability, and Repair. SSRN Electronic Journal (7 2021). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3895779
[90]
Kelsea Schulenberg, Lingyuan Li, Guo Freeman, Samaneh Zamanifard, and Nathan J Mcneese. 2023. Towards Leveraging AI-based Moderation to Address Emergent Harassment in Social Virtual Reality. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '23), Vol. 1. ACM, 1--17. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3581090
[91]
Joseph Seering. 2020. Reconsidering Community Self-Moderation: The Role of Research in Supporting Community-Based Models for Online Content Moderation. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 4, CSCW2 (10 2020). https://doi.org/10.1145/3415178
[92]
Joseph Seering, Tianmi Fang, Luca Damasco, Mianhong Cherie Chen, Likang Sun, and Geoff Kaufman. 2019. Designing User Interface Elements to Improve the Quality and Civility of Discourse in Online Commenting Behaviors. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1--14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300836
[93]
Joseph Seering, Robert Kraut, and Laura Dabbish. 2017. Shaping Pro and Anti-Social Behavior on Twitch Through Moderation and Example-Setting. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 111--125. https://doi.org/10.1145/2998181.2998277
[94]
Joseph Seering, Tony Wang, Jina Yoon, and Geoff Kaufman. 2019. Moderator engagement and community development in the age of algorithms. New Media & Society 21, 7 (7 2019), 1417--1443. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818821316
[95]
Jeff T Sheng and Sanjay R Kairam. 2020. From Virtual Strangers to IRL Friends: Relationship Development in Livestreaming Communities on Twitch. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 4, CSCW2 (2020), 34. https://doi.org/10.1145/3415165
[96]
Miriah Steiger, Timir J. Bharucha, Sukrit Venkatagiri, Martin J. Riedl, and Matthew Lease. 2021. The Psychological Well-Being of Content Moderators: The Emotional Labor of Commercial Moderation and Avenues for Improving Support. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings. Association for Computing Machinery, 1--14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445092
[97]
Gianluca Stringhini, Pierre Mourlanne, Gregoire Jacob, Manuel Egele, Christopher Kruegel, and Giovanni Vigna. 2015. Evilcohort: Detecting communities of malicious accounts on online services., 563--578 pages. https://www.usenix.org/conference/usenixsecurity15/technical-sessions/presentation/stringhini
[98]
Keith Stuart. 2014. Zoe Quinn: 'All Gamergate has done is ruin people's lives'. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/dec/03/zoe-quinn-gamergate-interview
[99]
Sharifa Sultana, Mitrasree Deb, Ananya Bhattacharjee, Shaid Hasan, S.M.Raihanul Alam, Trishna Chakraborty, Prianka Roy, Samira Fairuz Ahmed, Aparna Moitra, M. Ashraful Amin, A.K.M. Najmul Islam, and Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed. 2021. ?Unmochon': A Tool to Combat Online Sexual Harassment over Facebook Messenger. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1--18. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445154
[100]
Hibby Thach, Samuel Mayworm, Daniel Delmonaco, and Oliver Haimson. 2022. (In)visible moderation: A digital ethnography of marginalized users and content moderation on Twitch and Reddit. New Media & Society (7 2022), 1--22. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221109804
[101]
Jirassaya Uttarapong, Jie Cai, and Donghee Yvette Wohn. 2021. Harassment Experiences of Women and LGBTQ Live Streamers and How They Handled Negativity. In ACM International Conference on Interactive Media Experiences. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 7--19. https://doi.org/10.1145/3452918.3458794
[102]
Jessica Vitak, Kalyani Chadha, Linda Steiner, and Zahra Ashktorab. 2017. Identifying women's experiences with and strategies for mitigating negative effects of online harassment. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. 1231--1245. https://doi.org/10.1145/2998181.2998337
[103]
Ashley Marie Walker and Michael A. DeVito. 2020. "'More gay' fits in better": Intracommunity Power Dynamics and Harms in Online LGBTQ Spaces. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1--15. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376497
[104]
Donghee Yvette Wohn. 2019. Volunteer Moderators in Twitch Micro Communities. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1--13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300390
[105]
Donghee Yvette Wohn, Casey Fiesler, Libby Hemphill, Munmun De Choudhury, and J. Nathan Matias. 2017. How to handle online risks? Discussing content curation and moderation in social media. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings Part F127655 (5 2017), 1271--1276. https://doi.org/10.1145/3027063.3051141
[106]
Donghee Yvette Wohn and Guo Freeman. 2020. Audience Management Practices of Live Streamers on Twitch. IMX 2020 - Proceedings of the 2020 ACM International Conference on Interactive Media Experiences (6 2020), 106--116. https://doi.org/10.1145/3391614.3393653
[107]
Samuel C Woolley. 2022. Digital Propaganda: The Power of Influencers. Journal of Democracy 33, 3 (2022), 115--129. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/860232
[108]
Austin P. Wright, Omar Shaikh, Haekyu Park, Will Epperson, Muhammed Ahmed, Stephane Pinel, Duen Horng (polo) Chau, and Diyi Yang. 2021. Recast: Enabling User Recourse and Interpretability of Toxicity Detection Models with Interactive Visualization. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, CSCW1 (4 2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3449280
[109]
Mu Xia, Yun Huang, Wenjing Duan, and Andrew B. Whinston. 2009. Ballot box communication in online communities. Commun. ACM 52, 9 (9 2009), 138--142. https://doi.org/10.1145/1562164.1562199
[110]
Savvas Zannettou, Mai Elsherief, Elizabeth Belding, Shirin Nilizadeh, and Gianluca Stringhini. 2020. Measuring and Characterizing Hate Speech on News Websites. In 12th ACM Conference on Web Science. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 125--134. https://doi.org/10.1145/3394231.3397902
[111]
Yingfan Zhou and Rosta Farzan. 2021. Designing to Stop Live Streaming Cyberbullying. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Communities & Technologies - Wicked Problems in the Age of Tech. ACM, New York, NY USA, 138--150. https://doi.org/10.1145/3461564.3461574
[112]
Ethan Zuckerman. 2021. Why study media ecosystems? Information Communication and Society 24, 10 (2021), 1495--1513. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1942513

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)Third-Party Developers and Tool Development For Community Management on Live Streaming Platform TwitchProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642787(1-18)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
  • (2024)"I Got Flagged for Supposed Bullying, Even Though It Was in Response to Someone Harassing Me About My Disability.": A Study of Blind TikTokers’ Content Moderation ExperiencesProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642148(1-15)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
  • (2024)Applying machine learning to assess emotional reactions to video game content streamed on Spanish Twitch channelsComputer Speech & Language10.1016/j.csl.2024.10165188(101651)Online publication date: Nov-2024
  • Show More Cited By

Index Terms

  1. Hate Raids on Twitch: Understanding Real-Time Human-Bot Coordinated Attacks in Live Streaming Communities

      Recommendations

      Comments

      Information & Contributors

      Information

      Published In

      cover image Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
      Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction  Volume 7, Issue CSCW2
      CSCW
      October 2023
      4055 pages
      EISSN:2573-0142
      DOI:10.1145/3626953
      Issue’s Table of Contents
      Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

      Publisher

      Association for Computing Machinery

      New York, NY, United States

      Publication History

      Published: 04 October 2023
      Published in PACMHCI Volume 7, Issue CSCW2

      Permissions

      Request permissions for this article.

      Check for updates

      Author Tags

      1. affordances
      2. content moderation
      3. group attack
      4. harassment
      5. human-bot collaboration
      6. live streaming
      7. marginalized group
      8. platform governance

      Qualifiers

      • Research-article

      Funding Sources

      Contributors

      Other Metrics

      Bibliometrics & Citations

      Bibliometrics

      Article Metrics

      • Downloads (Last 12 months)215
      • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)20
      Reflects downloads up to 26 Sep 2024

      Other Metrics

      Citations

      Cited By

      View all
      • (2024)Third-Party Developers and Tool Development For Community Management on Live Streaming Platform TwitchProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642787(1-18)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
      • (2024)"I Got Flagged for Supposed Bullying, Even Though It Was in Response to Someone Harassing Me About My Disability.": A Study of Blind TikTokers’ Content Moderation ExperiencesProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642148(1-15)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
      • (2024)Applying machine learning to assess emotional reactions to video game content streamed on Spanish Twitch channelsComputer Speech & Language10.1016/j.csl.2024.10165188(101651)Online publication date: Nov-2024
      • (2024)“People are Way too Obsessed with Rank”: Trust System in Social Virtual RealityComputer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)10.1007/s10606-024-09498-7Online publication date: 4-May-2024

      View Options

      Get Access

      Login options

      Full Access

      View options

      PDF

      View or Download as a PDF file.

      PDF

      eReader

      View online with eReader.

      eReader

      Media

      Figures

      Other

      Tables

      Share

      Share

      Share this Publication link

      Share on social media