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This work focuses on GC-MS analysis of the fatty acid composition of the shea nut fats obtained from selected areas of Kebbi State, Nigeria. The fats were extracted by local traditional and soxhlet extraction methods. The study involves... more
This work focuses on GC-MS analysis of the fatty acid composition of the shea nut fats obtained from selected areas of Kebbi State, Nigeria. The fats were extracted by local traditional and soxhlet extraction methods. The study involves different extraction procedures to identify and confirm fatty acids. The GC-MS spectra interpretation is restricted to compounds identification. The GC-MS fragments revealed the following fatty acids profile;Oleic acid (C 18 H 34 O 2 ), Palmitic acid (C 16 H 32 O 2 ), Stearic acid (C 18 H 32 O 2 ), Undecylenic acid (C 11 H 20 O 2 ), Methyl ricinoleate (C 19 H 36 O 3 ), Behenic acid (C 23 H 46 O 2 ), Tridecylic acid (CH 3 (CH 2 ) 11 COOH), Nonadecanoic acid(CH 3 (CH 2 ) 17 COOH). Even though the work have limitation in comparison of the extraction methods and the results obtained. However the results showed the potential of the Traditional local and hexane extracts of the shea nut fats in cosmetics, perfumery and pharmaceuticals.
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Aims: To extract, carry out chemical analyses and saponify shea nut fat. Study Design: Triplicate Chemical analysis using standard procedures was employed. Place and Duration of Study: Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry,... more
Aims: To extract, carry out chemical analyses and saponify shea nut fat. Study Design: Triplicate Chemical analysis using standard procedures was employed. Place and Duration of Study: Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Kebbi State University of Science & Technology, Aliero, Nigeria. Methodology: Shea nut fat was extracted in a soxhlet apparatus using analytical grade hexane (nhexane) as refluxing or extracting solvent for the work. At the completion of the extraction process the oil was recovered from the mixture by evaporating the residual extracting solvent in an oven set at 50°C and stored in the bottle. This process was repeated until a substantial quantity of oil was achieved. Each batch of extraction lasted for about 5 hours on the average. Standard reported procedures were used to carried out the chemical analyses. Results: The powdered seed gave 38.74% oil with density of 0.96g/ cm3. The oil is yellowish in color before it solidified to fat at room temperature. Chemical analysis of the oil reveals saponification value 166.10±0.84mgKOH/g, iodine value53.54±0.39g I2/100g, acid value of 14.26±0.33mgKOH/g and free fatty acid value of 4.20±0.04. A simple coldprocess alkali hydrolysis of the shea nut oil was used to produce a brown colored soap with a foam height of 31cm3. The chemical properties of the soap were 58.66 % total fatty matter , 0.57 % total alkali, 1.26 % percentage chloride, and pH of 10.7. Original Research Article Warra and Komo; JSRR, Article no. JSRR.2014.002 661 Conclusion: Due to the favorable chemical characteristics of the soap in comparison with literature reports, it can be used as cosmetic toilet soap especially when other ingredients such as sequesterants, silicates and glycerine are added.
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Abstract Jatropha curcas L. has great potential for soil remediation. Its leaves and branches can be used as a replacement for synthetic fertilizers. It can also be used to retain marginal and degraded soil by anchoring the soil with... more
Abstract Jatropha curcas L. has great potential for soil remediation. Its leaves and branches can be used as a replacement for synthetic fertilizers. It can also be used to retain marginal and degraded soil by anchoring the soil with substantial roots, reducing the possibility of soil erosion. This chapter focuses on suitable land for J. curcas L. cultivation, value chain, economic benefits to rural populations, and prospects for cosmetic industries.
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Abstract Mining, agriculture, urban waste, and a variety of industrial activities are implicated in toxic metal and metalloids pollution. A literature search revealed that most of the candidate plants for phytoremediation belong to... more
Abstract Mining, agriculture, urban waste, and a variety of industrial activities are implicated in toxic metal and metalloids pollution. A literature search revealed that most of the candidate plants for phytoremediation belong to Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Fabaceae (among dicots), and Poaceae and Cyperaceae (among monocots). It is generally believed by scientists and regulators that conventional phytoremediation is rather slow. In this context, genetic engineering and related biotech tools have yielded promising results for enhancing the phytoremediation capacity of candidate species from Euphorbiaceae. Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) and castor bean (Ricinus communis) possess enormous adaptive potential in diverse habitats including problematic sites due to their plasticity. In this chapter, possible approaches for genetic improvement and transformation of Jatropha and castor bean for efficient remediation of toxic metals and metalloids are substantiated by literature. These approaches will be beneficial for revegetating toxic metal and metalloid contaminated sites. Cogeneration of bioproducts including biofuel is an additional advantage for economic sustainability over and above efficient remediation.
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Abstract The chemical burden on natural ecosystems is increasing globally due to agricultural industrialization. Agrochemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) play an important role in agriculture and horticulture and have been widely used... more
Abstract The chemical burden on natural ecosystems is increasing globally due to agricultural industrialization. Agrochemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) play an important role in agriculture and horticulture and have been widely used for crop protection and increasing productivity in Africa. Reducing the losses from crop pests will help increase food availability and boost economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa. Chemical pesticides, regardless of their inherent hazard, are used intensively in the fast-changing agricultural sector. Pesticides are among the major technologies used in the management of field and postharvest losses due to pests. This accounted for the growing demand for effective alternatives that present low health risks and conserve ecosystems and biological diversity. Commercialization of horticulture farming, expansion of farms, and the practice of monoculture favor the proliferation of pests, which in turn increases the need for pesticides. Mineral fertilizers have never been used as much as they are today, and in developing countries, they are experiencing a renaissance. But the efficacy of mineral fertilizers and the problems they entail have long been a matter of contention. The hazards associated with agrochemical use are real. With the strong lobbying power of environmental groups, agrochemicals are now viewed as a sensitive issue. This chapter is centered on the use of agrochemicals in agricultural and horticultural practices in Africa with particular emphasis on the potential impact on human health and environment; some preventive measures and regulatory issues are also discussed.
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Africa contains some of the richest biodiversity in the world, blessed with bountiful plants of economic importance and plants of medicinal importance which when developed would reduce our expenditure on imported drugs to meet our health... more
Africa contains some of the richest biodiversity in the world, blessed with bountiful plants of economic importance and plants of medicinal importance which when developed would reduce our expenditure on imported drugs to meet our health needs. Plants are source of phytochemicals that possess emollients, humectants and medicinal properties. A complex mixture derived from plant sources are also used as a medicine or drug (phytomedicine, or phytopharmaceuticals). The demand for phytocosmetics and phytopharmaceuticals is increasing. Due to growing global market demand for phytocosmetics such as skin care, toiletries, perfumes and other cosmetics, there are greater opportunities through participation of local community in processing the plant resources to extract the products at subsistence level for industrial needs especially now that Africa needs local source of raw materials for the development of local industries for contribution to continental and interbational development. However, little or no research was conducted on the cosmetic potential of such plant resources. Plant-based cosmetics have an important role in modern society, natural based cosmetics, fragrances, and personal care products have increasingly become the greener alternative to nonherbal preparations. In this chapter, African perspective of phytocosmetics and phytopharmaceuticals are covered. Aspects of phytochemistry, botanicals for cosmetic use and formulation, the importance of phytocosmetic in traditional medicine, efficacy, safety research and patent among other areas are discussed in details. Applications of nanobiomaterials in phytocosmetics and phytopharmaceuticals, functional herbal cosmetics, emerging technologies in phytocosmetics phytopharmaceuticals development, and pharmaceutical phytocosmetics were explicated. Entrepreneurial platform for phytocosmetics is captured using the selected African medicinal plants.
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The proximate analysis carried out on shea nut kernel samples obtained from Illo . Kwanga and, Kwere areas of Kebbi state revealed the following; Crude protein (g/100g)DM; 9.040.13b, 10.000.18a and 10.2 0.40c respectively, ... more
The proximate analysis carried out on shea nut kernel samples obtained from Illo . Kwanga and, Kwere areas of Kebbi state revealed the following; Crude protein (g/100g)DM; 9.040.13b, 10.000.18a and 10.2 0.40c respectively, Moisture Content(g/100g) FP; 6.67 2.89a, 8.33 2.89a and 6.33 3.21a respectively, Ash Content (g/100g) DM; 4.00 1.73a, 5.67 1.15a and 6.33 3.40a respectively. Crude Lipid content (g/100g) DM; 2.28 0.39a, 1.48 0.18bc and 2.10 0.07b respectively, Crude Fibre (g/100g)DM; 0.50 0.14a, 0.33 0.04a and 0.45 0.35a respectively. Total Carbohydrate (g/100g) DM; 77.644.26ab, 74.29 1.66c, 78.54 4.58a respectively. The results showed adequate nutrients for both nutrition and health benefits.
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Cleaning up hazardous and toxic wastes at polluted sites is a serious challenge for the foreseeable future. Microorganisms are used to change harmful substances to nontoxic substances. This is a new technology for treating chemical spills... more
Cleaning up hazardous and toxic wastes at polluted sites is a serious challenge for the foreseeable future. Microorganisms are used to change harmful substances to nontoxic substances. This is a new technology for treating chemical spills and hazardous wastes. Bioremediation emerged as an essential biotechnology tool in this endeavor by providing new approaches for managing, preserving and restoring the environment. The process involves not only the use of microorganisms, in addition fungi, green plants or their enzymes are used to return natural environment altered by contaminants to its safe condition. In an attempt to review the clean-up strategies employed by scientists in getting rid of environmental contaminants, this review paper examines the potentials of bioremediation technologies in accelerating the degradation of these contaminants.
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Abstract Even though mineral exploration is important in the economic development of any nation, mine wastes and mine tailings have generated a lot of geological problems. In this chapter, artisanal and small-scale gold mining activities... more
Abstract Even though mineral exploration is important in the economic development of any nation, mine wastes and mine tailings have generated a lot of geological problems. In this chapter, artisanal and small-scale gold mining activities in Nigeria and mining waste phytostabilization with energy crops and native flora have been emphasized. The scope for utilization of energy crops and native flora for reclamation of mine sites waste including value chain and value addition production has been covered with selected examples.
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Oil was extracted from two varieties of sesame seedin a soxhlet apparatus using n-hexane which yielded 40.83±0.02%and 41.67± 0.01% for white and brown sesame seeds respectively.Colour of the two oils were light brownand light yellow... more
Oil was extracted from two varieties of sesame seedin a soxhlet apparatus using n-hexane which yielded 40.83±0.02%and 41.67± 0.01% for white and brown sesame seeds respectively.Colour of the two oils were light brownand light yellow respectively. Quality characteristics from the physico-chemical analysis revealed the following; Acid values( mgKOH/g) of 0.03± 0.01and 0.32± 0.01, Iodine values(gI2/100g) of 129.8± 0.10and 112.8± 0.20, Saponification values of ( mgKOH/g)of 203.00±0.00 and 218.52± 0.01, Saponification values (mgKOH/g) of 203.00±0.00 and 218.52± 0.01, Peroxide values (meq H2O2)of 3.0± 0.01 and 1.57±0.02, Relative density (g/cm3) of 0.8183±0.00 and 0.6031±0.00, Refractive index of 1.4429±0.00 and 1.4112±0.00 respectively. Analysis of soaps produced showed colour of light cream and lighter cream , slight solubilityfor both,pH of 10.15 and 10.87, Foam height of 36cm3 and 20cm3 respectively. The quality characteristics of the oils and soaps produced indicated t...
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Some phytochemicals and mineral elements constituents of white Sesamum indicum seed oil were investigated. Oil was extracted from the white Sesamum indicum seed by the Soxhlet extraction method. The phytochemicals were analyzed using the... more
Some phytochemicals and mineral elements constituents of white Sesamum indicum seed oil were investigated. Oil was extracted from the white Sesamum indicum seed by the Soxhlet extraction method. The phytochemicals were analyzed using the standard methods of phytochemical analysis, and the elements were analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer by wet digest method. The oil has a percentage yield of 46.4%. The result of the qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed that the oil contains alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, anthraquinone and phenols. Cardiac glycosides and phlobatannins are absent. The results of the quantitative analysis revealed that the oil contains alkaloids (132.80±0.15 mg/g), flavonoids (59.20±0.15 mg/g), saponins (42.80±0.12 mg/g), tannins (17.01±0.12 mg/g tannic acid equivalence) and total phenols (196.44±3.47 mg/g gallic acid equivalence). The result of the mineral element analysis revealed that 100 g of the oil contai...
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The cantaloupe or sweet melon Cucumis melo Linn seed oil was extracted from powder sample of the seeds using Soxhlet extraction method with n-hexane as the solvent. The powder seeds sample gave 38.33% oil yield with density of 0.94 g/cm 3... more
The cantaloupe or sweet melon Cucumis melo Linn seed oil was extracted from powder sample of the seeds using Soxhlet extraction method with n-hexane as the solvent. The powder seeds sample gave 38.33% oil yield with density of 0.94 g/cm 3 . The oil was yellow in colour with a fried smell. The chemical analysis of the oil revealed iodine value of 36.42 ± 0.36 Ig/100g, acid value of 0.60 ± 0.30 mg KOH/g and saponification value of 116.88 ± 0.97 mg KOH/g. The GC-MS analysis of the oil revealed six different compounds among which three are free fatty acids palmitic acid, cis-9-cis-12-linoleic acid (grape seed oil) and methyl ester oleic acid and the rest are, two ketonic compounds 3,3-dimethyl-2- hexanone and 2,3-epoxy-2-hexanone and a nitro-alkane 2-nitro hexane. The oil was used to produce a soft texture soap with a milky colour which is slightly soluble in water. The solution of the soap has a foam height of 6 cm and pH value of 8.5 which falls within the range approved by the Nation...
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Background and Objectives: The developments of fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic instrumentation, and application, over the years has made it a powerful analytical tool in the study of oils and fats. This work has explored... more
Background and Objectives: The developments of fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic instrumentation, and application, over the years has made it a powerful analytical tool in the study of oils and fats. This work has explored fourier transform Infra-Red for characterization of plant oils from selected cultivars grown in Nigeria. The selection of these plants oils that flourishes in Nigeria aside their used primarily for nutritional applications, is dependent on the fatty acid (FA) composition of triacylglycerol (TAG which make them potential for bioenergy and biofiuel production considering the explosion of energy demand through alternative energy sources. They are also needed for the preparations of chemical feedstocks, biopolymer and composites, skin care products. Oils from these plants can provide renewable sources of high-value fatty acids for both the chemical and health-related industries. We report here several areas where these plant oils can have a significant ...
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Aim: Modern researches described incorporating gingerbread plum (Neocarya macrophylla) kernel oils into food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products by exploiting its physicochemical properties. Study Design: Experimental and instrumental... more
Aim: Modern researches described incorporating gingerbread plum (Neocarya macrophylla) kernel oils into food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products by exploiting its physicochemical properties. Study Design: Experimental and instrumental study was done to determine the general and the saturated fatty acids present in the seed oil and its suitability for industrial applications. This study examined the fatty acids by qualitative determination from hexane extracts of Neocarya macrophylla seed using GC-MS. Materials and Methods: Indigenous Neocarya macrophylla seeds obtained from Gingerbread plum tree were collected in the Month of August from Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria. soxhlet extraction method was used for the oil extraction. The GC-MS analysis was by coupling system of Shimadzu QP2010 series gas chromatography with Shimadzu QP2010 plus mass spectroscopy detector (GCMS). For the FT-IR analysis, software of OMNIC operating system (Version 7.0 Thermo Nicolet) was connected ...
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Aims: Physico-chemical, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Cold saponification was carried out on Lannea microcarpa (Wild grape) seed oil with the aim of identifying the quality and quantity of the oil and its suitability in... more
Aims: Physico-chemical, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Cold saponification was carried out on Lannea microcarpa (Wild grape) seed oil with the aim of identifying the quality and quantity of the oil and its suitability in soap production. Study Design: Experimental and instrumental study was done to determine the physicochemical characteristics, fatty acids present in the seed oil and its suitability for soap production. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Biochemistry Laboratory, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Nigeria from May to June, 2014. Methodology: The hexane extract of the sample was obtained by complete extraction using Soxhlet extractor, physicochemical analysis was carried out. A gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy detector (GC-MS) system was used for the qualitative fatty acid determination. Simple cold method saponification was used in producing the soap. Results: The powdered seed (50 g) ...
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The spectral interpretation here was based on compounds identification. The following fatty acids were identified considering the peaks and library fragments; Oleic acid, Stearic acid, Palmitic acid Margaric acid, 6-Octadecenoic acid,... more
The spectral interpretation here was based on compounds identification. The following fatty acids were identified considering the peaks and library fragments; Oleic acid, Stearic acid, Palmitic acid Margaric acid, 6-Octadecenoic acid, Elaidic acid Erucic acid, Methyl ricinoleate, 11-octadecenoic acid,10-undecenoic acid. The results indicated that the <em>Jatropha curcas</em> L seed oil has potential in the production of cosmetics, perfumery and pharmaceuticals.The spectral interpretation here was based on compounds identification. The following fatty acids were identified considering the peaks and library fragments; Oleic acid, Stearic acid, Palmitic acid Margaric acid, 6-Octadecenoic acid, Elaidic acid Erucic acid, Methyl ricinoleate, 11-octadecenoic acid,10-undecenoic acid. The results indicated that the <em>Jatropha curcas</em> L seed oil has potential in the production of cosmetics, perfumery and pharmaceuticals.
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Moringa seed oil found application in skin preparations and ointments since the time of ancient Egypt. The clear yellow oil has a pleasant taste, and has been compared, in terms of quality with other seed oils. The oil of excellent... more
Moringa seed oil found application in skin preparations and ointments since the time of ancient Egypt. The clear yellow oil has a pleasant taste, and has been compared, in terms of quality with other seed oils. The oil of excellent quality similar to the olive oil, the Moringa seed oil finds wide application in cosmetic industry. The review focused mainly on the quality assessment of Moringa oleifera seed oil extracted through solvent and aqueous-enzymatic techniques based on previous research reports and utilization of the seed oil in personal care formulations.
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The physicochemical analysis revealed that the hexane extract of Canary melon seed oil has acid value, iodine value, peroxide value, saponification value, relative density and refractive index of 0.35±0.01 mgKOH/g, 135.6±0.07 gI2/100g,... more
The physicochemical analysis revealed that the hexane extract of Canary melon seed oil has acid value, iodine value, peroxide value, saponification value, relative density and refractive index of 0.35±0.01 mgKOH/g, 135.6±0.07 gI2/100g, 1.80.00± 0.01 meq H2O2, 233.62±0.01 mgKOH/g, 0.82±0.01and 1.44±0.00 respectively. The percentage yield was 50.42±0.01%. The colour of the oil was light cream. The following fatty acids were identified form the GC-MS analysis; Palmitic acid, Stearic acid, 11-Octadecenoic acid,-5-Octadecenoic acid, Oleic acid, Octadecenoic acid, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Ricinoleic acid and Docosanoic acid (Behenic acid). The pH, foam ability (cm3), total fatty matter, total alkali and percentage chloride of the Canary melon oil soap were 11.03± 0.02, 75.13±0.15 (cm3), 36.66 ± 0.02 %, 0.92 ± 0.02% and 0.53 ± 0.15 % respectively. The texture was soft and the colour was lighter cream. The soap was slightly soluble in water. The results indicated that the hexane extract of the ...