- Senior Professor with University in the area of Finance and Accountingedit
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA) is produced via PGA synthetase, a membrane-associated enzyme complex encoded by pgs operon consisting of ywsC and ywtABC genes. In our earlier report, we had studied the unique expression pattern of pgs operon... more
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA) is produced via PGA synthetase, a membrane-associated enzyme complex encoded by pgs operon consisting of ywsC and ywtABC genes. In our earlier report, we had studied the unique expression pattern of pgs operon in Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) Natto3 strain. This motivated us to perform whole genome sequencing of this strain and analyse the sequence of the genes involved in PGA biosynthesis. B. subtilis Natto3 genome has 3,637,088 bp with 44.08% G-C content and no plasmid. It contains 3913 coding sequences (CDSs) with average gene length of 843.33 bp with 57 CDSs lacking matches. A recent study emphasised the conserved nature of ywtA gene in pgs operon. This gene may provide further insights into the role of individual genes in PGA biosynthesis. In this study, we have successfully cloned the ywtA gene in E. coli DH5α and expressed in BL21 (DE3) strain. The purified protein was ~16 kDa which was in congruence with the existing studies. Protein identification using Nano LC-MS/MS showed homology to CapC protein of B. anthracis with a match of 15%.
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A procedure to detect raw and gelatinized starch activities of glucoamylase on isoelectric focusing (IEF) gels by using 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride is described. The reagent reacts with the reducing group of glucose released by... more
A procedure to detect raw and gelatinized starch activities of glucoamylase on isoelectric focusing (IEF) gels by using 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride is described. The reagent reacts with the reducing group of glucose released by glucoamylase from the substrate starch. Using the reaction, production of glucoamylase by Aspergillus niger was detected on 10% IEF gels within a pH range of 2.5-9.5. Since the method can detect raw and gelatinized starch activities of glucomylase associated with 1 microg protein, it will be useful for enzyme engineering studies that involve screening of various mutations.
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Small untranslated RNAs (sRNAs) perform a variety of important functions in bacteria. The 245 nucleotide sRNA of Escherichia coli, CsrC, was discovered using a genetic screen for factors that regulate glycogen biosynthesis. CsrC RNA binds... more
Small untranslated RNAs (sRNAs) perform a variety of important functions in bacteria. The 245 nucleotide sRNA of Escherichia coli, CsrC, was discovered using a genetic screen for factors that regulate glycogen biosynthesis. CsrC RNA binds multiple copies of CsrA, a protein that post-transcriptionally regulates central carbon flux, biofilm formation and motility in E. coli. CsrC antagonizes the regulatory effects of CsrA, presumably by sequestering this protein. The discovery of CsrC is intriguing, in that a similar sRNA, CsrB, performs essentially the same function. Both sRNAs possess similar imperfect repeat sequences (18 in CsrB, nine in CsrC), primarily localized in the loops of predicted hairpins, which may serve as CsrA binding elements. Transcription of csrC increases as the culture approaches the stationary phase of growth and is indirectly activated by CsrA via the response regulator UvrY. Because CsrB and CsrC antagonize CsrA activity and depend on CsrA for their synthesis, a csrB null mutation causes a modest compensatory increase in CsrC levels and vice versa. Homologues of csrC are apparent in several Enterobacteriaceae. The regulatory and evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.
Research Interests: Biofilms, Carbon, Biology, Molecular Microbiology, Medicine, and 13 moreBiological Sciences, Molecular, Escherichia coli, Carbon Storage, Small RNA, RNA-binding proteins, Regulator, Base Sequence, Glycogen, Nucleic Acid Conformation, Molecular Sequence Data, Medical and Health Sciences, and Transfer-RNA
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Stress orientation responsible for formation of strike slip fault is described along with rheological controls on development of the fault. Conjugate strike slip faults are discussed with special reference to necessity of rotation of... more
Stress orientation responsible for formation of strike slip fault is described along with rheological controls on development of the fault. Conjugate strike slip faults are discussed with special reference to necessity of rotation of faults with progressive deformation. Variation of displacement along the fault length and how this results in different types of fault terminations under different rheological conditions are discussed. Transpression and transtension zones occurring at curvature of strike slip faults are described. Positive and negative flower structures are illustrated. Relationship between folds and strike slip faults is discussed using natural example of the Jura mountains. Development of oblique fault ramps and significant criteria to distinguish between strike slip faults and oblique fault ramps are described.
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Language is a potent medium of expression and communication of thoughts. If language is correct/purified, the expression will also be correct, for this knowledge of rules of that language is an essential requirement. Present article deals... more
Language is a potent medium of expression and communication of thoughts. If language is correct/purified, the expression will also be correct, for this knowledge of rules of that language is an essential requirement. Present article deals with the comparative study of Sanskrit grammar and linguistics as well novel attainments of Sanskrit have been referred and discussed.
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Objective: The Musa sapientum (banana) plant extract has shown antioxidant activity in previous studies. Oxidative stress is one of the important factors implicated in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. The present study aimed to... more
Objective: The Musa sapientum (banana) plant extract has shown antioxidant activity in previous studies. Oxidative stress is one of the important factors implicated in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. The present study aimed to evaluate the anxiolytic activity of aqueous extract of M. sapientum stem (MSSE) in experimental models in mice. Material and methods: Elevated Plus Maze method and locomotor monitoring by photoactometer were used. Animals were divided into five different groups (n=6/group). The vehicle, standard and the experimental groups were given distilled water (10 ml/kg), diazepam (1 mg /kg intraperitoneally) and incremental doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg of MSSE, respectively, prior to the experiment. The standard group received diazepam. Results: The number of open arm entries and the duration of time spent in the open arms in the MSSE-treated groups increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner as compared to that of control group. The duration of time spent in closed arms in the MSSE-treated groups decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner as compared to that of the control group. MSSE also decreased the locomotor activity significantly at all three test doses. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest an anxiolytic activity for MSSE, which make it a potential natural compound for treatment of anxiety disorders.
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Background: Musa sapientum (banana) plant extract has been shown to possess antioxidant activity in previous studies. Neuronal injury resulting from oxidative stress is an important factor involved in pathogenesis of epilepsy. Objective:... more
Background: Musa sapientum (banana) plant extract has been shown to possess antioxidant activity in previous studies. Neuronal injury resulting from oxidative stress is an important factor involved in pathogenesis of epilepsy. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the anticonvulsant activity of M. sapientum stem extract (MSSE) in acute and chronic experimental models in mice and its effects on various markers of oxidative stress in the brain of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-kindled animals. Material and methods: Maximal electroshock seizures (MES) and PTZ-induced convulsion models were used for acute studies. For the chronic study, the effect of MSSE on the development of kindling was studied. For the evaluation of the effects of MSSE on oxidative stress in brain, malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were estimated in the brains of the kindled animals. Results: MSSE significantly increased the latency to onset of myoclonic jerks and the duration of clonic convulsions following PTZ administration. The MSSE pretreated group showed significantly reduced mean seizure score on PTZ-induced kindling. There was a significant increase in the brain MDA levels and decrease in GSH levels in response to PTZ-induced kindling. On MSSE pretreatment, there was a significant decrease in the MDA levels in the brains, though the increase in the GSH levels was not significant. Conclusion: The results from this study suggest the presence of significant anticonvulsant activity in MSSE, in both acute and chronic PTZ-induced seizure models, which could be due to its antioxidant activity, as is reflected by the change in oxidative stress markers in brain. Summary: Evaluation of the anticonvulsant activity of Musa sapientum and its effects on various markers of oxidative stress in the brain has not been done previously to the best of our knowledgeM. sapientum stem extract (MSSE) significantly increased the latency to onset of myoclonic jerks and the duration of clonic convulsions in the experimental modelsThe MSSE pretreated group showed significantly reduced mean seizure score on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindlingThere was significant increase in the brain malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and decrease in glutathione (GSH) levels in response to PTZ-induced kindlingOn MSSE pretreatment, there was a significant decrease in the MDA levels in the brain, though the increase in the GSH levels was not significant. Abbreviations Used: MSSE: Musa sapientum stem extract, PTZ: Pentylenetetrazole, MES: Maximal electroshock seizures, MDA: Malondialdehyde, GSH: Glutathione, SOD: Superoxide dismutase, THLE: Tonic hindlimb extension.
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The incidence of hip fractures worldwide is expected to almost quadruple in the next 60 years. Increased cost-containment pressures will focus attention not only on improvements in hip fracture treatment but also on prevention. Three... more
The incidence of hip fractures worldwide is expected to almost quadruple in the next 60 years. Increased cost-containment pressures will focus attention not only on improvements in hip fracture treatment but also on prevention. Three approaches that can prevent hip fractures--preventing falls, preventing and treating bone fragility, and using external hip protectors--are reviewed. Although it is impossible to prevent all hip fractures, these methods may significantly reduce the annual incidence of these fractures.
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Recent studies have suggested that patients with a history of diabetes undergoing hip fracture stabilization have higher rates of morbidity and mortality as well as poorer functional results than control groups of non-diabetics. This... more
Recent studies have suggested that patients with a history of diabetes undergoing hip fracture stabilization have higher rates of morbidity and mortality as well as poorer functional results than control groups of non-diabetics. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of diabetes on patient outcome after hip fracture. Between July 1987 and December 1996, 849 community dwelling elderly who sustained an operatively treated hip fracture were prospectively followed to determine the effect of diabetes on patient outcome. The predictor variable was the presence or absence of diabetes mellitus. Ninety-three patients (11%) had a history of diabetes. Diabetic patients were more dependent in activities of daily living and ambulation prior to hip fracture. The presence of diabetes mellitus also increased the likelihood of a patient dying during hospitalization, but had no effect on recovery of ambulatory ability or activities of daily living. Although diabetic patients have increased in-hospital mortality when compared to non-diabetic patients, patients with diabetes are just as likely to recover pre-fracture functional status as non-diabetic patients.
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Research Interests: Geology, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Tectonics, Seismology, and 4 moreShear Zone, Thrust Fault, Oblique Case, and Thrust
Research Interests: RNA, Biology, Medicine, Escherichia coli, Ribosome, and 13 moreMolecular cloning, Protein Secondary Structure Prediction, RNA-binding proteins, Base Sequence, Site-directed Mutagenesis, Ligands, Binding Site, Nucleic Acid Conformation, Biochemistry and cell biology, Molecular Sequence Data, DNA mutational analysis, binding sites, and conserved sequence
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ABSTRACT Geometric and kinematic analyses of minor thrusts and folds, which record earthquakes between 1200 AD and 1700 AD, were performed for two trench sites (Rampur Ghanda and Ramnagar) located across the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT)... more
ABSTRACT Geometric and kinematic analyses of minor thrusts and folds, which record earthquakes between 1200 AD and 1700 AD, were performed for two trench sites (Rampur Ghanda and Ramnagar) located across the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) in the western Indian Himalaya. The present study aims to re-evaluate the slip estimate of these two trench sites by establishing a link between scarp geometry, displacements observed very close to the surface and slip at deeper levels. As geometry of the active thrust beneath the scarp is unknown, we develop a parametric study to understand the origin of the scarp surface and to estimate the influence of ramp dip. The shortening estimates of Rampur Ghanda trench by line length budget and distance–displacement (D–d) method show values of 23 and 10–15 %, respectively. The estimate inferred from the later method is less than the line length budget suggesting a small internal deformation. Ramnagar trench shows 12 % shortening by line length budget and 10–25 % by the D–d method suggesting a large internal deformation. A parametric study at the trenched fault zone of Rampur Ghanda shows a slip of 16 m beneath the trailing edge of the scarp, and it is sufficient to raise a 8-m-high scarp. This implies that the Rampur Ghanda scarp is balanced with a single event with 7.8-m-coseismic slip in the trenched fault zone at the toe of the scarp, 8–15 % mean deformation within the scarp and 16-m slip at depth along a 30° ramp for a pre-1400 earthquake event. A 16-m slip is the most robust estimate of the maximum slip for a single event reported previously by trench studies along the HFT in the western Indian Himalaya that occurred between 1200 AD and 1700 AD. However, the Ramnagar trenched fault zone shows a slip of 23 m, which is larger than both line length and D–d methods. It implies that a 13-m-high scarp and 23-m slip beneath the rigid block may be ascribed to multiple events. It is for the first time we report that in the south-eastern extent of the western Indian Himalaya, Ramnagar scarp consists of minimum two events (i) pre-1400 AD and (ii) unknown old events of different lateral extents with overlapping ruptures. If the more optimistic two seismic events scenario is followed, the rupture length would be at least 260 km and would lead to an earthquake greater than Mw 8.5.
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... The exposed large-scale fold structures are polyharmonic and normally show a rounded profile (eg [Dubey and Bhat, 1991] , [Thakur, 1992] and [Devrani and Dubey, 2008] ) but the subsurface folds are sometimes shown with typical kink... more
... The exposed large-scale fold structures are polyharmonic and normally show a rounded profile (eg [Dubey and Bhat, 1991] , [Thakur, 1992] and [Devrani and Dubey, 2008] ) but the subsurface folds are sometimes shown with typical kink band geometry without any second ...
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... SIMULTANEOUS DEVELOPMENT OF FOLDS AND TRANSCURRENT FAULTS ASHOK KUMARDUBEY * Department of ... 29, 1978; revised version accepted March 5, 1979) ABSTRACT Dubey,AK, 1980. ... and invaluable guidance during the research and to Dr. PE... more
... SIMULTANEOUS DEVELOPMENT OF FOLDS AND TRANSCURRENT FAULTS ASHOK KUMARDUBEY * Department of ... 29, 1978; revised version accepted March 5, 1979) ABSTRACT Dubey,AK, 1980. ... and invaluable guidance during the research and to Dr. PE Cobbold for ...
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A large amount of information is now available on the development of folds and faults but these structures have been studied in isolation and their simultaneous development has not been studied in detail. The simultaneous development of... more
A large amount of information is now available on the development of folds and faults but these structures have been studied in isolation and their simultaneous development has not been studied in detail. The simultaneous development of folds and faults has been described under the following headings. (i) Simultaneous development of folds and thrusts Formation of folds at an early stage of compressional phase Formation of folds at the null point Formation of folds after crossing the null point Thrust initiation later than folding Development of folds in vicinity of an arcuate thrust. (ii) Simultaneous development of folds and strike-slip faults Simultaneous development of thrust and strike slip faults at different structural levels and superimposed folding as a result of boundary conditions. (iii) Simultaneous development of folds and normal faults Syn-rift deformation Post-rift deformation. (iv) Simultaneous development of folds and oblique fault ramps Interference patterns between simultaneously developing folds, frontal and oblique ramps Fault reactivation during superposed deformation.
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The chapter provides basic information about stress and different types of strain. Significance of orientation of layering with respect to stress orientation is described. Homogeneous and inhomogeneous strains are illustrated. Flinn... more
The chapter provides basic information about stress and different types of strain. Significance of orientation of layering with respect to stress orientation is described. Homogeneous and inhomogeneous strains are illustrated. Flinn diagram is described to represent shapes of three-dimensional strain ellipsoids on a two dimensional diagram. Different methods for determination of finite strain are based on certain assumptions that should be kept in mind while interpreting the results. The relevant precautions are briefly described such as: (i) Strain data obtained from one rock type is generally not representative of the regional or bulk strain ellipsoid. Strain values can also vary along a fold profile depending on the mechanism of folding. (ii) When a method is based on measurement of grain shapes, competence contrast between the grain and matrix should be minimum otherwise only the matrix will undergo deformation (if least competent) and the grain will not reveal the true strain ellipsoid. Similarly a deformed fossil will indicate strain suffered by the fossil, not by the entire rock. (iii) Reduction spots can be used as strain markers provided the reduction pre-dates the strain. (iv) Methods based on measurement of buckle shortening ignore initial layer parallel strain (homogeneous shortening) that has occurred prior to development of the fold. (v) Magnetic strain, obtained by anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility method, provides bulk strain, i.e. of the entire rock sample including the matrix. Hence petrofabric and magnetic strains can differ noticeably.
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Madelung’s deformity is a rare condition of the wrist characterized by a shortened distal radius with volar–ulnar curvature and a dorsally prominent distal ulna. It occurs predominantly in adolescent females who present with pain,... more
Madelung’s deformity is a rare condition of the wrist characterized by a shortened distal radius with volar–ulnar curvature and a dorsally prominent distal ulna. It occurs predominantly in adolescent females who present with pain, decreased wrist mobility, and deformity. Although its aetiology remains unclear, its treatment is becoming more refined. Several different surgical techniques have recently been described in the literature. This review addresses Madelung’s deformity and suggests an algorithm for management based on current literature and the authors' own clinical experience.
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A vein pattern around Bude, England, provides evidence that there has been a change in the direction of bulk extension during progressive development of folds. In the early history of fold development the direction of maximum extension... more
A vein pattern around Bude, England, provides evidence that there has been a change in the direction of bulk extension during progressive development of folds. In the early history of fold development the direction of maximum extension was parallel to the axial surfaces of the folds and normal to the fold hinge whilst during the later stages of fold development
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Experiments were performed with modeling clay models to understand the simultaneous development of folds, frontal ramps, and transfer faults/oblique ramps in layered sequences. The models were deformed by layer parallel contraction. At a... more
Experiments were performed with modeling clay models to understand the simultaneous development of folds, frontal ramps, and transfer faults/oblique ramps in layered sequences. The models were deformed by layer parallel contraction. At a late stage of deformation, the models were subjected to a maximum contraction parallel to the layering and perpendicular to the early axis of maximum contraction to study the effect of the superposed deformation. The experimental results reveal that a transfer fault joining two frontal thrust ramps acts as a shear zone and controls the orientation of fold hinge lines in the adjacent region. Hence two orientations of fold hinge lines may be observed: (1) oblique to the axis of maximum compression in the vicinity of the transfer fault and (2) normal to the axis and parallel to the frontal ramps away from the transfer fault. During the longitudinal fold propagation, the two hinge lines may coalesce to form a fold curvature opposite to the tectonic transport direction. The curvature varies along the transfer fault depending on the shear zone geometry. Additional fold hinge line curvatures may result during the superposed deformation both in the early and the superposed fold hinge lines. All these curvatures produce a systematic pattern which can be analyzed with the help of the experimental results. The fold hinge line orientation may also be used to establish an oblique ramp in field as demonstrated by examples from the Lesser Himalayas, India.
Research Interests: Geology, Geophysics, Tectonics, Geometry, Curvature, and 3 moreOblique Case, Hinge, and perpendicular
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In brittle or brittle-ductile regimes, when maximum compression acts in vertical direction and minimum compression in a horizontal direction, normal faults are formed. Initially, these are steeply inclined faults in which hanging wall... more
In brittle or brittle-ductile regimes, when maximum compression acts in vertical direction and minimum compression in a horizontal direction, normal faults are formed. Initially, these are steeply inclined faults in which hanging wall moves down relative to footwall (Fig. 5.1). Strike of the fault remains parallel to intermediate axis of compression (i.e. normal to the cross-section shown in Fig. 5.1).