Cognizance Journal Multidisciplinary Studies

The growing threat of antimicrobial resistance has spurred various efforts to preserve existing antibiotics, develop new ones, combat multi-drug-resistant infections, and enhance patient outcomes. These endeavors have led to an accumulation of routinely collected data, such as electronic health records and microbiological information, which can be leveraged to develop personalized antimicrobial stewardship strategies. Machine learning techniques have been developed to predict antimicrobial resistance from whole-genome sequencing data, forecast drug susceptibility, identify epidemic patterns for surveillance, propose novel antibacterial treatments, and accelerate scientific discoveries. However, a notable gap exists between the number of machine learning applications in research and their effective implementation in practical settings. This narrative review highlights some of the remarkable opportunities that machine learning offers when applied to research related to antimicrobial resistance. In the future, machine learning tools have the potential to become a powerful weapon against superbugs. The review aims to provide an overview of available publications to assist researchers interested in exploring new approaches and to familiarize them with the current applications of machine learning techniques in this field.

This research investigates various formation processes that have been developed by teenagers who have same-sex couples as parents. Same-sex parenting in the Philippines faces challenges due to deep religious traditions that view it as unconventional. This topic aims to explore the experiences of Filipino teenagers undergoing puberty with same-sex couples as parents, focusing on adopting and raising a child of a relative. The study revealed that adolescents experienced various challenges despite having same-sex parents. In our analysis of this topic, this study found out the possible causes of adolescents in their adjustments in society including their socializing with other people, difficulty in opening the topic about their same-sex parents, difficulty in making friends, lack of communication with their same-sex parents, and also in their experiencing changes in the body and its behavior during their adolescence in the care of their same-sex parents. This study resulted in the teenagers' behavioral changes, the majority being the teenagers’ sole perception on different things without much influence from their same-sex parents and their socialization being unaffected due to the environment that they live in. However, these results are dependent on how their parents raised them and how the society reacts with their family structure.

Organic fertilizers offer several advantages over chemical fertilizers and are an environmentally friendly alternative that could help sustainably farmed land. Reviewing indigenous knowledge of the agronomic applications of organic manure and its possible contribution to agricultural growth was the goal of this article. It is evident that organic manures from various plant and animal sources can be used to satisfy certain field needs. However, the use of organic manures is still primarily conventional since they have not been well received by agricultural strategies. When bulky organic manures are directly applied to soil, they accelerate mineralization and reduce the rate at which nutrients, especially nitrogen, are released. Compared to raw resources, which have limited value and certain disadvantages, composting these wastes appears to offer significant potential. The majority of researchers verified that adding compost might enhance the soil's organic matter content, nutrient status, and physical, chemical, and biological properties. Soil organic matter concentrations rise in every long-term compost treatment study. But since they contain more stable carbon than fresh or immature composts, mature composts raise Soil organic matter considerably more effectively. Furthermore, because compost has so many beneficial effects on the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of soil, it helps to stabilize and improve crop quality and yield. As a result, the majority of studies have demonstrated that compost has an equalizing influence on seasonal and annual variations in soil temperature, air, water, and plant nutrient availability, as well as crop yields. mostly due to the nutrients' gradual release and availability in compost-combined fertilization techniques, which frequently yield positive outcomes. Therefore, composting can be a useful choice for building effective plant-nutrient management methods in many settings for sustainable agricultural systems within small-scale farming in impoverished nations.

The purpose of this study was to provide data analysis regarding the effect of allowance frequency on Junior Tourism Management students of National University-Baliwag and their savings allocation. Subsequently, this study was done to understand how the students often rely on allowances for their saving portion, spending behavior, and financial goals. This study used the descriptive correlational method. A combination of a researcher-made and standardized questionnaire by Thung, et al. (2012) was used as an instrument for data collection. The study’s findings revealed that the students who receive their allowances more frequently, particularly daily, tend to have a higher perception of their financial well-being. Even though they grasp the significance of saving, only a small fraction of the allowance is allocated toward savings. Therefore, the researchers conclude that allowance frequency is not a significant factor in savings allocation. This emphasizes the need for practical financial education to bridge the gap between knowledge and saving behavior.

This research undertakes a comparative analysis of the financial skills and financial independence of 2nd Year students in the fields of Financial Management and Psychology at National University Baliwag. The study aims to evaluate the financial skills and financial independence of these students and investigate whether financial skills significantly influence their financial independence.
Employing a descriptive correlational method, this study explores the relationship between financial independence and various predictor variables, including age, college major, financial skills, and financial knowledge. The stratified sampling technique was utilized to determine the number of respondents needed for the study. Many of the students, particularly those in the Financial Management program, demonstrated a high level of financial skills, while students in the Psychology program exhibited moderately high financial skills. Notably, approximately 73% of Psychology students achieved a commendable degree of financial independence, outpacing their counterparts in Financial Management. This suggests that a substantial majority of Psychology students have attained satisfactory and self-sustaining financial autonomy. Only a small proportion of students exhibited low levels of financial skills, with most displaying either high or moderately high proficiency. Proficient financial skills, however, had no correlation with the achievement of satisfactory levels of financial independence. Based on the provided data and p-values, the study leads to the conclusion that financial skills do not exert a statistically significant effect on financial independence among 2nd-year Financial Management and Psychology students. The null hypotheses (Ho) cannot be rejected.

In this paper, the author attempts to assess the optimization of geothermal power generation using a monoblock system in Dieng. Considering the losses of pressure and temperature along the steam above ground systems (SAGS) caused by friction and heat loss, the author conducts modeling and simulation to enhance the electricity output of the geothermal power generation system using ASPEN HYSYS software. This assessment is carried out using a thermodynamic approach. This research indicates that by implementing improvements using the monoblock system, geothermal power generation can optimize electricity production by 12.4 MW. By compensating for steam losses along the piping route from the farthest well to the power plant, which spans 8.5 km, the monoblock system offers opportunities to minimize steam losses ranging from 8.8 t/h to 53.86 t/h, equivalent to 1.22 MW to 8.8 MW.

Employability of graduates is a result of their acquired skills through academic learning and experience. This study aimed to determine the employability of financial management graduates according to industry needs and course outcomes contribution to graduate skills. The study utilized descriptive correlational design to determine the significant relationship among variables. A Stratified Random sampling was used with a total sample size of 125 employed graduates and their immediate supervisors. The statistical tools employed in the study were frequency, mean and standard deviation, T-test analysis, and Pearson correlation analysis. Result showed a significant difference is found between graduates' employability and industry needs (t=-2.71, p= 0.007), specifically for problem-solving skills, numeracy skills, and attention to details. The study also showed a highly significant correlation between graduate employability and course outcome contribution (r=0.658, p< 0.001). In conclusion, this study established Gary Becker's Human Capital Theory, which highlights the importance of education and training in boosting people's productivity and employability where individuals' skills (human capital) are valuable assets that increase their marketability to potential employers. Hence it is desired to address the gap between the skills of the graduate and the industry needs by an enhancement of the curriculum.

The quantitative study assessed the level of acceptance among selected National University Baliwag students in using Paynamics, a digital payment platform, for tuition fee payments through a questionnaire-based method. Despite the widespread availability and convenience of online payment options, a notable phenomenon emerged among the participants: a tendency to opt for traditional modes of payment, specifically cash transactions, necessitating them to queue up in lines for physical payment processing. The questionnaire centered on important factors such as perceived usefulness, ease of use of Paynamics, and the level of acceptance of the digital payment system. The study aimed to identify students' acceptance of Paynamics through thematic analysis of a survey questionnaire. The findings revealed a positive perception of Paynamics' usefulness and ease of use, indicating its potential to streamline the payment process. There is a significant difference in the perceived usefulness and level of acceptance when grouped according to years of stay. To enhance student engagement and adoption, the institution may prioritize awareness campaigns, incorporate multimedia presentations, and incentivize Paynamics usage. This study would help in the current discussion on digital payment adoption in higher educational institutions, guiding efforts to improve user acceptance and facilitate the incorporation of Paynamics into the tuition payment system at National University Baliwag.

This study investigates the impact of utilizing a Problem-Based Learning (PBL) approach through an e-module developed with Smart Apps Creator on students' science process skills, engagement, motivation, critical thinking, and problem-solving abilities in physics education. The research explores how interactive features, collaborative learning, real-world problem-solving, and reflective practices embedded within the e-module contribute to students' learning outcomes. Through classroom observations, surveys, and performance assessments, the study finds significant improvements across various domains, highlighting the effectiveness of the PBL-based e-module in enhancing students' overall learning experience and skill development in physics education.

The Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZA) is actively addressing environmental concerns, notably water pollution, in the Dhaka Export Processing Zone (DEPZ). Despite the Central Effluent Treatment Plant’s (CETP) crucial role in mitigating industrial wastewater pollution, challenges persist, particularly in garment dyeing and washing. The design, building, and operation of the CETP have contributed to the enhancement of environmental rules. However, contamination from textile industries poses a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems and public health, necessitating immediate regulatory action. A recent study focused on wet industries in the Dhaka EPZ, employing flow measurement techniques like Chezy’s equation and rectangular thin plate weirs to assess wastewater emissions. Data revealed varying wastewater quality across industrial categories, with the textile and garment industries exhibiting significant impacts. Analysis indicated the need to double total suspended solids (TSS) levels and increase biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) amounts while adjusting fecal coliform levels for natural mortality. Daily flow patterns, peak factors, and discharge factors were also evaluated, emphasizing the importance of accurate data collection for informed decision-making in wastewater management. The study also examined daily expenses for businesses and discharge standards for sewers, inland waters, and irrigation, highlighting the financial and regulatory aspects of wastewater management. Factors such as discharge channels and pick factors influence wastewater quality in textile industries, prompting recommendations to enhance treatment efficiency. The BEPZA’s comprehensive assessment of wastewater quality underscores the importance of addressing parameters such as BOD, COD, TSS, and fecal coliform levels. Recommendations include modifications to improve water quality parameters, as well as the importance of precise flow measurement for equitable tariff structures and system design. Continuous monitoring and compliance are essential for safeguarding public health and environmental sustainability, with impacts extending to soil quality, crop productivity, and water resources.

A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Department of Agronomy and Agricultural Extension, University of Rajshahi, from August 2022 to November 2022 to determine the comparative effect of tiller-cutting and leaf-cutting on the growth and yield of rice (BRRI dhan 75). The experiment was set up using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) including 2 tiller-cutting treatments (T1= 10% tiller-cutting, T2= 20% tiller cutting) and 2 leaf-cutting treatments (T3 = 25% of old leaf removal at anthesis, T4= 50% of old leaf removal at anthesis) and those are compared with conventional practice or control (T0). Considering different growth responses as well as yield components, and yield of rice, it was found that significant differences in plant height and number of leaves per hill were observed, with T3 producing the tallest plants (99.8 cm) and T0 having the highest leaf count (78.53). The number of tillers per hill was highest in the control group (22.73), while T1 (19.01) and T2 (15.89) showed notable reductions. Panicle length did not vary significantly, but the number of grains per panicle was highest in T1 (191.0). Grain yield was highest (5.10 t/ha) in the control group, with only marginal decreases in other treatments. Straw and biological yields were significantly higher in the control group (5.86 and 10.96 t/ha respectively), while the harvest index showed no significant variance across treatments. These results indicate that tiller and leaf cutting affect certain growth parameters, but they have a minimal impact on overall grain yield and harvest index.

Students have limited access to EdVanc's economics teaching materials due to the fact that learning has been done through online tutorials so far. As instructors, we are expected to be more cautious while managing this issue. Thus, it is important to foster a module to assist understudies, particularly in financial matters, with a course that is as per the laid-out educational plan necessities. This examination means creating modules that are reasonable for use in the growing experience. Borg and Gall's research and development are the methods used. This examination was directed at understudies of the Financial Matters Study Program, Staff of Financial Aspects, Medan State College, with a complete example of all understudies taking the 2023–2024 Microeconomic Hypothesis course. The example was separated into three gatherings: 3 individuals for people, 6 individuals for little gatherings, and 35 individuals for field gatherings. The draft module was validated by a specialist in the field, and students were put through a test to see how complicated this module is. The consequences of this examination demonstrate that the module created is reasonable for use in financial matters.

Predicting maintenance and preventing failures in natural gas pipelines is critical for safety and efficiency in the oil and gas industry. This research utilizes machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) methods to predict failures in natural gas transmission pipelines. Using a dataset from the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), the study examines failure incidents from 2010-2019 and non-failure data from 2020-2023. The research involves comprehensive data preprocessing, addressing missing values and dataset imbalances. Key pipeline attributes such as diameter, wall thickness, age, and operating pressure are used for failure prediction. The ML approach employs logistic regression, optimized for binary classification tasks, to establish the probability of pipeline failures. For the DL approach, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with Feed Forward and Back Propagation algorithms is developed. Key parameters, including activation functions and hyperparameters, are finely tuned to enhance predictive performance. ReLU activation functions are used in input and hidden layers, while the sigmoid function is applied to the output layer. Performance evaluation of both ML and DL models is based on accuracy, F1 Score, and Area Under Curve (AUC). In summary, ML showed better performance than DL, with value of accuracy is 0.74, F1 Score is 0.85, and AUC is 0.55 while the value of accuracy, F1 score, AUC from DL is 0.61, 0.003, and 0.58 respectively. DL offers superior performance in handling complex and huge amounts of data. In the other hand, ML offers more robust models and simpler adjustable models than DL. Because of the amount of computed data in this research, it is better to have ML as a predictive algorithm.

This paper delves into the nuanced realm of gender ambiguity within Voice User Interfaces (VUIs) and explores the challenges and opportunities it presents. In a world that is increasingly recognizing gender diversity and moving beyond traditional binary constructs[1], [2], the design and implementation of VUIs must adapt to accommodate a spectrum of gender identities[3]. This article examines the current landscape of VUIs and identifies the limitations of binary gender options in voice interactions[4], [5], [6]. Furthermore, it investigates the implications of gendered language and voice modulation in VUIs, considering their impact on user experience and inclusivity[3], [7]. drawing on insights from gender studies, linguistics, and human-computer interaction[8], [9], this study proposes strategies for navigating gender ambiguity in VUI design[7]. These strategies encompass incorporating non-binary gender options, offering customizable voice settings, and employing gender-neutral language in VUI interactions[3], [7]. Additionally, the paper discusses the ethical considerations involved in designing gender-inclusive VUIs, including privacy concerns and potential biases in data collection and processing[3]. by addressing the complexities of gender identity within VUIs[10], this research aims to foster inclusivity and accessibility in voice-driven technology. It highlights the importance of embracing diversity in design practices and emphasizes the role of technology in reflecting and respecting the multifaceted nature of human identity[11], [12], [13]. Ultimately, this paper advocates for a shift towards gender-inclusive design principles in VUI development, contributing to a more equitable and empowering digital environment for all users[11], [12], [13].

The narrative follows a mother's journey in handling the family's finances, with an emphasis on striking a balance between protection and investment. It focuses on how crucial it is to determine your financial objectives, evaluate your risk, and fully understand your existing financial status. For a salaried employee, the essay outlines the principal investment options in the Philippines, which include Modified Pag-ibig 2 (MP2), Retail Treasury Bonds (RTBs), and savings or time deposits. The need of insurance as a protection against unforeseen circumstances is further highlighted. Investment may offer potential income growth and long-term financial successm while protection provides peace of mind.

This research endeavors to design and integrate a diesel rotary injection pump instructional tool into the BS in Autotronics program at the University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines, Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines. The pedagogical tool is expected to significantly enhance the academic performance of BS in Autotronics students by providing them with a comprehensive understanding of the fundamentals of diesel rotary injection pump functionality. The study addresses the knowledge gap in the functionality of diesel rotary pumps, which is perceived as a significant challenge in the program. The learning outcomes demonstrate the development of student's cognitive skills, encompassing the rotary injection pump's theoretical and operational aspects. Furthermore, the actual laboratory activities utilizing the functional components of the mockup provide evidence of the expected manipulative skill set developed during the course coverage, ultimately preparing students for occupational applications in the field of autotronics.

Research on Cu synthesis2O uses the electrolysis method in the Cu(s)|CuSO4(aq)|Fe(s) system and degradation tests on methylene blue. Cu2O is a blackish-red solid which has properties as a semiconductor with a band gap of around 2-2.2 eV. These transition metal oxides are widely used as catalysts, solar cell components, and photodetectors. This research aims to synthesize Cu2O with variations in electrolysis time, determine the characteristics of Cu2O using FTIR and XRD, and test the degradation of methylene blue. The method used is electrolysis with a fixed potential and time variations. Research stages include solution preparation, determination of decomposition potential, electrolysis of samples under various conditions, and analysis. The results of determining the decomposition potential are used as the application potential value in the copper electrolysis process, namely 3.25 V. Sample electrolysis was carried out at a potential of 3.25 V, solution pH 4.0 in a volume of 100 mL at 30, 60, 90, and 120 respectively. and 150 minutes. The products obtained were analyzed using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results of FTIR analysis show that before calcination there is a Cu-O functional group with a wave number of 477.23 cm-1 and after calcination, there is a Cu-O functional group with a wave number of 538.28 cm-1 which indicates the formation of oxide. The results of XRD analysis show that the value of 2θ before calcination is 36.553; 50,481 ; 62.855 which shows the peak of Cu and after calcination 29.928; 36,027 ; 61.568 shows the Cu2O peak. The highest photocatalytic activity test results for Cu2O against methylene blue were 85.96%. The rate of degradation of methylene blue by Cu2O follows the second order reaction rate equation with the R2 value and reaction rate constant being 0.9418 and 0.00769572 L mol-1 s-1, respectively.

Ang pananaliksik na ito ay nakatuon sa pagsuri sa paggamit ng hanap-salita upang mapahusay ang kasanayan sa pagbabaybay ng mga mag-aaral, nang sa gayon ay makapagpahayag sila pasalita man o pasulat. Ang pananaliksik ay sumailalim sa quasi-experimental na pamamaraan at ginamit ang deskriptibong pagsisiyasat. Ito ay isinagawa sa Baguio City High School, Baguio City, Benguet, Philippines sa taong panuruang 2023-2024 na may apatnapung (40) tagatugon na mag-aaral mula sa Grade 8. Ginamit ang pre-test at post-test sa pangangalap ng kinakailangang datos. Sa pre-test ay ginamit ang tradisyunal na paraan ng pagbabaybay habang sa post-test naman ay ginamit ang hanap-salita. Sinuri ang datos gamit ang kabuuang bigat, computed t at kritikal value ng t upang maihambing ang resulta ng pre-test at post-test. Ang sumusunod ay ang kinalabasan ng pag-aaral: 1) Kasiya-siya ang antas ng kasanayan sa pagbabaybay sa wikang Filipino ng mga mag-aaral sa tradisyonal na pamamaraan. Kung gayon, ang mga mag-aaral ay may dati nang kaalaman sa pagbabaybay; 2) Mahusay ang antas ng kasanayan sa pagbabaybay sa wikang Filipino ng mga mag-aaral gamit ang hanap-salita. Ibig sabihin, naitaas ang antas ng kasanayan sa pagbabaybay ng mga mag-aaral gamit ang hanap-salita; at 3) Ang antas ng kasanayan sa pagbabaybay ng mga mag-aaral sa wikang Filipino bago at pagkatapos gamitin ang hanap-salita ay may makabuluhang pagkakaiba. Kung kaya’t ang hanap-salita ay nakadaragdag sa kasanayan sa pagbabaybay ng mga mag-aaral.

This study aimed to assess the English language needs of third-year non-language education students at ISPSC-Main Campus during the Academic Year 2023-2024.  Specifically, the focus was on identifying English language needs of the non-language education students. The research design used is Exploratory Sequential approach, involving 15 participants for the qualitative phase and a total enumeration of 69 third-year non-language majors for the quantitative phase.
To gauge the English language needs of the non-langauge education students, the researcher observed demonstration teaching and utilized interview questions to validate the observed needs. The non-language education students faced a moderately serious level of English language needs. In response to these identified needs, a training design was developed to address the needs of the non-language education students. The developed training design is very highly acceptable.
Based from the findings, the following conclusions are drawn: Effective future teachers need to be proficient with the use of the English language to make teaching and learning interactive and enjoyable.  The need to enhance the students’ language needs will ensure students’ active participation in the classroom and better performance.  The developed training design is effective to be used in enhancing the language needs of the non-language education students. It is then recommended that: Non-language education students should be equiped with the needed language skills, awareness on the construction of  behavioral objectives and techniques in designing effective assessment. Teachers should employ strategies that can effectively address the English language needs of non-language education students, enabling them to succeed academically and professionally. Continuously assess and refine the developed training design to meet the evolving needs of non-language education students and a research should be conducted related to the present study delving into other variables in improving skills and preparation of future teachers.

The study was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of the Department of Agronomy and Agricultural Extension at the University of Rajshahi, from December 2019 to March 2020. The primary objective was to evaluate the effects of potassium and sulphur on the growth, yield, and oil content of the BINA Soybean-1 variety. The experimental design used was a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications to ensure the reliability and accuracy of the results. Various rates of potassium (K) and sulphur (S) were tested: K1 (20 kg ha-1), K2 (40 kg ha-1), K3 (60 kg ha-1), S1 (20 kg ha-1), S2 (30 kg ha-1), and S3 (40 kg ha-1). Throughout the study period, all necessary intercultural operations were performed to maintain optimal growth conditions for the soybean plants. Upon reaching full maturity, the soybean crops were harvested, and the results indicated that the highest rate of potassium application (60 kg ha-1) significantly improved several growth parameters. These included plant height, number of branches, leaf area, pod formation, seed yield, and oil content. Similarly, the application of sulphur at the highest rate (40 kg ha-1) also showed substantial improvements across these parameters. The most notable finding was the synergistic effect observed with the combined application of potassium at 60 kg ha-1 and sulphur at 40 kg ha-1. This combination produced the most favorable outcomes in terms of growth and yield. Specifically, the maximum oil content recorded was 26.72%, and the protein content of 49.49% was highest with the application of these higher nutrient levels.

Lithium-ion battery separators play a role in maintaining battery safety and providing a path for ion transfer in the electrolyte. Polyolefin polymers such as polypropylene and polyethylene are the most common basic separator materials and have been commercialized. However, this type of separator has a weakness, namely low ion conductivity because the material is hydrophobic. Therefore, the separator is modified by adding inorganic materials such as mesoporous silica to increase ion conductivity so that battery performance increases. This research aims to synthesize mesoporous silica as a filler in polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan (PVA/CS) composite membranes as a candidate separator for lithium-ion batteries. Mesoporous silica was synthesized using the hydrothermal method. Then, the obtained mesoporous silica was applied as a filler in the PVA/CS mixture membrane using the phase inversion method. The results of FTIR characterization show that the mesoporous silica sample has vibration peaks indicating the presence of siloxane (Si-O-Si) and silanol (Si-OH) groups. Based on the acidity test results, SM11 and SM12 each contain a Lewis acid site, and the same Bronsted site detected in the FTIR absorption peak. Mesoporous silica added to the PVA/CS composite membrane causes a decrease in the resistance value of the material and indicates an increase in the membrane's ability to conduct ions. Apart from that, the addition of mesoporous silica material also reduces the membrane resistance value which has implications for increasing the porosity of the composite membrane.

The study aimed to explore the most used Metadiscourse Markers of the Grade 11 learners. Qualitative design was used in the analysis of the narrative writings of the respondents. Content analysis of the five Narrative Writings of each respondents with 5 different topics was done to analyze and interpret the most used metadiscourse markers.
Based on the content analysis, the study revealed that in the use of markers such as self- mention, transitional markers, hedges and boosters helps achieve coherence and cohesion in writing narratives and that the self- mention, transitional markers, hedges and boosters are also essential markers in achieving discourse coherence and cohesion. The study concludes that metadiscourse markers serve as writers’ guide in writing narrative essay. These enhance the readability and persuasiveness of the narrative text and facilitate a more engaging reading experience of learners.
The following recommendations were formulated based on the content analysis and conclusions of the study. Learners should have deeper and wider knowledge about metadiscourse markers to create a clear picture of what they will write in their narrative essay. English subject teachers and administrators should also conduct writing workshops where learners linguistic or language proficiency will be refreshed or improved especially on the use of metadiscourse markers. Teachers should also use various strategies in teaching markers wherein learners are engaged in writing activities that bring out their potential and hidden skills in writing. Further, future researchers may conduct another study on writing delving into other variables to improve writing skills of learners.

In any kind of counteraction amongst the people or even amongst the animals, iteration is one of the important prescriptions to preserve cooperation. When counteraction persists more long time that individuals react to the past action of their opponents, evolution can raise cooperation strategies that could not be stable in occurring only once confrontation. The power of repetition is depicted by the action of repetitive prisoner's dilemma. A group of probabilistic strategies was discovered by Press and Dyson for the game of two persons iterated prisoner's dilemma and are named zero-determinant strategy. In the framework of this study, we improve zero-determinant strategies for more than two persons iterated prisoner's dilemma games. Adoption of zero-determinant strategies can specify the coplayer's payoff in a unidirectional path, and by adopting an extortion strategy, one creates a linear relation across her own payoff and that of her coplayer's, but cannot enhance her privilege.

This review explores faith healing practices in the Philippines (2019-2024), focusing on Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, with a specific emphasis on the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR). Studies reveal the enduring presence of faith healing across the archipelago, often integrated with traditional medicine in certain regions. The CAR offers unique insights, with indigenous rituals and ancestral spirits playing a central role in faith healing practices. Understanding the perspectives and knowledge transmission methods of faith healers is crucial. Collaboration between faith healers and modern medicine is explored, highlighting both potential benefits and challenges. Ensuring patient safety remains paramount.

The use of medicinal plants for health treatment, cure or even disease prevention can be considered one of the oldest forms of medical practice. This study proposes developmental research to create a convenient delivery system from extracted Blumea balsamifera (Sambong) in production as a therapeutic ice cream that would make it readily available for consumers to buy and consume as a tasty treat, while potentially providing a natural and effective treatment for diseases and illnesses such as colds, coughs, and kidney problems. To determine the acceptability of the Blumea balsamifera extract, the researchers conducted a sensory evaluation. Twenty (20) participants, consisting of Canteen Staff, TLE teachers, Science teachers. and parents are chosen as evaluators. The assessment focuses on key sensory attributes, including appearance, aroma, taste, and texture. Additionally, participants provide feedback on the overall acceptability of the product.

Clozaril, a psychiatric medication, is the focus of this report. The allocated brand names for this medicine in the United Kingdom are; Clozaril, Fazaclo, and Versaclo. Its generic name as detailed by the DRUGBANK Online is (2022) is Clozapine. Clozaril is also known by different names including Leponex, Azaleptin, Fazaclo, Froidir, Klozapol and Clopine in other global regions.

The study aimed to analyze the interaction dynamics of classroom instructions in the Reading and Writing, Statistics and Probability, and Empowerment Technology classes among Senior High School students in the HUMSS, ABM, and ICT strands at Doña Francisca Lacsamana de Ortega Memorial National High School for the School Year 2023-2024. A mixed-methods approach was used, combining qualitative and quantitative data to investigate teachers' communication adjustments, primary teaching functions, the use of different language functions, and the development of outputs to enhance classroom interaction. The study also assessed the acceptability of a proposed training design to improve these interactions.
Quantitative analysis of classroom interactions was facilitated by a coding scheme, while thematic analysis was used for qualitative data.Based on the interaction analysis, communication adjustments ensure that learners can effectively understand and engage with the topic, material, accommodate diverse learning needs, and foster a supportive and inclusive classroom environment. Teaching functions employed in the classroom enhance learners' communicative competence and improve their interactional skills. Different language functions were utilized in the classroom to convey information effectively, promote communication and engagement, facilitate action, control behavior, express ideas creatively, encourage discovery learning, and express personal feelings and opinions. The proposed Training Design is viable and essential in enhancing classroom interaction.
The following recommendations are made based on the interaction analysis and conclusions of the study. Teachers should promote a diverse range of instructional strategies across different subjects to enrich learning experiences and cater to the diverse needs of students, prioritize clarity, engagement, and critical thinking in their instructional practices to foster comprehensive understanding and academic success among senior high school learners, ensure that learners grasp the diverse aspects of language functions embedded within teachers' speech by incorporating lessons on language functions in subjects utilizing the English language, develop and use materials that enhance learners' awareness of language usage patterns and school should provide training targeting the language employed by teachers teaching Senior High School core subjects in English to enhance their communication effectiveness. Equip teachers with methods, strategies, and techniques to foster a supportive classroom environment and facilitate learner success and that future researchers should conduct further research to test the effectiveness of the developed Training Design.