- Dario Crosetto is the inventor of the 3D-Flow system for the discovery of new particles and the inventor of the 3D-CB... moreDario Crosetto is the inventor of the 3D-Flow system for the discovery of new particles and the inventor of the 3D-CBS technology (3-D Complete Body Screening) which won the Leonardo da Vinci Prize for early cancer detection. He worked 20 years at CERN (Geneva) experiments and at the Super Collider project in Texas. He is the author of 6 books and 100 articles.edit
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The 3D-Flow Processor system is a new, technology-independent concept in very fast, real-time system architectures. Based on either an FPGA or an ASIC implementation, it can address, in a fully programmable manner, applications where... more
The 3D-Flow Processor system is a new, technology-independent concept in very fast, real-time system architectures. Based on either an FPGA or an ASIC implementation, it can address, in a fully programmable manner, applications where commercially available processors would fail because of throughput requirements. Possible applications include filtering-algorithms (pattern recognition) from the input of multiple sensors, as well as moving any input validated by these filtering-algorithms to a single output channel. Both operations can easily be implemented on a 3D-Flow system to achieve a real-time processing system with a very short lag time. This system can be built either with off-the-shelf FPGAs or, for higher data rates, with CMOS chips containing 4 to 16 processors each. The basic building block of the system, a 3D-Flow processor, has been successfully designed in VHDL code written in ''Generic HDL'' (mostly made of reusable blocks that are synthesizable in diff...
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A discovery described in articles for the past ten years regarding the increase of 400 times efficiency over current PET has been validated by a third party (Siemens). Its importance lies in the possibility to save millions of lives from... more
A discovery described in articles for the past ten years regarding the increase of 400 times efficiency over current PET has been validated by a third party (Siemens). Its importance lies in the possibility to save millions of lives from premature cancer death through early detection and use of low radiation enabling safe screening of high-risk patients. Because the discovery has been ignored for a decade and has now been validated, rethinking the direction of research is demanded. Technical-Scientific objectives should be consistent with social objectives. Grant assignments should be based on estimates and verification of the number of lives saved, cost per life saved, time to achieve those results and how well supported, with solid scientific arguments, is the research. A conservative estimated result is 100,000 lives saved per year in the U.S. alone at a cost less than half of the current $64 billion annual expense for cancer treatment: a cost to society of only $250,000 per addi...
This paper addresses the approach I took “Beyond Imagination of Future Science” that breaks the speed barrier in real-time applications, which I presented at 3 international conferences within a month in 1992. That same year it was... more
This paper addresses the approach I took “Beyond Imagination of Future Science” that breaks the speed barrier in real-time applications, which I presented at 3 international conferences within a month in 1992. That same year it was published in scientific peer-review journals. It was recognized valuable by a major scientific review requested by the SSC Director in 1993 (http://links.u2ec.net/doc2/300.pdf) and in letters from several leaders in the field. A study of the scientific literature before and after my invention shows that the effort to develop fast, expensive, high power consumption Ga-As, ECL, etc., circuits for level-1 trigger has become obsolete because my invention can use cost-effective technology, sustain a high input data rate, while at the same time executing complex real-time uninterruptable algorithms for a time period longer than the interval between two consecutive input data. However, as occurs with many breakthroughs, it takes time to fully uncover and develop all the benefits that I integrated with other inventions in detector assembly, segmentation, and coupling of detectors to the electronics that go beyond the original 3D-Flow parallel-processing architecture. The basic 3D-Flow invention, together with other inventions I developed after the year 2000 it can greatly benefit medical imaging applications, thus making effective early cancer detection possible while lowering radiation exposure and the examination cost. This paper presents the proof of concept of my invention as demonstrated in the hardware modular system I built. It addresses what has been understood, what still needs to be understood and what needs to be implemented. This novel decision unit (trigger) will provide a more powerful tool to accurately capture and measure the characteristics of new particles, helping to rule out or confirm expectations. More importantly, it will provide a significant leap in reducing cancer deaths and cost through effective early cancer detection.
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A data acquisition and processing board has been developed for high efficiency photon detection in PET/CT. The board comprises of sixty-eight 3D-Flow TM processors, each capable of executing up to 26 operations in a single cycle. These... more
A data acquisition and processing board has been developed for high efficiency photon detection in PET/CT. The board comprises of sixty-eight 3D-Flow TM processors, each capable of executing up to 26 operations in a single cycle. These processors can execute a programmable real-time algorithm that acquires and processes input data with zero dead-time, that improves the signal-to-noise ratio, and that best extracts the characteristic parameters of the interaction between the incident photon and different types of detectors (slow: Nai(TI), BGO, etc. or fast: LSO, GSO, etc.). It can trigger on any electronic channel. It can accurately measure incident photon energy by summing 9, 16, or 25 elements. It can accurately measure the spatial resolution on 3x3 (or 5x5) PMTs. Each processor can execute complex real-time algorithms to accurately measure DOI and eliminate parallax error of oblique photons. Timing is controlled by two in-phase clocks at 20 MHz and 40 MHz (with PLL x8 = 320 MHz in...
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The rapid evolution of electronics has made it essential to design systems in a technology-independent form that will permit their realization in any future technology. This article describes two practical projects that have been... more
The rapid evolution of electronics has made it essential to design systems in a technology-independent form that will permit their realization in any future technology. This article describes two practical projects that have been developed for fast, programmable, scalable, modular electronics for the first-level trigger of Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments at CERN, Geneva. In both projects, one for the front-end electronics and the second for executing first-level trigger algorithms, the whole system requirements were constrained to two types of replicated components. The overall problem is described, the 3D-Flow design is introduced as a novel solution, and current solutions to the problem are described and compared with the 3D-Flow solution. The design/verification methodology proposed allows the user's real-time system algorithm to be verified down to the gate-level simulation on a technology-independent platform, thus yielding the design for a system that can be implemented with any technology at any time
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... In order to distinguish electrons and photons, the “em” trig-ger tower energy must be greater than a threshold, the “had” to “em” ratio must be very small, and if isolation is to be achieved in ... I 1 GYt/wc/fbd FIGURE 6. Board of... more
... In order to distinguish electrons and photons, the “em” trig-ger tower energy must be greater than a threshold, the “had” to “em” ratio must be very small, and if isolation is to be achieved in ... I 1 GYt/wc/fbd FIGURE 6. Board of the programmable Level-1 trigger with 3D-Flow array. ...
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The types of detectors and the physics involved in present experiments are reaching a level of cost and complexity so great that it is preferable to implement a programmable trigger solution at all levels rather than a system realized... more
The types of detectors and the physics involved in present experiments are reaching a level of cost and complexity so great that it is preferable to implement a programmable trigger solution at all levels rather than a system realized with cabled logic. Experience demonstrates that fine tuning on the trigger is often achieved only after running an experiment and analyzing the first data acquired. A Level-I trigger is required to identify objects (particles such as electrons, jets, etc.) with programmable algorithms at 60 million frames-per-second. These requirements have led to the design of a special ``3D-Flow`` processor that, together with a special pipelined parallel-processing architecture, allows a sustained data rate of 60 million frames-per-second. The 3D-Flow is a data-flow processor that can be used in a one-, two-, or three-dimension array for high-speed signal-processing applications such as identifying objects in a matrix in a programmable form. Feasibility studies demo...
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Abstract A proposal for a parallel-processing system based on data-driven array processors, digital signal processors and Transputers for trigger decision, data acquisition (DAQ) and compaction will be presented. The system is modular and... more
Abstract A proposal for a parallel-processing system based on data-driven array processors, digital signal processors and Transputers for trigger decision, data acquisition (DAQ) and compaction will be presented. The system is modular and suitable for any calorimeter size and type such as the ones proposed in the R&D for the LHC and SSC experiments. The aim is to give full programmability for trigger decisions and for the data compaction, over the entire calorimeter at the single-channel granularity level, with no boundary limitation. The present project is an example of the efficient integration of commercial components into the front-end electronics of future detectors for high energy physics (HEP), in place of developing new VLSI processors for this special purpose application.
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The advent of powerful microprocessors that surpass our number-crunching requirements has not relieved the need of HEP experimenters to design and build ASICs for front-end and triggering applications, because a simpler and specialized... more
The advent of powerful microprocessors that surpass our number-crunching requirements has not relieved the need of HEP experimenters to design and build ASICs for front-end and triggering applications, because a simpler and specialized circuit is still required. One such circuit is the 3D-Flow processor. Better described as an architecture rather than merely an ASIC, the 3D-Flow allows the user to build a programmable Level-1 trigger, and it is also suitable to be used in data acquisition (DAQ), data movement, pattern recognition, data coding and reduction. Test vectors, including several Level-1 trigger and DAQ algorithms, have been generated for the 3D-Flow ASIC. Pattern recognition algorithms for a calorimeter take less than 500 ns to execute. The system also implements sophisticated tracking and trackmatching algorithms, and can execute thousands of steps in Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) mode. The high degree of connectivity between processors, and their multiple operation execution capabilities, is an especially significant advantage with respect to other systems. At present the 3D-Flow system is the only detailed study demonstrating the feasibility of executing several Level-1 trigger and data reduction algorithms of different experiments. >
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Research Interests: Computer Science, Physics, Image Processing, Pattern Recognition, Computer Hardware, and 14 moreParallel Processing, New Technology, Design verification, Real Time Systems, Performance Monitoring, Real Time, Data Exchange, Tool Development, Data Handling, Operant Conditioning, North East, Data Processing, Front end, and Real Time Data
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The types of detectors and the physics involved in present experiments are reaching a level of cost and complexity so great that it is preferable to implement a programmable trigger solution at al levels rather than a system realized with... more
The types of detectors and the physics involved in present experiments are reaching a level of cost and complexity so great that it is preferable to implement a programmable trigger solution at al levels rather than a system realized with cabled logic. Experience demonstrates that the fine tuning on the trigger is often only achieved after running an experiment and
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