- Štefanikova 14
953 01 Zlaté Moravce
Slovak Republic
- Castles; Medieval Architecture;, Castle Studies, Architecture, Medieval church architecture, Historical architecture, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Buildings and Monuments, and 19 moreMedieval Manor House, Conservation of Ruins, Medieval History, Architectural Research, History of construction technology, Archeologia, Dendrochronology, Medieval castles, Landscape Archaeology, Church History, Media Arts, Medieval Archaeology, History of Hungary, Medieval Architecture, Archaeology of Buildings, Architectural History, Late Middle Ages, Restoration and Conservation of Ancient and Historic Buildings and Structures, and Building Surveyingedit
ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION OF FORTIFIED MANOR IN MARKUŠOVCE. Markušovce (district Spišská Nová Ves), NCM Markušovce castle (CLM no. 670/1-15), fortified manor, rescue excavation, High Medieval Ages, Late Medieval Ages, Early Modern period.... more
ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATION OF FORTIFIED MANOR IN MARKUŠOVCE.
Markušovce (district Spišská Nová Ves), NCM Markušovce castle (CLM no. 670/1-15), fortified manor, rescue excavation, High Medieval Ages, Late Medieval Ages, Early Modern period. Finds deposited at: East Slovakia Museum in Košice. The excavation took place as a part of the reconstruction works of the fortified manor, namely projected building of sewerage. Excavation was carried out in the form of trenching that ran across the manor in the E-W direction. Trench 1/2019 was realized in the western forecourt of the lower gate of the manor, trench II/2019 in the lower courtyard and trench III/2019 in the upper courtyard. In the trenches 1/2019 and II/2019 remnants of hitherto unknown architecture were excavated. In the trench III/2019 several layers and settlement features were identified dating between the end of the 13th/the beginning of the 14th century and the end of the 18th century. Ditch and counter- scarp (Fig. 55: 4) were identified in the forecourt of the lower gate. Together with the pit of drawbridge (Fig. 55: 2, 3) they constitute late 16th century improvements of manor's defences. Remnants of building with circular ground plan and entrance from the East were identified on the lower court (Fig. 54: 4; 55: 5). Foundations of this building damaged layers dated based on the finds of the pottery (Fig. 56: 1-3) sometime to the second half of the 13th century. This circular building strongly resembles similar for- tress built by Ján Jiskra in the forefield of Spiš castle. Other excavated structures on the lower courtyard (Fig. 54: 5) attest to the building activities during the Early Modern period. There were no architec- tonical structures identified within the trench on the upper courtyard. Of all identified archaeological features (Fig. 54: 1) find assembly of the feature No. 3 (Fig. 54: 2) was the most interesting as it included pot-shaped non-glazed stoves, fragments of the High (Fig. 56: 5) and Late Medieval (Fig. 56: 6, 8) pottery, bronze ear scoop (Fig. 56: 10) and three forfeit quarter-denarii (quartings) of Sigismund of Luxembourg (Fig. 56: 4) among other finds.
Markušovce (district Spišská Nová Ves), NCM Markušovce castle (CLM no. 670/1-15), fortified manor, rescue excavation, High Medieval Ages, Late Medieval Ages, Early Modern period. Finds deposited at: East Slovakia Museum in Košice. The excavation took place as a part of the reconstruction works of the fortified manor, namely projected building of sewerage. Excavation was carried out in the form of trenching that ran across the manor in the E-W direction. Trench 1/2019 was realized in the western forecourt of the lower gate of the manor, trench II/2019 in the lower courtyard and trench III/2019 in the upper courtyard. In the trenches 1/2019 and II/2019 remnants of hitherto unknown architecture were excavated. In the trench III/2019 several layers and settlement features were identified dating between the end of the 13th/the beginning of the 14th century and the end of the 18th century. Ditch and counter- scarp (Fig. 55: 4) were identified in the forecourt of the lower gate. Together with the pit of drawbridge (Fig. 55: 2, 3) they constitute late 16th century improvements of manor's defences. Remnants of building with circular ground plan and entrance from the East were identified on the lower court (Fig. 54: 4; 55: 5). Foundations of this building damaged layers dated based on the finds of the pottery (Fig. 56: 1-3) sometime to the second half of the 13th century. This circular building strongly resembles similar for- tress built by Ján Jiskra in the forefield of Spiš castle. Other excavated structures on the lower courtyard (Fig. 54: 5) attest to the building activities during the Early Modern period. There were no architec- tonical structures identified within the trench on the upper courtyard. Of all identified archaeological features (Fig. 54: 1) find assembly of the feature No. 3 (Fig. 54: 2) was the most interesting as it included pot-shaped non-glazed stoves, fragments of the High (Fig. 56: 5) and Late Medieval (Fig. 56: 6, 8) pottery, bronze ear scoop (Fig. 56: 10) and three forfeit quarter-denarii (quartings) of Sigismund of Luxembourg (Fig. 56: 4) among other finds.
Research Interests: Architectural History, Medieval Architecture, Architectural Research, Castles and Fortifications, Archaeological research, and 6 moreMedieval Castles and Fortresses, Castles and Palaces of the 16th to 18th century in Central and Southeastern Europe, Medieval Manor House, History of Slovakia, Fortified Residence, and Manor Houses
The article informs about the results of dendrochronological research of the Romanesque church of St. Michael in the village of Veľký Klíž - part of Klížske Hradište. The village is situated in the central Ponitrie Mountains in the... more
The article informs about the results of dendrochronological research of the Romanesque church of St. Michael in the village of Veľký Klíž - part of Klížske Hradište. The village is situated in the central Ponitrie Mountains in the western part of Slovakia. The Romanesque church belongs to the uniquely preserved rural churches and besides it there used to be a Benedictine monastery in its vicinity. Research on the remains of the building remains was carried out in 2023 and makes it possible to date the construction of the church to the turn of 1125 and 1126. Thanks to these results, the dating of the church, which was previously only tentatively dated by art historians to the 12th century, has been refined.
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The article presents archival, archeological and architectural survey of the parish church in Ludanice. Research was performed here concurrently with a total renewal of the building between 1998 and 2010, however for various reasons the... more
The article presents archival, archeological and architectural survey of the parish church in Ludanice. Research was performed here concurrently with a total renewal of the building between 1998 and 2010, however for various reasons the research could have only partial character. Despite his limited extent, the study off ers a complex view of the sacral building's history, which had its origins likely in the late Roman period. Apart from architecture, the article analyzes the church cemetery, the original title of the church-St. Demetrius and the beginnings of the nearby village center settlement.
Research Interests: Material Culture Studies, Architectural History, Archaeology of churches, Historical Research, Middle Ages, and 9 moreMedieval Architecture, Churches, Architectural Research, Modern Age History, Medieval church architecture, Archaeological research, Modern Age, Cemetery Studies, History of Slovakia, and Sacral architecture
Die Untersuchung des Archivflügels der Burg Bojnice wurde durch die geplanten baulichen und angeregt. Dieser Teil der Burg sprünglich den Wohnflügel und sich in der höchstgelegenen Die Untersuchung von 1994 bisher unbekannte Bauelemente... more
Die Untersuchung des Archivflügels der Burg Bojnice wurde durch die geplanten baulichen und angeregt. Dieser Teil der Burg sprünglich den Wohnflügel und sich in der höchstgelegenen Die Untersuchung von 1994 bisher unbekannte Bauelemente frei, die einst zur Außenbefestigung der frühgotischen Burg gehört haben. Hier befand sich die leicht destruierte Krone der Steinmauer mit er- haltener Zahnbeendigung zum Schutz des Schützen. Um etwas jüngerer ist die ent- deckte Mauer des Wohnobjektes, die ein zugespitztes Portal mit Steingewände und ein weiteres Gewände der Heizöffung ent- hielt. Diese architektonischen Elemente entstanden in der zweiten Hälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts bis zum Anfang des 14. Jahr- hunderts.
Die Forschung brachte auch neue Er- kenntnisse aus den jüngeren Palastum- bauten in der Zeit der Renaissance und des Barock. Interessant waren auch die Fragmentfunde von Töpfer-, Ofensetzer- und Glaswaren, datiert in das 14. bis - 18. Jahrhundert.
Die Forschung brachte auch neue Er- kenntnisse aus den jüngeren Palastum- bauten in der Zeit der Renaissance und des Barock. Interessant waren auch die Fragmentfunde von Töpfer-, Ofensetzer- und Glaswaren, datiert in das 14. bis - 18. Jahrhundert.
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EXCAVATIONS AT I. OUTER BAILEY OF ČACHTICE CASTLE. Čachtice (Nové Mesto nad Váhom dis- trict), castle, rescue excavation, castle architecture, pottery, small finds, Middle Ages, Postmedieval period. Deposition of finds: TRIGLAV... more
EXCAVATIONS AT I. OUTER BAILEY OF ČACHTICE CASTLE.
Čachtice (Nové Mesto nad Váhom dis- trict), castle, rescue excavation, castle architecture, pottery, small finds, Middle Ages, Postmedieval period. Deposition of finds: TRIGLAV Archeologická spoločnosť. Two rescue excavations were undertaken centre at I. outer bailey of Čachtice castle as preparation for construction of ticket office. During the excavations area between the 2nd gate and north-eastern bastion was excavated (Fig. 18: I). Remnants of foundations of two-room architecture with irregular ground plan made of stones connected with lime mortar with occasional use of bricks were unearthed as result. Aboveground parts of architecture were presumably built as log house. Structure was dated to the second half of the 17th century. Small residues of structure built during the second third of the 16th century were identified as well. Archaeological material consisted of pottery fragments, tiles stoves (including fragment of Late Gothic tile stove with figural scene depict- ing St. George killing dragon) and small finds. Small finds included fragments of glass vessels, militaries, jewellery and early modern coinage .
Čachtice (Nové Mesto nad Váhom dis- trict), castle, rescue excavation, castle architecture, pottery, small finds, Middle Ages, Postmedieval period. Deposition of finds: TRIGLAV Archeologická spoločnosť. Two rescue excavations were undertaken centre at I. outer bailey of Čachtice castle as preparation for construction of ticket office. During the excavations area between the 2nd gate and north-eastern bastion was excavated (Fig. 18: I). Remnants of foundations of two-room architecture with irregular ground plan made of stones connected with lime mortar with occasional use of bricks were unearthed as result. Aboveground parts of architecture were presumably built as log house. Structure was dated to the second half of the 17th century. Small residues of structure built during the second third of the 16th century were identified as well. Archaeological material consisted of pottery fragments, tiles stoves (including fragment of Late Gothic tile stove with figural scene depict- ing St. George killing dragon) and small finds. Small finds included fragments of glass vessels, militaries, jewellery and early modern coinage .
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RESCUE EXCAVATION IN THE GARDEN OF NITRA GALLERY. Nitra-Staré Mesto (Nitra district), Samova ulica street, garden and retaining wall of Nitra Gallery and former County House, rescue excavation, town, Bronze Age, protohistory, Middle Ages,... more
RESCUE EXCAVATION IN THE GARDEN OF NITRA GALLERY. Nitra-Staré Mesto (Nitra district), Samova ulica street, garden and retaining wall of Nitra Gallery and former County House, rescue excavation, town, Bronze Age, protohistory, Middle Ages, Postmedieval period (11th-20th centuries). Finds deposited at: Institute of Archaeology of SAS, Nitra. The excavation detected settlement and use of the area in four periods. The oldest documents include unique fragments of vessels from the Early Bronze Age and prob- ably La Tene period from the lowest layers at the bottom of the excavation, in the immediate vicinity of the southeastern wing of the County House. Sherds from the Early Bronze Age and Protohistory occurred as intrusions also in younger medieval layers. Horizontal bedding was detected above these layers, suggest- ing artificial deposition of layers. Up to 1 m thick layer was documented here. Above it, a compact layer with numerous stones was uncovered. With regard to previous excavations carried out near the County House, we can assume that it is the foot of the box rampart III, whose construction is dated to the 11th cen- tury. However, the find context was considerably disturbed by construcion of the southeastern wing of the County House and sewerage in the 19th and 20th centuries. An oven, probably for baking bread, was sunken in the eroded or levelled layers of the assumed rampart; it was dated to the 13th-14th century. In the central part of the area, a distinct burned layer roughly dated to the end of the Middle Ages and beginning of the Postmedieval period was documented. It points to a great fire in this part of the town. All over the area, 2 m below the current surface, massive fills were detected. They are associated with the levelling of the terrain in the garden of Nitra Gallery.
Architectonic-historical evaluation of the masoned fence around the garden of Nitra Gallery provided evidence of its Baroque origin and construction in the late 18th century, when the current southern part of Samova ulica street was founded and the building of the County House was built. The fence was re- masond and reinforced by foundation pillars in the course of the 19th century. In the course of the Secession reconstruction of the County House in 1905-1908, the upper part of the fence was modified - it was equipped with a top ledge and a system of pillars with roofs and intermediate blocks.
Architectonic-historical evaluation of the masoned fence around the garden of Nitra Gallery provided evidence of its Baroque origin and construction in the late 18th century, when the current southern part of Samova ulica street was founded and the building of the County House was built. The fence was re- masond and reinforced by foundation pillars in the course of the 19th century. In the course of the Secession reconstruction of the County House in 1905-1908, the upper part of the fence was modified - it was equipped with a top ledge and a system of pillars with roofs and intermediate blocks.
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The results of the architectural, historical and artistic historical research in the Roman-Catholic Church of Virgin Mary the Queen of Angels in Klátova Nová Ves-Sádok The Romanesque church building rising on the Chríb hill in the... more
The results of the architectural, historical and artistic historical research in the Roman-Catholic Church of Virgin Mary the Queen of Angels in Klátova Nová Ves-Sádok
The Romanesque church building rising on the Chríb hill in the southeastern part of the Sádok municipality dominates a wide vista. The complex research that has taken place in the abandoned church since 2006 unearthed interesting information about the monument's difficult development. The article covers the period from the 12th 13th. centuries. Only the nave's northern side, built from quarry stone, has been fully preser- ved from the oldest one nave building, which also had a small right-angled presbytery (nave 8.25 x 7.2 m, presbytery 2.9x3.8 m). The archaeological findings in the immediate vicinity of the building date its construction to no later than the 12th century, although other evidence indicates a more ancient origin. Around the middle of the 13th century, the nave was enlarged to the west and received a western empora that supported the dominant tower. In the centre of the western façade was a tapering stone portal, which was decorated with columns and bud caps. The nave's windows and corner blocks were also made of the worked stone.
During the second half of the 13th century, the church was extended to the south with a low side nave covered with a pent roof. Little slotted Romanesque windows, built from the material of the older dismantled windows, illuminated the nave from the south and a semi-cylindrical apse enclosed it from the east. The church thus received a double eastern closure.
The early gothic reconstruction of the church, carried out at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries, created a compact one nave interior. High windows, with traceries in the shape of a nun, lighted the interior from the south. Two similar windows lit up the new spacious right-angled presbytery from the east. Its vault and walls were decorated with frescos. Similar decoration was also detected on the nave's southern wall. Later medieval constructions saw the building of a new sacristy, a change of window linning and installation of a new fresco decoration in the interior.
The research performed so far confirmed the earlier assumptions about the church's significance and antiquity, whereas further research may bring answers to more questions about the monument's architectural-historical and artistic-historical development.
The Romanesque church building rising on the Chríb hill in the southeastern part of the Sádok municipality dominates a wide vista. The complex research that has taken place in the abandoned church since 2006 unearthed interesting information about the monument's difficult development. The article covers the period from the 12th 13th. centuries. Only the nave's northern side, built from quarry stone, has been fully preser- ved from the oldest one nave building, which also had a small right-angled presbytery (nave 8.25 x 7.2 m, presbytery 2.9x3.8 m). The archaeological findings in the immediate vicinity of the building date its construction to no later than the 12th century, although other evidence indicates a more ancient origin. Around the middle of the 13th century, the nave was enlarged to the west and received a western empora that supported the dominant tower. In the centre of the western façade was a tapering stone portal, which was decorated with columns and bud caps. The nave's windows and corner blocks were also made of the worked stone.
During the second half of the 13th century, the church was extended to the south with a low side nave covered with a pent roof. Little slotted Romanesque windows, built from the material of the older dismantled windows, illuminated the nave from the south and a semi-cylindrical apse enclosed it from the east. The church thus received a double eastern closure.
The early gothic reconstruction of the church, carried out at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries, created a compact one nave interior. High windows, with traceries in the shape of a nun, lighted the interior from the south. Two similar windows lit up the new spacious right-angled presbytery from the east. Its vault and walls were decorated with frescos. Similar decoration was also detected on the nave's southern wall. Later medieval constructions saw the building of a new sacristy, a change of window linning and installation of a new fresco decoration in the interior.
The research performed so far confirmed the earlier assumptions about the church's significance and antiquity, whereas further research may bring answers to more questions about the monument's architectural-historical and artistic-historical development.
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Probe research of the entrance wing was conducted on June 2005 with the aim to collect data to develop a renovation draft of the interior surface finish. The wing consisting of the original gateway and the gate tower is situated on the... more
Probe research of the entrance wing was conducted on June 2005 with the aim to collect data to develop a renovation draft of the interior surface finish. The wing consisting of the original gateway and the gate tower is situated on the northern side of the castle. The research within the wing showed the earliest evidence of the prismatic gate tower that contrary to previous opinions-was not an original part of the late Gothic forecast- le fortification but originated separately within the first half of the 16th century. The preserved primary door case indicates the presence of a former drawbridge of bolster construction. Signs of a fire on the original parget of the tower, probably connected with war conflicts in the 16 century, are an important discovery, too. Contrary to previous suggestions on the Early Baroque origin of the foregate, the research confirmed its earlier Renaissance roots and the origin from the second half of the 16th century. The forgate probably originally consisted just of an open area lined by a peripheral wall made of blockstones. A residential floor was built out later. Both confirmation of the primary origin of four loopholes in the side walls of the gateway and the presence of the drawbridge bridge of bolster construction in an unknown entrance portal are important results of the research. The contemporary entrance portal was erected even in the further Early Baroque rebuilding around the half of the 17th century when the gateway was vaulted up and divided by a partition into two areas. A romantic plaster decoration from the turn of the 20th century was also discovered by the research. The historic romantic decoration will be renovated.
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Kniha přinasi dějinný ramec, historii badani, genezi středověkých opevněných sidel na Slovensku (vc. typologie), jejich katalog s velkým množstvim graficke, historicke (vedut) a fotograficke dokumentace, bibliografii, slovnicek odborných... more
Kniha přinasi dějinný ramec, historii badani, genezi středověkých opevněných sidel na Slovensku (vc. typologie), jejich katalog s velkým množstvim graficke, historicke (vedut) a fotograficke dokumentace, bibliografii, slovnicek odborných výrazů, mistni rejstřik a mapku.
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Although various authors have dealt with the history and architectural history of Oponice Castle, only the archival research that was carried out in 2020 has significantly extended the existing data related to the modern era. After the... more
Although various authors have dealt with the history and architectural history of Oponice Castle, only the archival research that was carried out in 2020 has significantly extended the existing data related to the modern era. After the combination of its findings with results from archaeological, dendrochronological and constructional-historical research, using an interdisciplinary approach, it has been possible to match several phases of construction within the modern era with the names of the people who initiated them. The “Tereš” bastion, typical of the present-day ruins, was constructed before 1586, after a decision made by Blažej Apponyi Snr. The widespread reconstructions made in the late Renaissance period that followed the property division of 29th April 1612 completely changed the character of the castle and also substantially affected its silhouette, giving the castle a distinctive appearance that has been preserved until today. Brothers Peter (†1626) and Pavol Apponyi enriched their south-western half of the castle with a large rectangular palace with a remarkable length of 50 metres and as many as five floors. Another ceremonial palace building, on the opposite side, on the north-eastern perimeter of the castle, was initiated by Blažej Apponyi Jr. (†1637). It had a rectangular floor plan covering an area of 27 m x 14.5 m and reached up four floors.
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The first stage of architectural and historical research in 2017 was focused on the interior of the building and documented the comprehensive preservation of the medieval church structures in the the tower, nave and part of the... more
The first stage of architectural and historical research in 2017 was focused on the interior of the building and documented the comprehensive preservation of the medieval church structures in the the tower, nave and part of the presbytery. The original entrance was in the form of a semicircular "concession" portal and was located on the south wall of the aisle. Remains of two original Romanesque round windows were also uncovered in this wall. The tower has been preserved to the height of the original five floors, but its windows were rebuilt during the Baroque period and some were bricked up. From the original presbytery, the peripheral western sections of the side walls and the remains of the foundations of the eastern enclosure were found, according to which the presbytery had the form of an apse with a semicircular floor plan.
Two layers of interior plaster, together with the remains of a fresco, were found from younger medieval recon-structions. Modern Baroque reconstructions completed in 1720 and 1790 significantly changed the appearance of the Romanesque church, which acquired its present appearance with a longitudinal presbytery and vaulted interior with large segmental windows.
Although a more accurate dating of the Romanesque church is not yet possible, it probably took place around the middle of the 13th century. At that time, the ancestor of the Forga6 family, Ivankov's son Andrej from the Hunt-Poznan family, became the new owner of the village. Already before 1253 he took care of the construction of the castle on the hill above the village and in 1253 he became the owner of Jelenec (originally Gýrmeš), which until then belonged to the royal castle in Nitra. Additional research can provide further insights into the origins and appearance of the Romanesque church.
Two layers of interior plaster, together with the remains of a fresco, were found from younger medieval recon-structions. Modern Baroque reconstructions completed in 1720 and 1790 significantly changed the appearance of the Romanesque church, which acquired its present appearance with a longitudinal presbytery and vaulted interior with large segmental windows.
Although a more accurate dating of the Romanesque church is not yet possible, it probably took place around the middle of the 13th century. At that time, the ancestor of the Forga6 family, Ivankov's son Andrej from the Hunt-Poznan family, became the new owner of the village. Already before 1253 he took care of the construction of the castle on the hill above the village and in 1253 he became the owner of Jelenec (originally Gýrmeš), which until then belonged to the royal castle in Nitra. Additional research can provide further insights into the origins and appearance of the Romanesque church.
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Die Ergebnisse der architektonisch-historischen und dendrochronologischen Untersuchung des Živánska-Turms bei Jedľové Kostoľany Die Ruine eines mittelalterlichen Wachturms befindet sich im Tal des Oberlaufs der Žitava in der Nähe der... more
Die Ergebnisse der architektonisch-historischen und dendrochronologischen Untersuchung des Živánska-Turms bei Jedľové Kostoľany
Die Ruine eines mittelalterlichen Wachturms befindet sich im Tal des Oberlaufs der Žitava in der Nähe der Gemeinde Jedľové Kostoľany, wo in der Vergangenheit ein Handelsweg entlang verlief, der von der Region Požitavie in das Gran-Gebiet führte. 2009 wurde eine architektonisch-historische und dendrochronologische
Untersuchung des Denkmals durchgeführt, die an ältere Forschungen über oberirdische Bauten anknüpfte.
Die Ergebnisse der hier vorgestellten Untersuchungen haben den mittelalterlichen Ursprung des Baus eindeutig bestätigt und basieren auf dessen Lage und baulichem Charakter, die es ermöglichen, ihn definitiv solchen Bauten zuzuordnen, die für den Schutz und die Kontrolle wichtiger Verkehrswege gedacht waren. Durch die dendrochronologische Analyse von 11 primären Holzelementen konnte die
Datierung der Entstehung des Turms präzisiert und an das Ende der siebziger oder in die achtziger Jahre des 13. Jahrhunderts gelegt werden. In diesen Zeitraum wird auch die Entstehung der sich in der Nähe befindenden, von Matthäus Čák von Trentschin gegründeten Burg Hrušov gelegt. Da Jedľové Kostoľany im 14. Jahrhundert als Zubehör der Burg erwähnt wird, ist es wahrscheinlich, dass der Bau des Wachturms mit Csáks Interessen zusammenhing, den Ostrand seines Herrschaftsgebietes mit dem wichtigen Handelsweg zu den Bergbaustätten zu kontrollieren. Später, nachdem das Herrschaftsgebiet in die Hand des Königs überging (1321), errichtete man dort eine Zollstation und der Bau diente zum Schutz der Steuereinnehmer. Der Sage nach wurde sie in der Neuzeit von Räubern beherrscht und wurde dann in die Luft gesprengt,
wofür auch die festgestellten Brandspuren sprechen.
Der Turm wurde auf einem aufsteigenden Bergkamm dicht oberhalb des Weges errichtet, der sich – eingeklammert zwischen Felsen und kleinem Flusslauf – unterhalb des Turms dahinschlängelt. Von dem ursprünglich fünfstöckigen, zylinderförmigen Bau mit einem Durchmesser von 8,3 m ist die Nordhälfte in
einer Höhe von 17 m erhalten geblieben. Die einzelnen Stockwerke waren durch Balkendecken voneinander getrennt und in der Höhe des 3. und 4. Stockwerks blieben Schlitzöffnungen mit Trägerbalken erhalten.
Im 5. und gleichzeitig höchsten Stockwerk wurden Belege für die Existenz eines Laufgangs aus Holz auf Balkenkonsolen gefunden.
In südlicher Nachbarschaft des Baus blieb eine kleinere Plattform erhalten, bei der es sich wahrscheinlich um den Überrest einer kleineren Vorburg handelt. Von den archäologischen Funden wurden bei Schürfgrabungen bislang nur kleine Scherben entdeckt, die grob in das 13.–14. Jahrhundert datiert werden
können.
Die Ruine eines mittelalterlichen Wachturms befindet sich im Tal des Oberlaufs der Žitava in der Nähe der Gemeinde Jedľové Kostoľany, wo in der Vergangenheit ein Handelsweg entlang verlief, der von der Region Požitavie in das Gran-Gebiet führte. 2009 wurde eine architektonisch-historische und dendrochronologische
Untersuchung des Denkmals durchgeführt, die an ältere Forschungen über oberirdische Bauten anknüpfte.
Die Ergebnisse der hier vorgestellten Untersuchungen haben den mittelalterlichen Ursprung des Baus eindeutig bestätigt und basieren auf dessen Lage und baulichem Charakter, die es ermöglichen, ihn definitiv solchen Bauten zuzuordnen, die für den Schutz und die Kontrolle wichtiger Verkehrswege gedacht waren. Durch die dendrochronologische Analyse von 11 primären Holzelementen konnte die
Datierung der Entstehung des Turms präzisiert und an das Ende der siebziger oder in die achtziger Jahre des 13. Jahrhunderts gelegt werden. In diesen Zeitraum wird auch die Entstehung der sich in der Nähe befindenden, von Matthäus Čák von Trentschin gegründeten Burg Hrušov gelegt. Da Jedľové Kostoľany im 14. Jahrhundert als Zubehör der Burg erwähnt wird, ist es wahrscheinlich, dass der Bau des Wachturms mit Csáks Interessen zusammenhing, den Ostrand seines Herrschaftsgebietes mit dem wichtigen Handelsweg zu den Bergbaustätten zu kontrollieren. Später, nachdem das Herrschaftsgebiet in die Hand des Königs überging (1321), errichtete man dort eine Zollstation und der Bau diente zum Schutz der Steuereinnehmer. Der Sage nach wurde sie in der Neuzeit von Räubern beherrscht und wurde dann in die Luft gesprengt,
wofür auch die festgestellten Brandspuren sprechen.
Der Turm wurde auf einem aufsteigenden Bergkamm dicht oberhalb des Weges errichtet, der sich – eingeklammert zwischen Felsen und kleinem Flusslauf – unterhalb des Turms dahinschlängelt. Von dem ursprünglich fünfstöckigen, zylinderförmigen Bau mit einem Durchmesser von 8,3 m ist die Nordhälfte in
einer Höhe von 17 m erhalten geblieben. Die einzelnen Stockwerke waren durch Balkendecken voneinander getrennt und in der Höhe des 3. und 4. Stockwerks blieben Schlitzöffnungen mit Trägerbalken erhalten.
Im 5. und gleichzeitig höchsten Stockwerk wurden Belege für die Existenz eines Laufgangs aus Holz auf Balkenkonsolen gefunden.
In südlicher Nachbarschaft des Baus blieb eine kleinere Plattform erhalten, bei der es sich wahrscheinlich um den Überrest einer kleineren Vorburg handelt. Von den archäologischen Funden wurden bei Schürfgrabungen bislang nur kleine Scherben entdeckt, die grob in das 13.–14. Jahrhundert datiert werden
können.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Aristokracia, sľachtický rod, dejiny, kraľovske dominium, osidlenie, sľachta a cirkva, biskup, dvorec, hrad, opevnenie, kastieľ, mesto, vývoj.
The submitted article presents results of the archaeological and architectonic-historical investigation of the Church of St. Martin in Hontianska Vrbica, Levice district. The beginnings of the church had been dated to the 15th century.... more
The submitted article presents results of the archaeological and architectonic-historical investigation of the Church of
St. Martin in Hontianska Vrbica, Levice district. The beginnings of the church had been dated to the 15th century. The
archaeological investigation and architectonic-historical analysis of uncovered architecture moved the date of its origin to the late 12th – early 13th century. Remains of an extinct Romanesque church with a three-quarter-cylindrical apse
and its younger early-Gothic addition in the south have been identified there. Thanks to the investigations, we have
obtained new information on the structural development of the church in the high Gothic, late Gothic and Baroque
periods. The contribution analyzes 17 burials from the adjacent uncovered church cemetery and their finds. Special
attention is paid to two Baroque tombs discovered inside the church. We obtained well preserved remains of Baroque
male clothes of a so-far unknown local thane from one of the tombs
St. Martin in Hontianska Vrbica, Levice district. The beginnings of the church had been dated to the 15th century. The
archaeological investigation and architectonic-historical analysis of uncovered architecture moved the date of its origin to the late 12th – early 13th century. Remains of an extinct Romanesque church with a three-quarter-cylindrical apse
and its younger early-Gothic addition in the south have been identified there. Thanks to the investigations, we have
obtained new information on the structural development of the church in the high Gothic, late Gothic and Baroque
periods. The contribution analyzes 17 burials from the adjacent uncovered church cemetery and their finds. Special
attention is paid to two Baroque tombs discovered inside the church. We obtained well preserved remains of Baroque
male clothes of a so-far unknown local thane from one of the tombs
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Cultural heritage research of torsional architecture in Slovakia and its links with heritage renovation The article deals with the historical and current situation of cultural heritage research on torsional structures in the process of... more
Cultural heritage research of
torsional architecture in Slovakia
and its links with heritage
renovation
The article deals with the historical and current situation of cultural heritage research on torsional structures in the process of their renovation and illustrates the peculiarities of the ongoing research of castle ruins, the problems tackled, but also positive aspects as well as challenges brought by current circumstances. Thanks to the current legislative anchoring of cultural heritage research in the renovation
process and the generous support of research by the Ministry of Culture of the Slovak Republic, the number of conducted research activities has increased considerably since 2003, including the research focused on castle ruins, which until then remained largely unnoticed. At the same time, thanks to the financial support through various grants schemes and regional monuments authorities’ requirements, the interdisciplinary character of cultural heritage research has been significantly reinforced. In contrast to the situation in the second half of the 20th century when the state conserved about 10% of castle ruins, it currently accounts for up to 40% of the total number of castle ruins preserved in Slovakia – research is being carried out simultaneously with the renovation. Most of the renovations of ruins are currently performed on a voluntary basis under the aegis of civic associations and only in a small number of state institutions or public administration authorities (museums, municipalities, etc.). This led to an unprecedented situation in Slovakia
in terms of the scope and intensity of research as well as safeguarding work dedicated to castles. It offers numerous new experiences and also poses a challenge as to how best to apply the amount of newly acquired knowledge, to reflect it effectively in the process of renovation and to pass it on to future generations.
torsional architecture in Slovakia
and its links with heritage
renovation
The article deals with the historical and current situation of cultural heritage research on torsional structures in the process of their renovation and illustrates the peculiarities of the ongoing research of castle ruins, the problems tackled, but also positive aspects as well as challenges brought by current circumstances. Thanks to the current legislative anchoring of cultural heritage research in the renovation
process and the generous support of research by the Ministry of Culture of the Slovak Republic, the number of conducted research activities has increased considerably since 2003, including the research focused on castle ruins, which until then remained largely unnoticed. At the same time, thanks to the financial support through various grants schemes and regional monuments authorities’ requirements, the interdisciplinary character of cultural heritage research has been significantly reinforced. In contrast to the situation in the second half of the 20th century when the state conserved about 10% of castle ruins, it currently accounts for up to 40% of the total number of castle ruins preserved in Slovakia – research is being carried out simultaneously with the renovation. Most of the renovations of ruins are currently performed on a voluntary basis under the aegis of civic associations and only in a small number of state institutions or public administration authorities (museums, municipalities, etc.). This led to an unprecedented situation in Slovakia
in terms of the scope and intensity of research as well as safeguarding work dedicated to castles. It offers numerous new experiences and also poses a challenge as to how best to apply the amount of newly acquired knowledge, to reflect it effectively in the process of renovation and to pass it on to future generations.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Results of dendrochronological research of the residential tower of Trenčín Castle. Abstract: This article introduces dendrochronological research of timbers from the residential tower, one of the oldest preserved... more
Results of dendrochronological research of the residential tower of Trenčín Castle. Abstract: This article introduces dendrochronological research of timbers from the residential tower, one of the oldest preserved profane buildings of Trenčín Castle. In its earlier Romanesque stone masonry, remains of five oak beams survived: a central ceiling beam, three supports of parapet walk, and a beam of unknown function. Four of them were successfully dated and produced first chronometric evidence for the construction of the tower. Our research presents the most recent contribution to the historic-architectural and archaeological discussions on chronology of the earliest architectures of this county castle.
Research Interests:
Dieser Beitrag bringt die vorlaufigen Ergebnisse der archäologischen der Bojnicer Burg. Es handelt sich um die erste Erforschung im Areal der oberen Burg. Der Flügel bildet die nördliche Bebauung deroberen Burg. Das heutige Aussehen ist... more
Dieser Beitrag bringt die vorlaufigen Ergebnisse der archäologischen der Bojnicer Burg. Es handelt sich um die erste Erforschung im Areal der oberen Burg. Der Flügel bildet die nördliche Bebauung deroberen Burg. Das heutige Aussehen ist Ergebnis des romantischen Umbaus in den Jahren 1890-93. Aufgrund der ober flächigen Forschung D. Menclovás (1954, 1956) hat man unter der Terasse ältere Raumverschüttungen vorausgesetzt. Aber gleich nach der Entfernung der Pflasterung wurden drei parallellaufende Mauern entdeckt und unter der Verschüttung war nur ein Raum mit einem Dreieckgrundriß. Zu den ältesten Mauern gehört die Umfassungsmauer mit den gut erhaltenen Zinnen (Mauerbreite
250-260 cm, Höhe der Zinnen 73 cm). An diese Umfassungsmauer hat sich vom Hof ein jüngerer Wohnbau angeschlossen. Bestandteil dieses Objekts waren ein Steinportal und eine Rauchöffnung.
Aufgrund der Portalarchitektur stammen die entdeckten Mauern aus der frühgotischen Zeit, aus der 2. Hälfte des 13. bis Anfang des 14. Jhs. Laut der schriftlichen Quellen wurde diese Burg von Kazimir aus dem Geschlechts der Hont-Poznanovec zwischen den Jahren 1246-99 erbaut.
Ein Frührenaissance-Flügel mit Wohnbauten wurde auf der Nordseite der oberen Burg zur Umfassungsmauer zugebaut. Das war auch Grund zur Stärkung der Umfassungsmauer auf die Breite von 2,2-2,6 m. Die architektonischen Renaissanceteile waren in der Sekundärlage. Außerdem wurde noch ein kleiner Raum entdeckt, der an die Mauer des benachbarten frühgotischen Objekts mit einem Spitzenportal angeschossen war. Dieser Raum war vom Westen durch ein steinernes Treppenhaus zugänglich. In seiner Nordwand befand sich Eingang in ein Erkerprevet. Etwa am Ende des 16. oder am Anfang des 17. Jhs. war der Nordflügel umgebaut und verbreitet. Die Nordwand wurde durch weitere Mauer verstärkt und so kam zur Vergrößerung der Wohnräume in den,
heute nicht mehrt existierenden, höheren Stockwerken. Bei diesem Umbau entstand an der Südseite des Flügels sehr wahrscheinlich zweiarmiges Treppenhaus und an der Westseite wurde ein neuer Erker Gebaut.
Beim großartigen romantischen Umbau der Burg unter dem Besitzer Johann Palffy wurden zwei Stockwerke des Flügels entfernt an der Westseite wurde ein neuer Turm erbaut. Dieser Turm mit einer älteren Bastion bildeten eine Dominante der Burg im Geist der französischen Gotik. In den Funden aus der Schuttschichten befinden sich architektonische Renaissanceteile und Reste der Glasgefässe, besonders Flaschen. Diese Glasfunde stammen überwiegend aus einer Palfy-Glashütte in Jalovec, die Jahr 1730 erwähnt wurde.
Die Keramikfunde stellen überwiegend unglasierte Gefässe aus dem 16. und 17. Jh., vereinzelt auch noch aus dem 15. Jh. vor. Einige Gefässe sind glasiert. Zwischen den Keramikfunden sind auch die Kacheln vertreten. Die älteste Kammer-Kachel mit eingeritzter Verzierung stammt aus dem 14.-15. Jh. Weitere Kacheln mit grüner Glazur und auch mit den Farben der Habaner-Keramik (gelb, grün, blau und mangan) datiert man in das 17.-18. Jh.
250-260 cm, Höhe der Zinnen 73 cm). An diese Umfassungsmauer hat sich vom Hof ein jüngerer Wohnbau angeschlossen. Bestandteil dieses Objekts waren ein Steinportal und eine Rauchöffnung.
Aufgrund der Portalarchitektur stammen die entdeckten Mauern aus der frühgotischen Zeit, aus der 2. Hälfte des 13. bis Anfang des 14. Jhs. Laut der schriftlichen Quellen wurde diese Burg von Kazimir aus dem Geschlechts der Hont-Poznanovec zwischen den Jahren 1246-99 erbaut.
Ein Frührenaissance-Flügel mit Wohnbauten wurde auf der Nordseite der oberen Burg zur Umfassungsmauer zugebaut. Das war auch Grund zur Stärkung der Umfassungsmauer auf die Breite von 2,2-2,6 m. Die architektonischen Renaissanceteile waren in der Sekundärlage. Außerdem wurde noch ein kleiner Raum entdeckt, der an die Mauer des benachbarten frühgotischen Objekts mit einem Spitzenportal angeschossen war. Dieser Raum war vom Westen durch ein steinernes Treppenhaus zugänglich. In seiner Nordwand befand sich Eingang in ein Erkerprevet. Etwa am Ende des 16. oder am Anfang des 17. Jhs. war der Nordflügel umgebaut und verbreitet. Die Nordwand wurde durch weitere Mauer verstärkt und so kam zur Vergrößerung der Wohnräume in den,
heute nicht mehrt existierenden, höheren Stockwerken. Bei diesem Umbau entstand an der Südseite des Flügels sehr wahrscheinlich zweiarmiges Treppenhaus und an der Westseite wurde ein neuer Erker Gebaut.
Beim großartigen romantischen Umbau der Burg unter dem Besitzer Johann Palffy wurden zwei Stockwerke des Flügels entfernt an der Westseite wurde ein neuer Turm erbaut. Dieser Turm mit einer älteren Bastion bildeten eine Dominante der Burg im Geist der französischen Gotik. In den Funden aus der Schuttschichten befinden sich architektonische Renaissanceteile und Reste der Glasgefässe, besonders Flaschen. Diese Glasfunde stammen überwiegend aus einer Palfy-Glashütte in Jalovec, die Jahr 1730 erwähnt wurde.
Die Keramikfunde stellen überwiegend unglasierte Gefässe aus dem 16. und 17. Jh., vereinzelt auch noch aus dem 15. Jh. vor. Einige Gefässe sind glasiert. Zwischen den Keramikfunden sind auch die Kacheln vertreten. Die älteste Kammer-Kachel mit eingeritzter Verzierung stammt aus dem 14.-15. Jh. Weitere Kacheln mit grüner Glazur und auch mit den Farben der Habaner-Keramik (gelb, grün, blau und mangan) datiert man in das 17.-18. Jh.
Research Interests:
The article presents results of archaeological, historical and architectural research of a north-east prismshaped bastion found in the fortification of the town of Bardejov. Old sources placed the bastion in the 14th or 15th centuries.... more
The article presents results of archaeological, historical and architectural research of a north-east prismshaped bastion found in the fortification of the town of Bardejov. Old sources placed the bastion in the 14th or 15th centuries. According to more recent archaeological finds, the building was founded in the 16th century, and was probably associated with the construction of a barbican, which significantly affects previous conceptions of the development of the explored section of the fortification.
Research Interests:
By the second half of the 17th century, Hungary was facing a severe economic crisis due to looting of the countryside by the Ottoman Empire and the brutality caused by the uprisings against the Hungarian nobility and the Habsburgs. In... more
By the second half of the 17th century, Hungary was facing a severe economic crisis due to looting of the countryside by the Ottoman Empire and the brutality caused by the uprisings against the Hungarian nobility and the Habsburgs. In addition to bloodshed from military clashes, the country was beset by religious disputes between the Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches. Despite a peaceful agreement signed between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Monarchy in 165o, invasions continued into neighbouring Turkish-occupied Hungary and villages were sacked by enemy forces.
In August 1652 marauding troops, commanded by the Esztergom bey Kara Mustafa Pasha, were returning from a raid in the Hron Valley. On the 26th August, Adam Forgat', an experienced military leader, led soldiers loyal to Imperial forces and the local nobility to attack the Ottoman Turks near the village of Nagyvezekény (today Veľke Vozokany in Slovakia).
Aid came the next day from a group of rural farmers Forgáč had quickly rounded up from the surrounding villages during the night. With their help, he was able to counter Kara Mustafa's attack and force the enemy back. During the battle the Ottomans lost all the food, cattle and captives they had previously managed to seize. Unfortunately, Mustafa's divisions were able to recover relatively quickly from their humiliating defeat. They conso-lidated their positions and then several days later marched several days later toward the Forgáč estate at Gýmeš.
On 2 September 1652, during this new raid, they ambushed a party accom-panying Nitra Canon Mikuláš Jurkovič near historic Barsledéc, now the small village of Ladice, as he was travelling to the Benedictine abbey in modern-day Hronský Beňadik. Over the generations, local residents have handed down the legend of this tragedy by word of mouth. However, it remains very much a mystery because little reliable information has been preserved. There is a fragment of a historical memorial at the edge of Ladice, built near the ruins of Gýmeš Castle, indicating where Canon Jurko-vič´s party was said to have been attacked and overcome.
This publication concentrates on detailed historical research conducted to investigate the event. There is no evidence of Jurkovič having been killed where the historic monument in Ladice is today situated and the name of the canon was not mentioned in the list of martyred priests sent by Bishop Slepčiansky in Rome. It can be inferred from what is known that Jurkovič was most probably captured and died at another location after a subsequent Ottoman attack.
In August 1652 marauding troops, commanded by the Esztergom bey Kara Mustafa Pasha, were returning from a raid in the Hron Valley. On the 26th August, Adam Forgat', an experienced military leader, led soldiers loyal to Imperial forces and the local nobility to attack the Ottoman Turks near the village of Nagyvezekény (today Veľke Vozokany in Slovakia).
Aid came the next day from a group of rural farmers Forgáč had quickly rounded up from the surrounding villages during the night. With their help, he was able to counter Kara Mustafa's attack and force the enemy back. During the battle the Ottomans lost all the food, cattle and captives they had previously managed to seize. Unfortunately, Mustafa's divisions were able to recover relatively quickly from their humiliating defeat. They conso-lidated their positions and then several days later marched several days later toward the Forgáč estate at Gýmeš.
On 2 September 1652, during this new raid, they ambushed a party accom-panying Nitra Canon Mikuláš Jurkovič near historic Barsledéc, now the small village of Ladice, as he was travelling to the Benedictine abbey in modern-day Hronský Beňadik. Over the generations, local residents have handed down the legend of this tragedy by word of mouth. However, it remains very much a mystery because little reliable information has been preserved. There is a fragment of a historical memorial at the edge of Ladice, built near the ruins of Gýmeš Castle, indicating where Canon Jurko-vič´s party was said to have been attacked and overcome.
This publication concentrates on detailed historical research conducted to investigate the event. There is no evidence of Jurkovič having been killed where the historic monument in Ladice is today situated and the name of the canon was not mentioned in the list of martyred priests sent by Bishop Slepčiansky in Rome. It can be inferred from what is known that Jurkovič was most probably captured and died at another location after a subsequent Ottoman attack.
Research Interests:
Research Interests: Cultural Heritage Conservation, Heritage Conservation, Architectural Conservation, Castle Studies, Conservation and protection of monuments, and 5 moreMedieval castles, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Buildings and Monuments, History of Slovakia, Monuments Conservation, and Conservation of Ruins
Research Interests:
Die ikonographische Archivquelle als Quelle der Erkenntnis vergangener Elemente der Fortifikationsarchitektur – am Beispiel der Burg Zniev Zu den wichtigen Archivquellen‚ die Hinweise auf die historische Gestalt von Baudenkmälern geben,... more
Die ikonographische Archivquelle als Quelle der Erkenntnis vergangener Elemente der Fortifikationsarchitektur – am Beispiel der Burg Zniev
Zu den wichtigen Archivquellen‚ die Hinweise auf die historische Gestalt von Baudenkmälern geben, gehören auch ikonographische Quellen, in denen häufig nicht mehr existierende Komplexe, aber auch Detailelemente historischer Architekturen dargestellt sind. Eine hohe Bedeutung erlangen sie vor allem bei der Erforschung der torsalen Architektur von Burgruinen. Der Artikel präsentiert am Beispiel der torsal erhaltenen Burg Zniev den Beitrag der grafischen Dokumentation vom Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts. Die wenigen Reste der Burg Zniev sind auf dem Felskamm eines Ausläufers der Malá Fatra (985 m) verteilt, der den Talkessel Turčianska kotlina direkt über dem Städtchen Kláštor pod Znievom dominiert. Schriftquellen zufolge, in denen „castrum Turuc“ von 1243 erwähnt wird, wurde die Burg kurz nach dem Mongoleneinfall (1241—1242) in „ausdauernder Arbeit und unaufhörlicher Sorgfa1t“ des königlichen Gefolgsmannes, Magister Ondrej aus dem Geschlecht Hunt-Poznany errichtet. Die Burg, errichtet aus Furcht vor der Rückkehr der Mongolen, war nach einer Äußerung von Béla IV. „eine stark befestigte Burg", in der viele Menschen einschließlich des Königssohns Stephan Zuflucht fanden.
Die letzte Feldforschung wies den refugialen Charakter der ursprünglichen Burg aus dem 13. Jahrhundert und ihre umfangreiche gemauerte Befestigung nach. Die Oberburg am
Westabschluss des Felskammes enthielt einen länglichen Turmbau (17 x 8,5 m), umgeben mit einer eigenständigen Befestigung und einem Graben. Die Unterburg am Ostabschluss des Kammes war eine umfangreiche durchgängige Vorburg. Auf ihrem Felsausläufer entstand im Laufe des 13.–14. Jahrhunderts ein weiterer turmähnlicher Bau (7 x 8 m). Dieser wurde schrittweise in den größeren Palastbau eingegliedert, dessen Renaissancegestalt eine zeitgenössische grafische Dokumentation verrät. Die im Magyar Országos Levéltár in Budapest verwahrte ikonographische Quelle stellt eine kolorierte Zeichnung der Nordostansicht des Palastgebäudes, zusammen mit den Grundrissen seiner drei Geschosse im Maßstab 1:15 Klafter dar. Da das Dokument keine Datierung noch den Autor anführt, kann man nur aufgrund seines Charakters die Entstehung im letzten Drittel des 18. Jahrhunderts annehmen. Diese Archivquelle bringt uns den Palastbau getreu näher als Dominante der Unterburg, von der bis heute nur geringfügige Reste erhalten sind. Das Vorhandensein von sechs beheizten Zimmern, vier weiteren unbeheizten gewölbten Räumen, drei unfertigen Zimmern, Küche, Archiv und Kapelle, das alles belegt die Anpassung des Objekts an die Erfordernisse eines längeren Aufenthalts der Besitzer im unruhigen 16.–17. Jahrhundert. Vergleicht man den Aussagewert der heutigen Palastruine mit der erhaltenen Dokumentation, dann wird deutlich, dass die Dokumentation eine unersetzliche Information über Form, Ausstattung und Disposition der einzelnen Räume der heute bereits nicht mehr vorhandenen Geschosse des Objektes bildet. Dem relativ hohen Wohnkomfort, den das Objekt gewährte, entsprechen auch mehrere dargestellte Privets (Abtrittserker), von denen bis heute nur Reste der Nischen und Abfallschächte in der Westfront erhalten sind. Einen hohen Aussagewert bietet das Dokument auch über einzelne Wehrelemente, wie etwa Schießscharten, vereinzelt auch in Fensterbrüstungen eingesetzt, die „Pechnase“ über dem Haupteingang und weitere,
die nicht mehr erhalten sind. Die beschriebene Quelle überzeugt uns von der Wichtigkeit des interdisziplinären Ansatzes bei der Erforschung der historischen Architektur – besonders bei der Erforschung torsaler, rasch verfallender Architekturen, da nur ein solches Herangehen große Hoffnungen auf eine Annäherung an eine objektivere Erkenntnis unserer verborgenen Vergangenheit bietet.
Zu den wichtigen Archivquellen‚ die Hinweise auf die historische Gestalt von Baudenkmälern geben, gehören auch ikonographische Quellen, in denen häufig nicht mehr existierende Komplexe, aber auch Detailelemente historischer Architekturen dargestellt sind. Eine hohe Bedeutung erlangen sie vor allem bei der Erforschung der torsalen Architektur von Burgruinen. Der Artikel präsentiert am Beispiel der torsal erhaltenen Burg Zniev den Beitrag der grafischen Dokumentation vom Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts. Die wenigen Reste der Burg Zniev sind auf dem Felskamm eines Ausläufers der Malá Fatra (985 m) verteilt, der den Talkessel Turčianska kotlina direkt über dem Städtchen Kláštor pod Znievom dominiert. Schriftquellen zufolge, in denen „castrum Turuc“ von 1243 erwähnt wird, wurde die Burg kurz nach dem Mongoleneinfall (1241—1242) in „ausdauernder Arbeit und unaufhörlicher Sorgfa1t“ des königlichen Gefolgsmannes, Magister Ondrej aus dem Geschlecht Hunt-Poznany errichtet. Die Burg, errichtet aus Furcht vor der Rückkehr der Mongolen, war nach einer Äußerung von Béla IV. „eine stark befestigte Burg", in der viele Menschen einschließlich des Königssohns Stephan Zuflucht fanden.
Die letzte Feldforschung wies den refugialen Charakter der ursprünglichen Burg aus dem 13. Jahrhundert und ihre umfangreiche gemauerte Befestigung nach. Die Oberburg am
Westabschluss des Felskammes enthielt einen länglichen Turmbau (17 x 8,5 m), umgeben mit einer eigenständigen Befestigung und einem Graben. Die Unterburg am Ostabschluss des Kammes war eine umfangreiche durchgängige Vorburg. Auf ihrem Felsausläufer entstand im Laufe des 13.–14. Jahrhunderts ein weiterer turmähnlicher Bau (7 x 8 m). Dieser wurde schrittweise in den größeren Palastbau eingegliedert, dessen Renaissancegestalt eine zeitgenössische grafische Dokumentation verrät. Die im Magyar Országos Levéltár in Budapest verwahrte ikonographische Quelle stellt eine kolorierte Zeichnung der Nordostansicht des Palastgebäudes, zusammen mit den Grundrissen seiner drei Geschosse im Maßstab 1:15 Klafter dar. Da das Dokument keine Datierung noch den Autor anführt, kann man nur aufgrund seines Charakters die Entstehung im letzten Drittel des 18. Jahrhunderts annehmen. Diese Archivquelle bringt uns den Palastbau getreu näher als Dominante der Unterburg, von der bis heute nur geringfügige Reste erhalten sind. Das Vorhandensein von sechs beheizten Zimmern, vier weiteren unbeheizten gewölbten Räumen, drei unfertigen Zimmern, Küche, Archiv und Kapelle, das alles belegt die Anpassung des Objekts an die Erfordernisse eines längeren Aufenthalts der Besitzer im unruhigen 16.–17. Jahrhundert. Vergleicht man den Aussagewert der heutigen Palastruine mit der erhaltenen Dokumentation, dann wird deutlich, dass die Dokumentation eine unersetzliche Information über Form, Ausstattung und Disposition der einzelnen Räume der heute bereits nicht mehr vorhandenen Geschosse des Objektes bildet. Dem relativ hohen Wohnkomfort, den das Objekt gewährte, entsprechen auch mehrere dargestellte Privets (Abtrittserker), von denen bis heute nur Reste der Nischen und Abfallschächte in der Westfront erhalten sind. Einen hohen Aussagewert bietet das Dokument auch über einzelne Wehrelemente, wie etwa Schießscharten, vereinzelt auch in Fensterbrüstungen eingesetzt, die „Pechnase“ über dem Haupteingang und weitere,
die nicht mehr erhalten sind. Die beschriebene Quelle überzeugt uns von der Wichtigkeit des interdisziplinären Ansatzes bei der Erforschung der historischen Architektur – besonders bei der Erforschung torsaler, rasch verfallender Architekturen, da nur ein solches Herangehen große Hoffnungen auf eine Annäherung an eine objektivere Erkenntnis unserer verborgenen Vergangenheit bietet.
Research Interests: Architecture, Architectural History, Medieval Hungary, Castles, Castle Studies, and 11 moreMedieval Architecture, Castles, Architectural Research, Medieval castles, Castles and Fortifications, Ikonography, Historical architecture, Castles and Palaces of the 16th to 18th century in Central and Southeastern Europe, History of Slovakia, Medieval Hungarian History, Ikonografia, and Castles of Medieval Hungarian Kingdom
Results of the archaeological and architectonic-historical Investiagtion of the Church of St. Martin in Hontianska Vrbica in 2014 – 2015 The submitted article presents results of the archaeological and architectonic-historical... more
Results of the archaeological and architectonic-historical Investiagtion of the Church of St. Martin in Hontianska Vrbica in 2014 – 2015
The submitted article presents results of the archaeological and architectonic-historical investigation of the Church of St. Martin in Hontianska Vrbica, Levice district. The beginnings of the church had been dated to the 15th century. The archaeological investigation and architectonic-historical analysis of uncovered architecture moved the date of its origin to the late 12th – early 13th century. Remains of an extinct Romanesque church with a three-quarter-cylindrical apse
and its younger early-Gothic addition in the south have been identified there. Thanks to the investigations, we have obtained new information on the structural development of the church in the high Gothic, late Gothic and Baroque periods. The contribution analyzes 17 burials from the adjacent uncovered church cemetery and their finds. Special attention is paid to two Baroque tombs discovered inside the church. We obtained well preserved remains of Baroque male clothes of a so-far unknown local thane from one of the tombs.
The submitted article presents results of the archaeological and architectonic-historical investigation of the Church of St. Martin in Hontianska Vrbica, Levice district. The beginnings of the church had been dated to the 15th century. The archaeological investigation and architectonic-historical analysis of uncovered architecture moved the date of its origin to the late 12th – early 13th century. Remains of an extinct Romanesque church with a three-quarter-cylindrical apse
and its younger early-Gothic addition in the south have been identified there. Thanks to the investigations, we have obtained new information on the structural development of the church in the high Gothic, late Gothic and Baroque periods. The contribution analyzes 17 burials from the adjacent uncovered church cemetery and their finds. Special attention is paid to two Baroque tombs discovered inside the church. We obtained well preserved remains of Baroque male clothes of a so-far unknown local thane from one of the tombs.
Research Interests: Archaeology, Art History, Medieval History, Medieval Church History, Architectural History, and 12 moreMedieval Archaeology, Medieval Architecture, Church History, Romanesque architecture, Postmedieval Archaeology, Architectural Research, Medieval Art and Architecture, Medieval church architecture, History of Slovakia, Medieval Hungarian History, Hungarian Medieval Chruchhistory and Archaeology, and Medieval Art In Hungary
This paper sums up results of the most recent project focused on 14C dating of samples from pre-Roman phases of St. George’s. The project has been triggered by the outcomes of initial chronometric research of a primary timber published... more
This paper sums up results of the most recent project focused on 14C dating of samples from
pre-Roman phases of St. George’s. The project has been triggered by the outcomes of initial chronometric
research of a primary timber published in 2010. New 14C dates narrow the date for construction of the masoned
church, which in Slovakia presents one of the earliest buildings preserved in its entirety.
pre-Roman phases of St. George’s. The project has been triggered by the outcomes of initial chronometric
research of a primary timber published in 2010. New 14C dates narrow the date for construction of the masoned
church, which in Slovakia presents one of the earliest buildings preserved in its entirety.
Research Interests: Dendrochronology, Medieval Architecture, Romanesque Art, 14C dating (Archaeology), Romanesque architecture, and 8 moreMiddle Ages, Medieval Architecture, Churches, Architectural Research, Great Moravia, Medieval church architecture, History of Slovakia, Architectural Research Methods, and Sacral architecture
This article presents the outcome of chronometric research into pre-Romanesque masonry of the Rotunda of St. George in the Nitrianska Blatnica cadastral zone. The research was conducted by means of 14C measurements of anthropogenic... more
This article presents the outcome of chronometric research into pre-Romanesque masonry of the
Rotunda of St. George in the Nitrianska Blatnica cadastral zone. The research was conducted by means of
14C measurements of anthropogenic calcite in the primary mortar. The results prompt a specialist discussion
and will also serve as groundwork for further chronometric research.
Rotunda of St. George in the Nitrianska Blatnica cadastral zone. The research was conducted by means of
14C measurements of anthropogenic calcite in the primary mortar. The results prompt a specialist discussion
and will also serve as groundwork for further chronometric research.
Research Interests:
The oldest image of Muráň castle The historical images of castles and for¬tresses help to illustrate their original looks, as they were changed by younger, modern day reconstructions and many are just ruins today. The veduta from 1549,... more
The oldest image of Muráň castle
The historical images of castles and for¬tresses help to illustrate their original looks, as they were changed by younger, modern day reconstructions and many are just ruins today. The veduta from 1549, which depicts the battle for Muráň castle, is the oldest im¬age of this castle known so far. It is stored in the graphic collections of the Albertina Mu¬seum in Vienna and apart from the authentic interpretation of the late-medieval castle, it also depicts in detail the period of siege by the royal army of Ferdinand I Habsburg.
The graphics is the work of German ge¬ometer and cartographer Augustin Hirsch¬vogel (1503 — 1553), the son of Nurem¬berg's window-pane maker Veit Hirschvogel. He settled in Vienna in 1544 and worked as a surveyor for the imperial court. He helped to map almost the whole of south-eastern Europe. The Albertina graphic art collections contain 375 works of Hirschvogel, who is one of the artists of the so-called Danube Region School. It was most probably the imperial court that commissioned Hirschvogel to cre¬ate the etching of the Muráň castle during his stay in Vienna, as the besieging of the castle, (which was occupied by the robber baron Matthew Bašo in 1549), was one of the largest military actions of King Ferdinand I Habsburg.
Muráň castle was built by the Hungarian monarch Bela IV shortly after the Mongo¬lian plundering of the Hungarian kingdom in 1241 — 1242, as there was a fear that the aggressors might return. They chose to erect it on the hill of Ciganka (translated as Gypsy-woman), at the edge of the Muráň) platau, which at its 935.4 metres dominates a vast area. The remote locality and difficult access secured the castle's refuge character, making it safe and unconquerable. At the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries, the castle was left abandoned for a long time.
The Muráň castle underwent several reconstructions in the last third of the 15th and beginning of the 16th centuries, which made it into a well-fortified late-medieval residence. On his veduta from 1549, A. Hirschvogel captured the castle hill as well as the adjacent Šiance hill (1,042 metres above sea level) from the north-western access route. It was from this same aspect the castle was later depicted by younger vedute artists in the 17th and 18th centu¬ries. Back then, Muráň was one the largest castles in Upper Hungary, with dimensions around 355 by 132 metres. The pictured panorama of the castle did not reveal its inner structure. Based on the later graphic interpretations, the castle complex con¬sisted of several palaces, military units, farmsteads and gardens. A future terrain research could reveal their possible medieval origin.
The historical images of castles and for¬tresses help to illustrate their original looks, as they were changed by younger, modern day reconstructions and many are just ruins today. The veduta from 1549, which depicts the battle for Muráň castle, is the oldest im¬age of this castle known so far. It is stored in the graphic collections of the Albertina Mu¬seum in Vienna and apart from the authentic interpretation of the late-medieval castle, it also depicts in detail the period of siege by the royal army of Ferdinand I Habsburg.
The graphics is the work of German ge¬ometer and cartographer Augustin Hirsch¬vogel (1503 — 1553), the son of Nurem¬berg's window-pane maker Veit Hirschvogel. He settled in Vienna in 1544 and worked as a surveyor for the imperial court. He helped to map almost the whole of south-eastern Europe. The Albertina graphic art collections contain 375 works of Hirschvogel, who is one of the artists of the so-called Danube Region School. It was most probably the imperial court that commissioned Hirschvogel to cre¬ate the etching of the Muráň castle during his stay in Vienna, as the besieging of the castle, (which was occupied by the robber baron Matthew Bašo in 1549), was one of the largest military actions of King Ferdinand I Habsburg.
Muráň castle was built by the Hungarian monarch Bela IV shortly after the Mongo¬lian plundering of the Hungarian kingdom in 1241 — 1242, as there was a fear that the aggressors might return. They chose to erect it on the hill of Ciganka (translated as Gypsy-woman), at the edge of the Muráň) platau, which at its 935.4 metres dominates a vast area. The remote locality and difficult access secured the castle's refuge character, making it safe and unconquerable. At the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries, the castle was left abandoned for a long time.
The Muráň castle underwent several reconstructions in the last third of the 15th and beginning of the 16th centuries, which made it into a well-fortified late-medieval residence. On his veduta from 1549, A. Hirschvogel captured the castle hill as well as the adjacent Šiance hill (1,042 metres above sea level) from the north-western access route. It was from this same aspect the castle was later depicted by younger vedute artists in the 17th and 18th centu¬ries. Back then, Muráň was one the largest castles in Upper Hungary, with dimensions around 355 by 132 metres. The pictured panorama of the castle did not reveal its inner structure. Based on the later graphic interpretations, the castle complex con¬sisted of several palaces, military units, farmsteads and gardens. A future terrain research could reveal their possible medieval origin.
Research Interests: Iconography, Architectural History, History of Hungary, Architectural Heritage, Medieval Hungary, and 10 moreHistory of architecture, Castles, Castle Studies, Medieval Iconography, Medieval Architecture, Castles, Medieval castles, Castles and Fortifications, Medieval Castles and Fortresses, History of Slovakia, and Historical Iconography
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests: Medieval History, Medieval Studies, Medieval Archaeology, History of Architectural Representation, History of architecture, and 10 moreCastles, Castle Studies, Medieval Architecture, Castles, Medieval settlement, Architectural Research, Medieval castles, Castles and Fortifications, Medieval Castles and Fortresses, Castles of Medieval Hungarian Kingdom, and Building Archeological Research
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Bóna, M.: Sakrálny okrsok Gýmešského hradu – súčasť neskorobarokovej prestavby hradného komplexu (Sacral district of Gýmeš Castle – an element of the late baroque reconstruction of the castle complex). In: Zb. Umenie na Slovensku v historických a kultúrnych súvislostiach 2005. Trnava 2006, s. 89–101more
Research Interests: History, Architectural History, Baroque art and architecture, Baroque Architecture, Castles, and 7 moreChurch and Castle archaeology, Castle Studies, Catholic Church History, Medieval castles, Medieval Castles and Fortresses, Castles and Palaces of the 16th to 18th century in Central and Southeastern Europe, and Castles of Medieval Hungarian Kingdom
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Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
BÓNA, M.: VÝSLEDKY UMEL.-HISTORICKÉHO A ARCHIT.-HISTORICKÉHO VÝSKUMU R.K. KOSTOLA SV. JURAJA V KOSTOĽANOCH POD TRIBEČOM ( OUTCOMES OF ART-HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL-HISTORICAL RESEARCH INTO ROMAN CATHOLIC ST. GEORGE'S CHURCH IN KOSTOĽANY POD TRIBEČOM). In: Zb. FFUK - Musaica 28, 2014, s. 127–161.more
The paper presents outcomes of research series into both aboveground and underground structure of the pre-Romanesque church conducted during renovation efforts as well as archaelogical uncoverings between 2000–2010. It gives an overall... more
The paper presents outcomes of research series into both aboveground and underground structure of the pre-Romanesque church conducted during renovation efforts as well as archaelogical uncoverings between 2000–2010. It gives an overall explanation of building's architectural-historical development while also using knowledge of other scientific branches. New facts are compared here to the older achievements. General development of the church is divided into eight mediaeval and three modern times stages, spanning from the late ninth to eighteenth century. The paper deepens and amends already existing information by means of new detections, whilst some finds are interpreted in a different way.
Key words: Kostoľany pod Tribečom, sacred building, construction development, architectural-historical research, pre-Romanesque architecture, Romanesque architecture.
Key words: Kostoľany pod Tribečom, sacred building, construction development, architectural-historical research, pre-Romanesque architecture, Romanesque architecture.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
This contribution presents the results of interdisciplinary heritage research of the ruin of Revište Castle conducted in 2012 in connection with the planned restoration of this monument. Historic architectural investigation, which centred... more
This contribution presents the results of interdisciplinary heritage research of the ruin of Revište Castle conducted in 2012 in connection with the planned restoration of this monument. Historic architectural investigation, which centred on overground constructions, has brought together with dendrochronological, archive, and petrographic research novel information providing a current view on the building development and chronology of individual phases of the castle complex, as well as on its gradual decline.
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Research Interests:
Research Interests:
The study makes available the latest results of interdisciplinary research on the medieval church of St. Nicholas in Sazdice in southern Slovakia. The church still retains its medieval appearance and its significance is enhanced by rare... more
The study makes available the latest results of interdisciplinary research on the medieval church of St. Nicholas in Sazdice in southern Slovakia. The church still retains its medieval appearance and its significance is enhanced by rare frescoes from the 1480s, executed by an unknown Italian master. The well-preserved medieval church was built in the second third of the 14th century as a single-nave building with a square presbytery. At the beginning of the 16th century it was enlarged with a sacristy. Major alterations were carried out in the interior in the 18th century and at the end of the 19th century the first monumental restoration was carried out. The book presents the monumental values of this precious monument with emphasis on the rare medieval frescoes.
Research Interests: Architectural History, Architectural preservation, Church monuments, Architectural Preservation & Restoration, Architectural Research, and 5 moreMedieval church architecture, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Buildings and Monuments, History of Slovakia, Historical and Cultural Monuments, and Monuments Conservation
The study presents the results of the architectural-historical research carried out during the restoration in 2018 – 2019 of the Roman Catholic Church of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary in the village of Branč. Before the recent... more
The study presents the results of the architectural-historical research carried out during the restoration in 2018 – 2019 of the Roman Catholic Church of the Visitation of the Virgin Mary in the village of Branč. Before the recent research, the medieval origins of the church had been known only from written sources, without any material traces being identified in the masonry of the currently standing Baroque building. Despite the small scope of the research, it was possible to identify the standing remains of the medieval church and interpret its later transformations with help of written sources and the results of the archeo-geophysical survey.
The first written mention of the village is from 1156, and the church building dedicated to Virgin Mary is mentioned in 1318. At that time, the village became the seat of the family of Martin Bugár, master of treasury of Matúš Čák of Trenčín. The oldest identified single-nave church with a rectangular presbytery was built from older bricks, obtained from an unknown older medieval building. The nave of the church was accessible from the west and had external dimensions of 11 × 9 meters, the presbytery 5 × 5.9 meters. On the exposed eastern wall of the presbytery, the original semi-circular window and the remains of the fresco decoration are preserved. The windows on the standing southern wall of the medieval nave are no longer preserved due to later reconstructions. The results of the archeo-geophysical survey by Ján Tirpák indicate that the western tower, the sacristy in the northern neighbourhood of the presbytery, and another northern extension of the supposed chapel could also have been part of the medieval church. However, present research could not verify their existence and origin. The oldest identified brick church was probably built around the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries as a new building, using the building material of an older, dismantled church. Only the semi-circular entrance portal from the 15th century is preserved from the late Gothic reconstruction, in a secondary position.
The most extensive reconstruction of the medieval church was carried out by the Nitra canon Andrej Lehocký before 1760. After the demolition of the medieval tower, the small medieval nave was extended by 5 meters to the west and the presbytery was expanded to 7 meters. The old Gothic entrance portal was used as a side entrance to the nave, and the new tower became the dominant feature of the west front of the enlarged church. The Baroquely rebuilt church was supplemented with rich and still partially preserved furniture, which consisted of three altars, a pulpit, and an organ.
The last expansion of the church nave took place in the 1940s, based on
a project by Arnold Luif from 1940. Further knowledge about the development of this medieval sacral building can be expected mainly from future archaeological research.
The first written mention of the village is from 1156, and the church building dedicated to Virgin Mary is mentioned in 1318. At that time, the village became the seat of the family of Martin Bugár, master of treasury of Matúš Čák of Trenčín. The oldest identified single-nave church with a rectangular presbytery was built from older bricks, obtained from an unknown older medieval building. The nave of the church was accessible from the west and had external dimensions of 11 × 9 meters, the presbytery 5 × 5.9 meters. On the exposed eastern wall of the presbytery, the original semi-circular window and the remains of the fresco decoration are preserved. The windows on the standing southern wall of the medieval nave are no longer preserved due to later reconstructions. The results of the archeo-geophysical survey by Ján Tirpák indicate that the western tower, the sacristy in the northern neighbourhood of the presbytery, and another northern extension of the supposed chapel could also have been part of the medieval church. However, present research could not verify their existence and origin. The oldest identified brick church was probably built around the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries as a new building, using the building material of an older, dismantled church. Only the semi-circular entrance portal from the 15th century is preserved from the late Gothic reconstruction, in a secondary position.
The most extensive reconstruction of the medieval church was carried out by the Nitra canon Andrej Lehocký before 1760. After the demolition of the medieval tower, the small medieval nave was extended by 5 meters to the west and the presbytery was expanded to 7 meters. The old Gothic entrance portal was used as a side entrance to the nave, and the new tower became the dominant feature of the west front of the enlarged church. The Baroquely rebuilt church was supplemented with rich and still partially preserved furniture, which consisted of three altars, a pulpit, and an organ.
The last expansion of the church nave took place in the 1940s, based on
a project by Arnold Luif from 1940. Further knowledge about the development of this medieval sacral building can be expected mainly from future archaeological research.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
The work of a team of authors brings knowledge of our medieval past and uses the language of archaeological and historical sources. The book aims to become a unique guide for experts as well as the public who want to know the history of... more
The work of a team of authors brings knowledge of our medieval past and uses the language of archaeological and historical sources. The book aims to become a unique guide for experts as well as the public who want to know the history of medieval castles. The publication provides an elaboration of research results of thirteen selected medieval castles in the Central Hron region where the author's team carried out various research activities (archaeological, historical, architectural-historical, archival research) and part of the castles is still undergoing construction restoration and renovation.
Research Interests: Architectural History, Medieval Archaeology, History of Hungary, Architectural preservation, Medieval Hungary, and 9 moreHistory of architecture, Archaeological survey, Castles, Architectural Preservation & Restoration, Architectural Research, Medieval castles, Medieval Castles and Fortresses, History of Slovakia, and Castles of Medieval Hungarian Kingdom
Study on the contribution of Jozef Könyöki´s research and documentation activities to the knowledge of fortified settlements in Slovakia.
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Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Bóna, M.: heslá fortifikácií Červený Kameň, Uhrovec, Zborov, Zniev, Oponice, Topoľčany, Sklabiňa, N. Zámky, Komárno, Levice, Šintava, Leopoldov, Trenčín...; In: I. Rusina (Ed.): Renesancia. Dejiny slovenského výtvarného umenia. Bratislava: SNG a Slovart 2009 (ISBN 978-80-8085-940-4), s. 726–765.more
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Bóna, Martin: heslá hradov Tematín, Beckov, Trenčín, Uhrovec, Lietava, Strečno, Gýmeš, Nitra, Spiš, Zborov, Šariš. In: Peter Kresánek: Slovensko–Ilustrovaná encyklopédia pamiatok (Slovakia -Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Monuments). Bratislava: Simplicissimus 2009 (ISBN 978-80-969839-0-2), s. 212–913.more
1 112 entries more than 5900 photographs with detailed descriptions 110 three-dimensional illustrations of chosen monuments 28 spatial images of historical sites. Order this unique colourful encyclopaedia – via e-mail: (fulfil... more
1 112 entries
more than 5900 photographs with detailed descriptions
110 three-dimensional illustrations of chosen monuments
28 spatial images of historical sites.
Order this unique colourful encyclopaedia
– via e-mail: (fulfil below)
– to mailing address: Kresánek, Hlboká cesta 3, SK - 811 04 Bratislava
Schools and libraries - ask for special discount!
For book delivery please contact: +421 903 245 556
+421 905 215 444
more than 5900 photographs with detailed descriptions
110 three-dimensional illustrations of chosen monuments
28 spatial images of historical sites.
Order this unique colourful encyclopaedia
– via e-mail: (fulfil below)
– to mailing address: Kresánek, Hlboká cesta 3, SK - 811 04 Bratislava
Schools and libraries - ask for special discount!
For book delivery please contact: +421 903 245 556
+421 905 215 444
Research Interests:
The first written notice of the castle comes from 1300, when it is part of property of Matthew Csák of Trenchin’s youger brother Magister Csák. On the basis of this fact, it can be assumed that the Csák brothers had the castle built in... more
The first written notice of the castle comes from 1300, when it is part of property of Matthew Csák of Trenchin’s youger brother Magister Csák. On the basis of this fact, it can be assumed that the Csák brothers had the castle built in the 1290s. After Magister Csák’s death, his property is inherited by his brother Matthew and it stays in his hands until his death in 1321. Later, it got in the hands of the king who mortgaged it and later donated it to daughters of Mikuláš of Čeklís. Husband of one of them, Peter of Stráže, became the only owner of the castle after the division of property in 1395 and also the founder of the Apponyi family who owned the castle until its extinction in the 17th century.
Only poor remains of the cylindrical tower with the diameter of 8.6 m and the defensive wall surrounding the oval groundplan of the upper castle with axes of 37 and 22 m have been preserved. During the 14th–15th century, construction of a masonry fortification of the lower castle is supposed. By the end of the Middle Ages, this fortification was complemented with a forwarded foregate on the northern side and the whole circumference of the fortification of the lower castle was surrounded by a ditch.
After the 1550s, the co-owners of the dominion try to rebuild the damaged castle. Fortification of the lower castle was extended outwards in the west and provided it with a large cannon bastion called Tereš. Simultaneously, they repaired the damaged parts of the fortification on the eastern side and the upper castle was complemented with a new palace wing in the southwest. Thanks to these provisions, the castle belonged to the well fortified aristocratic residences and provided protection for its owners and affined families by the end of the 16th century.
The long lasting Turkish danger led brothers Peter and Pavol Aponi to the decision to strengthen their parts of the castle in 1621. Thus, an extensive late Renaissance reconstruction was carried out in 1613, after the division of the castle. The reconstruction was focused on increasing the representation of the family and increasing the number of residential rooms of the family castle which still provided a reliable refuge. Because of the small space of the upper castle, new palaces were built mainly at the lower castle. The two-wing southwestern palace was attached to the older cannon bastion which was rebuilt into a residential tower filling the whole southwestern circumference of the lower castle with its 50 m long southern wing. Another northeastern palace with rectangular groundplan of 27 x 14.5 m was forwarded behind the enclosure of the older fortification and thus filled the area of the former ditch. The original ledge and beam reinforcement which helped date the construction shortly after 1602–1600 have been preserved on its front facade with symmetrically arranged windows.
The artillery defence itself was concentrated in the forwarded wooden-earthen bastions after the reconstruction of the castle; only uneven terrain has remained from the bastions. As early as the first third of the 17th century, some parts of the castle started to decay slowly and in the second half of the 17th century, the castle changed into a ruin. The gradual extinction of the Apponi family residence is realistically documented by historical representations of the 19th century.
Only poor remains of the cylindrical tower with the diameter of 8.6 m and the defensive wall surrounding the oval groundplan of the upper castle with axes of 37 and 22 m have been preserved. During the 14th–15th century, construction of a masonry fortification of the lower castle is supposed. By the end of the Middle Ages, this fortification was complemented with a forwarded foregate on the northern side and the whole circumference of the fortification of the lower castle was surrounded by a ditch.
After the 1550s, the co-owners of the dominion try to rebuild the damaged castle. Fortification of the lower castle was extended outwards in the west and provided it with a large cannon bastion called Tereš. Simultaneously, they repaired the damaged parts of the fortification on the eastern side and the upper castle was complemented with a new palace wing in the southwest. Thanks to these provisions, the castle belonged to the well fortified aristocratic residences and provided protection for its owners and affined families by the end of the 16th century.
The long lasting Turkish danger led brothers Peter and Pavol Aponi to the decision to strengthen their parts of the castle in 1621. Thus, an extensive late Renaissance reconstruction was carried out in 1613, after the division of the castle. The reconstruction was focused on increasing the representation of the family and increasing the number of residential rooms of the family castle which still provided a reliable refuge. Because of the small space of the upper castle, new palaces were built mainly at the lower castle. The two-wing southwestern palace was attached to the older cannon bastion which was rebuilt into a residential tower filling the whole southwestern circumference of the lower castle with its 50 m long southern wing. Another northeastern palace with rectangular groundplan of 27 x 14.5 m was forwarded behind the enclosure of the older fortification and thus filled the area of the former ditch. The original ledge and beam reinforcement which helped date the construction shortly after 1602–1600 have been preserved on its front facade with symmetrically arranged windows.
The artillery defence itself was concentrated in the forwarded wooden-earthen bastions after the reconstruction of the castle; only uneven terrain has remained from the bastions. As early as the first third of the 17th century, some parts of the castle started to decay slowly and in the second half of the 17th century, the castle changed into a ruin. The gradual extinction of the Apponi family residence is realistically documented by historical representations of the 19th century.
Research Interests: Medieval History, Architectural History, History of Hungary, Medieval Architecture, Architectural Conservation, and 11 moreArcheologia medievale, Castle Studies, Medieval Architecture, Castles, Architectural Research, Medieval castles, Medieval Art and Architecture, Medieval Castles and Fortresses, History of Slovakia, MEDIEVAL CASTLES & TOWERS, Castles of Medieval Hungarian Kingdom, and Building Archeological Research
Research Interests:
Die Hygiene auf Burgen aus der Sicht neuerer Forschungen an ausgewählten Orten der westlichen und mittleren Slowakei Die Hygiene auf Burgen aus der Sicht neuerer Forschungen an ausgewählten Orten der westlichen und... more
Die Hygiene auf Burgen aus der Sicht neuerer Forschungen an ausgewählten Orten der westlichen und mittleren Slowakei
Die Hygiene auf Burgen aus der Sicht neuerer Forschungen an ausgewählten Orten der westlichen und mittleren Slowakei
Die Studie befasst sich mit der in der Slowakei noch wenig erforschten Problematik der Hygiene auf Burgen. In der Einleitung wendet sie sich dem gesamten Spektrum der Hygieneentwicklung auf Burgen im weiter gefassten europäischen Kontext zu. Anschließend stellt sie die neuesten Forschungsergebnisse an ausgewählten Burg-Standorten im Gebiet der Slowakei vor. Angesichts der nur fragmentarisch erhaltenen historischen Konstruktionen von Burgkomplexen und der in ihnen erhalten gebliebenen Relikte hygienischer Einrichtungen widmet sich die Studie hauptsächlich der baulichen Gestalt der Aborte (prevét – locus privatus) sowie derjenigen Elemente, die der Ableitung von Abwasser/Abfällen dienten, wobei sie sich auf die Ergebnisse neuerer Terrain-Erkundungen stützt.
Die ältesten spätromanischen Aborte aus der 1. Hälfte des 13. Jh. hatten die Form von Erkern und Nischen in der Wand (Zipser Burg), im romanischen Wohnturm der Burg Gýmeš war der Abort in einem Stützpfeiler angeordnet. Gewöhnlich waren die Aborte spätromanischer oder frühgotischer Wohntürme direkt an den Wohnraum angeschlossen (Uhrovec, Trenčín, Topoľčany), vereinzelt auch an den Raum in der Nachbarschaft des Turms (Burg von Čachtice). Bei dem im Flachland liegenden mittelalterlichen Landschlösschen in Partizánske–Šimonovany aus dem ersten Drittel des 15. Jh. waren die Aborte im Risalit angebracht, und die Fäkalien fielen durch die unteren Öffnungen des Risalits direkt in den Wassergraben. Dort, wo die Aborte nicht an der Umfassungsmauer der Burg situiert werden konnten, wurden die Fäkalien durch in den Fels gehauene Rinnen abgeleitet (Bojnice) oder es wurde im Untergrund eine Klärgrube ausgehoben (Tematín).
Die Ableitung von Schmutzwasser aus dem Burggelände erfolgte mittels Abwasserschacht, mit Hilfe von Rohrleitungen oder gemauerten Kanälen. Ein gemauerter Abwasserschacht blieb bis heute in der Turmwand der Hrušover Burg aus dem 14. Jh. erhalten. Im unteren Teil des Wohnturms der Burg Uhrovec aus der Mitte des 13. Jh. gibt es die Mündung einer keramischen Leitung in der Wand, die wahrscheinlich zur Ableitung von Schmutzwasser diente. Für die Ableitung von Schmutzwasser aus der Küche diente wohl auch der erhalten gebliebene unterirdische Kanal der Burg Bystrica (Považský hrad), der wahrscheinlich vor allem zwecks Entwässerung des Burghofes erbaut wurde. Das technisch einfachste Verfahren zur Ableitung von Schmutzwasser stellten steinerne Ausgüsse in den Umfassungsmauern der Objekte dar, die bis heute in den Renaissanceküchen der Burgen Šášov und Uhrovec erhalten geblieben sind.
Die Weiterentwicklung von Erkenntnissen über Hygieneeinrichtungen der Burgen sowie von der Entwicklung der Hygiene auf Burgen insgesamt hängt von interdisziplinären Forschungen ab.
Die Hygiene auf Burgen aus der Sicht neuerer Forschungen an ausgewählten Orten der westlichen und mittleren Slowakei
Die Studie befasst sich mit der in der Slowakei noch wenig erforschten Problematik der Hygiene auf Burgen. In der Einleitung wendet sie sich dem gesamten Spektrum der Hygieneentwicklung auf Burgen im weiter gefassten europäischen Kontext zu. Anschließend stellt sie die neuesten Forschungsergebnisse an ausgewählten Burg-Standorten im Gebiet der Slowakei vor. Angesichts der nur fragmentarisch erhaltenen historischen Konstruktionen von Burgkomplexen und der in ihnen erhalten gebliebenen Relikte hygienischer Einrichtungen widmet sich die Studie hauptsächlich der baulichen Gestalt der Aborte (prevét – locus privatus) sowie derjenigen Elemente, die der Ableitung von Abwasser/Abfällen dienten, wobei sie sich auf die Ergebnisse neuerer Terrain-Erkundungen stützt.
Die ältesten spätromanischen Aborte aus der 1. Hälfte des 13. Jh. hatten die Form von Erkern und Nischen in der Wand (Zipser Burg), im romanischen Wohnturm der Burg Gýmeš war der Abort in einem Stützpfeiler angeordnet. Gewöhnlich waren die Aborte spätromanischer oder frühgotischer Wohntürme direkt an den Wohnraum angeschlossen (Uhrovec, Trenčín, Topoľčany), vereinzelt auch an den Raum in der Nachbarschaft des Turms (Burg von Čachtice). Bei dem im Flachland liegenden mittelalterlichen Landschlösschen in Partizánske–Šimonovany aus dem ersten Drittel des 15. Jh. waren die Aborte im Risalit angebracht, und die Fäkalien fielen durch die unteren Öffnungen des Risalits direkt in den Wassergraben. Dort, wo die Aborte nicht an der Umfassungsmauer der Burg situiert werden konnten, wurden die Fäkalien durch in den Fels gehauene Rinnen abgeleitet (Bojnice) oder es wurde im Untergrund eine Klärgrube ausgehoben (Tematín).
Die Ableitung von Schmutzwasser aus dem Burggelände erfolgte mittels Abwasserschacht, mit Hilfe von Rohrleitungen oder gemauerten Kanälen. Ein gemauerter Abwasserschacht blieb bis heute in der Turmwand der Hrušover Burg aus dem 14. Jh. erhalten. Im unteren Teil des Wohnturms der Burg Uhrovec aus der Mitte des 13. Jh. gibt es die Mündung einer keramischen Leitung in der Wand, die wahrscheinlich zur Ableitung von Schmutzwasser diente. Für die Ableitung von Schmutzwasser aus der Küche diente wohl auch der erhalten gebliebene unterirdische Kanal der Burg Bystrica (Považský hrad), der wahrscheinlich vor allem zwecks Entwässerung des Burghofes erbaut wurde. Das technisch einfachste Verfahren zur Ableitung von Schmutzwasser stellten steinerne Ausgüsse in den Umfassungsmauern der Objekte dar, die bis heute in den Renaissanceküchen der Burgen Šášov und Uhrovec erhalten geblieben sind.
Die Weiterentwicklung von Erkenntnissen über Hygieneeinrichtungen der Burgen sowie von der Entwicklung der Hygiene auf Burgen insgesamt hängt von interdisziplinären Forschungen ab.
Research Interests: Medieval History, Architectural History, Medieval Architecture, Medieval Hungary, Castle Studies, and 9 moreMedieval Architecture, Castles, Architectural Research, Medieval Daily life, Medieval castles, Hygiene, Medieval Castles and Fortresses, History of Slovakia, Medieval Hygiene, and Social History of the Toilet
The region of the Middle Ponitrie is situated in the west part of Slovakia. It has the area of a nowaday district of Partizánske with its 23 villages. It covers more than 300 km2 in the mountain basin along the mean flow of the river... more
The region of the Middle Ponitrie is situated in the west part of Slovakia. It has the area of a nowaday district of Partizánske with its 23 villages. It covers more than 300 km2 in the mountain basin along the mean flow of the river Nitra surrounded by Tribeč in the east, Straitly Mountains in the north-west and Považský Inovec in the south-west. Alluvial and loess soils covering the flat parts of the basin have created suitable conditions for varied vegetation that mainly consists of deciduous trees, bushes and grasslands.
The settlement in the region of the Middle Ponitrie remarkably increased in the period of Great Moravia. The numerous archeological remains of agricultural tools from Žabokreky nad Nitrou show the intensive farming here. The existing settlement structure was not disturbed by the downfall of Great Moravia at the beginning of 906. In the last decades of the 10th century the Middle Ponitrie was a part of Nitra apanage duchy. It was reigned by Michael from Arpád dynasty. He appointed the christian Slovak knights from Poznans and Hunts families. Later they gained large estates in Ponitrie too. After the duke Stephen was crowned the first king of Hungary in 1000, the parish churches were built in the whole territory of Hungary and the christianity gradually penetrated into the smallest villages. The early Romance church in Krásno from the 11th century ranks to the oldest big parish churches in the Middle Ponitrie. Its foundations examined by the archaelogists can be seen on the hill above the village.
In Early Medieval times the administrative and regional structure was formed and the region of the Middle Ponitrie became a part of Nitra, Trenčín and Tekov counties. Prevailing king's property started falling apart due to donating the villages. The aristocrats became the owners of the land. The aristocratic families became the secular patrons of the parish churches and from the 12th- 13th centuries they started building fortified residences at their estates. The poorer thanes were initially building log manors (e.g. the manor houses in BoSany and Brodzany unpreserved by today) or simple stone towers with a wooden fortification and basin (Partizánske - Šimonovany, Žabokreky, Bošany). Only the most significant aristocratic families had the means for building stone castles. Such a fortification in the Middle Ponitrie was a castle on Michael hill above Kolačno. Its remains were dated back to the 12th - 13th centuries by the archeologists.
The growing position of aristocracy in society led to building new churches or reconstruction of the older churches in the countryside. The oldest ones are well-preserved churches from the 12th century in Klátova Nová Ves -Sádok, Hradište and Veľký KIíž- Klížske Hradište. The later churches from the 13th century have been reconstructed and preserved in Livina, Partizánske - Šimonovany, Malé Krštenany, Veľke Uherce. Some of them have not been maintained (Bošany, Turčianky, Žabokreky, Nadlice and others). The precious medieval wall paintings have sometimes been preserved in churches (Klátova Nová Ves - Sádok), or medieval bells (in Brodzany from 1483 and Nadlice from 1519).
Establishment of monasteries went with spreading the christianity. Their arising was supported by the king and aristocracy too. One of the minor Benedictine monasteries was founded in Veľký Klíž - Klížské Hradište in the 12th century and its foundations are hidden in the garden of the parish church. In modern times the territory of Slovakia neighboured the extending Ottoman Empire. Besides constructing the forts at the borders the fortified mansions with corner bastions and loopholes were built inland. We have more examples of such mansions in the Middle Ponitrie which secured protection of the owners. The most interesting mansions are the ones in Bošany, Klátova Nová Ves, Brodzany and Veľké Uherce. The poorer noblemen reconstructed the older medieval manors to the mansions of this type (mansions in Bošany, Veľké Uherce), but many of them have not been preserved and we do not know their former architecture (Veľké Uherce - upper mansion, Klátová Nová Ves - Baštin, Partizánske - Šimonovany and others). In some cases the burial places surrounded by walls around the churches on the hills were used as a refuge in danger (Hradište, Krásno, Klátova Nová Ves - Sádok).
After the riots in the country calmed down in the 18th-19th centuries, the local aristocratic families began building comfortable residences without defensive function (Bošany, Klátova Nová Ves). The earlier fortified mansions were gradually rebuilt too and their defensive elements were removed (Brodzany, Ostratice, Veľké Uherce). The parks and gardens have been planted around. The park area was decorated by various park architecture (Veľke Uherce) and minor summer houses have often been built nearby them (Brodzany). In the parks and burial places aristocracy used to make their own burial chapels in the second half of the 19th century. Most of the chapels preserved to present-day were built in Romance style at the end of the 19th century (Bošany, Brodzany, Nedanovce), but in Žabokreky we can still admire a rare Art Nouveau tomb from 1913 with the original interior decoration.
The landscape of the Middle Ponitrie is also shaped by the numerous roadside crosses, statues and pillar chapels from the 18th century. They belong to the cultural and historical heritage of our country. With the exception of several ones from the end of the 18th century the most of these sacred objects emerged during the 19th century and have gradually been replaced by the new ones.
The most important fast dying heritage are the folk houses. The most of these sights disappeared in the last half -century. We can exceptionally admire a couple of authentic and preserved folk houses situated in remote villages (Kolačno - Ondrášová) or next to modern houses in the villages (Livinské Opatovce, Veľký KIíž, Turčianky).
The 19th century brought production development and the first industrialization. From this period there have been preserved several precious and mostly gradually dying technical sightseeings in the area of the Middle Ponitrie. They include former water mills in Hradište and Ješkova Ves or one of the first electric mills in the area built in 1934 in Ostratice with its original technical equipment. A valuable site which originally served for lime production is a residue of the lime site from 1929 in a solitary place Cibajky in Klátová Nová Ves. It is impossible to overlook the stone bridge in Chynorany. From the local factories the most important was a non-existing up-to-now factory for a bentwood furniture Thonet in Veľké Uherce from 1866 and the factory for leather manufacture in Bošany found in 1857 which operates up-today. The well-known was the factory for processing hemp and flax from 1905-1906 in Chynorany which continued the local tradition of processing the flax.
The fast development of architectonic styles in the 20th century evoked the present interest to protect modern sightseeings of so-called functional architecture. They are mainly in a new-built industrial town Partizánske (its original name was Baťovany). Its urban features are even today illustrated by authentic houses and industrial sites with characteristic edged masonry. In addition to the oldest houses in Bata's workers colony from 1938-1939 this town is proud of a singular functionalist church.
The aim of this publication is to popularize the rich and various cultural and historical heritage of the Middle Ponitrie. It focused on the whole variety of sightseeings including died ones which deserve attention. Hopefully, its publishing will help to popularize and protect our common cultural and historical heritage.
the authors
The settlement in the region of the Middle Ponitrie remarkably increased in the period of Great Moravia. The numerous archeological remains of agricultural tools from Žabokreky nad Nitrou show the intensive farming here. The existing settlement structure was not disturbed by the downfall of Great Moravia at the beginning of 906. In the last decades of the 10th century the Middle Ponitrie was a part of Nitra apanage duchy. It was reigned by Michael from Arpád dynasty. He appointed the christian Slovak knights from Poznans and Hunts families. Later they gained large estates in Ponitrie too. After the duke Stephen was crowned the first king of Hungary in 1000, the parish churches were built in the whole territory of Hungary and the christianity gradually penetrated into the smallest villages. The early Romance church in Krásno from the 11th century ranks to the oldest big parish churches in the Middle Ponitrie. Its foundations examined by the archaelogists can be seen on the hill above the village.
In Early Medieval times the administrative and regional structure was formed and the region of the Middle Ponitrie became a part of Nitra, Trenčín and Tekov counties. Prevailing king's property started falling apart due to donating the villages. The aristocrats became the owners of the land. The aristocratic families became the secular patrons of the parish churches and from the 12th- 13th centuries they started building fortified residences at their estates. The poorer thanes were initially building log manors (e.g. the manor houses in BoSany and Brodzany unpreserved by today) or simple stone towers with a wooden fortification and basin (Partizánske - Šimonovany, Žabokreky, Bošany). Only the most significant aristocratic families had the means for building stone castles. Such a fortification in the Middle Ponitrie was a castle on Michael hill above Kolačno. Its remains were dated back to the 12th - 13th centuries by the archeologists.
The growing position of aristocracy in society led to building new churches or reconstruction of the older churches in the countryside. The oldest ones are well-preserved churches from the 12th century in Klátova Nová Ves -Sádok, Hradište and Veľký KIíž- Klížske Hradište. The later churches from the 13th century have been reconstructed and preserved in Livina, Partizánske - Šimonovany, Malé Krštenany, Veľke Uherce. Some of them have not been maintained (Bošany, Turčianky, Žabokreky, Nadlice and others). The precious medieval wall paintings have sometimes been preserved in churches (Klátova Nová Ves - Sádok), or medieval bells (in Brodzany from 1483 and Nadlice from 1519).
Establishment of monasteries went with spreading the christianity. Their arising was supported by the king and aristocracy too. One of the minor Benedictine monasteries was founded in Veľký Klíž - Klížské Hradište in the 12th century and its foundations are hidden in the garden of the parish church. In modern times the territory of Slovakia neighboured the extending Ottoman Empire. Besides constructing the forts at the borders the fortified mansions with corner bastions and loopholes were built inland. We have more examples of such mansions in the Middle Ponitrie which secured protection of the owners. The most interesting mansions are the ones in Bošany, Klátova Nová Ves, Brodzany and Veľké Uherce. The poorer noblemen reconstructed the older medieval manors to the mansions of this type (mansions in Bošany, Veľké Uherce), but many of them have not been preserved and we do not know their former architecture (Veľké Uherce - upper mansion, Klátová Nová Ves - Baštin, Partizánske - Šimonovany and others). In some cases the burial places surrounded by walls around the churches on the hills were used as a refuge in danger (Hradište, Krásno, Klátova Nová Ves - Sádok).
After the riots in the country calmed down in the 18th-19th centuries, the local aristocratic families began building comfortable residences without defensive function (Bošany, Klátova Nová Ves). The earlier fortified mansions were gradually rebuilt too and their defensive elements were removed (Brodzany, Ostratice, Veľké Uherce). The parks and gardens have been planted around. The park area was decorated by various park architecture (Veľke Uherce) and minor summer houses have often been built nearby them (Brodzany). In the parks and burial places aristocracy used to make their own burial chapels in the second half of the 19th century. Most of the chapels preserved to present-day were built in Romance style at the end of the 19th century (Bošany, Brodzany, Nedanovce), but in Žabokreky we can still admire a rare Art Nouveau tomb from 1913 with the original interior decoration.
The landscape of the Middle Ponitrie is also shaped by the numerous roadside crosses, statues and pillar chapels from the 18th century. They belong to the cultural and historical heritage of our country. With the exception of several ones from the end of the 18th century the most of these sacred objects emerged during the 19th century and have gradually been replaced by the new ones.
The most important fast dying heritage are the folk houses. The most of these sights disappeared in the last half -century. We can exceptionally admire a couple of authentic and preserved folk houses situated in remote villages (Kolačno - Ondrášová) or next to modern houses in the villages (Livinské Opatovce, Veľký KIíž, Turčianky).
The 19th century brought production development and the first industrialization. From this period there have been preserved several precious and mostly gradually dying technical sightseeings in the area of the Middle Ponitrie. They include former water mills in Hradište and Ješkova Ves or one of the first electric mills in the area built in 1934 in Ostratice with its original technical equipment. A valuable site which originally served for lime production is a residue of the lime site from 1929 in a solitary place Cibajky in Klátová Nová Ves. It is impossible to overlook the stone bridge in Chynorany. From the local factories the most important was a non-existing up-to-now factory for a bentwood furniture Thonet in Veľké Uherce from 1866 and the factory for leather manufacture in Bošany found in 1857 which operates up-today. The well-known was the factory for processing hemp and flax from 1905-1906 in Chynorany which continued the local tradition of processing the flax.
The fast development of architectonic styles in the 20th century evoked the present interest to protect modern sightseeings of so-called functional architecture. They are mainly in a new-built industrial town Partizánske (its original name was Baťovany). Its urban features are even today illustrated by authentic houses and industrial sites with characteristic edged masonry. In addition to the oldest houses in Bata's workers colony from 1938-1939 this town is proud of a singular functionalist church.
The aim of this publication is to popularize the rich and various cultural and historical heritage of the Middle Ponitrie. It focused on the whole variety of sightseeings including died ones which deserve attention. Hopefully, its publishing will help to popularize and protect our common cultural and historical heritage.
the authors
Research Interests: Renaissance, Architectural History, Medieval Archaeology, History of Hungary, Medieval Architecture, and 15 moreChurch monuments, Early and Medieval Islamic Art and Architecture, History of architecture, Medieval Art History, Medieval Architecture, Churches, Monuments, Architettura Medievale, Medieval Manor House, History of Slovakia, History of Hungary and the Habsburg Monarchy, Traditional Folk Architecture, Sacral architecture, Istoric Monument and Protected Landscape, European manor houses, and Sacral Art
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Research Interests: Medieval History, History of Hungary, Medieval Architecture, Medieval Hungary, History of architecture, and 9 moreFortifications, Castles, Castle Studies, Architectural Research, Medieval castles, Castles and Fortifications, Medieval Castles and Fortresses, History of Slovakia, and History of Hungary and the Habsburg Monarchy
Research Interests: Medieval History, History of Hungary, Medieval Hungary, History of architecture, Castles, and 9 moreCastle Studies, Medieval Architecture, Castles, Architectural Research, Fortification, Medieval castles, Castles and Fortifications, Medieval Castles and Fortresses, History of Slovakia, and History of Hungary and the Habsburg Monarchy
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Bóna, M.: Texty k heslám hradných lokalít: Devín, Červený Kameň, Smolenický zámok, Korlátka, Čachtice, Tematín, Topoľčiansky hrad, Hlohovec, Gýmeš, Oponice, Bojnický zámok, Uhrovec, Beckov, Trenčiansky hrad, Ilava, Vršatec, Lednica,... more
Bóna, M.: Texty k heslám hradných lokalít: Devín, Červený Kameň, Smolenický zámok, Korlátka, Čachtice, Tematín, Topoľčiansky hrad, Hlohovec, Gýmeš, Oponice, Bojnický zámok, Uhrovec, Beckov, Trenčiansky hrad, Ilava, Vršatec, Lednica, Považský hrad, Hričov, Súľov, Strečno, Starý hrad, Zniev, Sklabiňa, Levický hrad, Hrušov, Revište, Kremnica, Ľupča, Hajnáčka, Muráň, Krásna Hôrka, Šariš, Zborov, Turňa. s. 16–19, 29–31, 37–38, 40–41, 46–55, 59–64, 66–85, 89–90, 93–97, 100–101, 105–106, 108–114, 117–118, 139–140, 168–169, 172–174, 177–180, 199–201, 204–206, 208–209.
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Bóna, M., 2007: Náčrt vývoja slovenských hradov; heslá Čierny hrad, Gýmeš, Horné Lefantovce, Hrušov, Ludanice, Michalov vrch, Nitrianska Streda, Nitriansky hrad, Oponice. In: M. Plaček-M. Bóna: Encyklopédia slovenských hradov. Bratislava 2007, s. 27-51, 101-102, 121-141, 195-196, 206-207, 212-220.more
The lecture presents the latest results of additional research on the western palace of Beckov Castle. The architectural-historical research followed up on the 1st stage of the research from 2018 and refined the previous knowledge about... more
The lecture presents the latest results of additional research on the western palace of Beckov Castle. The architectural-historical research followed up on the 1st stage of the research from 2018 and refined the previous knowledge about the development of the building. Above all, thanks to dendrochronological research, it was possible to date the creation of the oldest masonry fortification of the castle to the years 1161-1181. Beckov Castle is thus among the oldest known stone castles in today's Slovakia. The creation of the palace, which formed an internal extension to the perimeter wall, dates back to the 13th century, and its High Gothic reconstruction dates back to the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries. The research also identified several artistic details on the outer facade of the palace: artistic decoration of window frames, artistic decoration on the battlement plaster and the like. The results of the research formed the basis for the last restoration of the monument.
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Cieľom príspevku je prezentovať výskum (2018–2022) na hrade Hrušov. Výskum sa uskutočnil na nádvorí stredného hradu, v juhovýchodnom paláci a pred bránou do stredného hradu. Bol realizovaný Archeologickým ústavom v Nitre v spolupráci s... more
Cieľom príspevku je prezentovať výskum (2018–2022) na hrade Hrušov. Výskum sa uskutočnil na nádvorí stredného hradu, v juhovýchodnom paláci a pred bránou do stredného hradu. Bol realizovaný Archeologickým ústavom v Nitre v spolupráci s Občianskym združením Leustach. Predmetný výskum priamo nadviazal na činnosť súkromnej spoločnosti PAMARCH a Katedry archeológie UKF v Nitre. Na nádvorí bol odkrytý južný vstup do západnej hospodárskej budovy. Zachytené boli zvyšky po parkánovom múre a stavebné zásahy z konca 20. rokov 20. stor. Pri západnom hradbovom múre sme v najspodnejších vrstvách zachytili zlomky keramiky zo 14.–15. stor. Zaujímavým nálezom sú aj odpadové žľaby u západnej hradby. V juhovýchodnom paláci sme zachytili mohutný parkánový múr, ktorý sa neskôr stal súčasťou nádvoria medzi delovou baštou a hranolovou delovou baštou. Pred vstupom do stredného hradu sme preskúmali mostový pilier a odpadové žľaby. Materiálna kultúre získaná z výskumu pochádza hlavne zo 16. –18.stor.
The paper presents the research (2018–2022) at Hrušov Castle. The research was carried out in the courtyard of the central castle, in the southeastern palace and in front of the gate to the central castle. It was carried out by the Archaeological Institute in Nitra in cooperation with the Leustach Association. The research directly followed the activities of the private company PAMARCH and the Department of Archaeology of the UKF in Nitra. In the courtyard, the southern entrance to the western farm building was uncovered. Remnants of a picket fence wall and building interventions from the late 1920s were captured. At the western wall, we captured fragments of ceramics from the 14th–15th century in the lowest layers. An interesting find is also the sewage troughs at the western wall. In the southeastern palace, we captured a massive picket fence wall, which later became part of the courtyard between the cannon bastion and the prismatic cannon bastion. Before entering the central castle, we examined the bridge pillar and the sewage troughs. The material culture obtained from the research comes mainly from the 16th–18th centuries.
The paper presents the research (2018–2022) at Hrušov Castle. The research was carried out in the courtyard of the central castle, in the southeastern palace and in front of the gate to the central castle. It was carried out by the Archaeological Institute in Nitra in cooperation with the Leustach Association. The research directly followed the activities of the private company PAMARCH and the Department of Archaeology of the UKF in Nitra. In the courtyard, the southern entrance to the western farm building was uncovered. Remnants of a picket fence wall and building interventions from the late 1920s were captured. At the western wall, we captured fragments of ceramics from the 14th–15th century in the lowest layers. An interesting find is also the sewage troughs at the western wall. In the southeastern palace, we captured a massive picket fence wall, which later became part of the courtyard between the cannon bastion and the prismatic cannon bastion. Before entering the central castle, we examined the bridge pillar and the sewage troughs. The material culture obtained from the research comes mainly from the 16th–18th centuries.
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information board 2017
Research Interests: Cultural Heritage Conservation, Architectural preservation, Castles, Cultural Heritage and Preservation, Architectural Preservation & Restoration, and 5 moreMedieval Architecture, Castles, Medieval castles, Castles and Fortifications, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Buildings and Monuments, and History of Slovakia
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„Znovuobjavený“ románsky kostol bol od čias V. Mencla mylne pokladaný za romantickú novostavbu na mieste vopred asanovaného stredovekého kostola. Hĺbkový výskum uskutočnený počas komplexnej obnovy stavby v rokoch 2009 a 2012-2013... more
„Znovuobjavený“ románsky kostol bol od čias V. Mencla mylne pokladaný za romantickú novostavbu na mieste vopred asanovaného stredovekého kostola. Hĺbkový výskum uskutočnený počas komplexnej obnovy stavby v rokoch 2009 a 2012-2013 preukázal ucelenú zachovanosť románskych konštrukcií a priniesol poznatky o postupnom vývoji tohto hodnotného vidieckeho románskeho kostola, ktorý patrí k najsevernejšie situovaným celotehlovým románskym stavbám na strednom Ponitrí.