Antibiotics are chemical compounds that are used to treat and prevent disease in humans and animals. They have been used in animal feed for over 60 years and are widely used in industrial farming. Antibiotics can have negative... more
Antibiotics are chemical compounds that are used to treat and prevent disease in humans and animals. They have been used in animal feed for over 60 years and are widely used in industrial farming. Antibiotics can have negative environmental impacts, including the potential to contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant organisms. They can enter the environment through various pathways, including the manufacturing process, the direct application of antibiotic-laden manure to fields, and through grazing animals. Antibiotics that are given to animals can be excreted from where they can enter soil and groundwater which enable their entry in plants. Streptomycin is an antibiotic that is used against a range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, but its use has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in some pathogens. It has also been shown to have negative impacts on a range of plant species, including tobacco, tomato, and wheat. Although, the major effect of st...
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Crop nutrition is frequently inadequate as a result of the expansion of cropping into marginal lands, elevated crop yields placing increasing demands on soil nutrient reserves, and environmental and economic concerns about applying... more
Crop nutrition is frequently inadequate as a result of the expansion of cropping into marginal lands, elevated crop yields placing increasing demands on soil nutrient reserves, and environmental and economic concerns about applying fertilizers. Plants exposed to nutrient deficiency activate a range of mechanisms that result in increased nutrient availability in the rhizosphere compared with the bulk soil. Rhizosphere microorganisms influence nutrient availability; adding beneficial microorganisms may result in enhanced the availability of nutrients to crops. Understanding the role of plant–microbe–soil interactions in governing nutrient availability in the rhizosphere enhances the economic and environmental sustainability of crop production. The availability of nutrients in the rhizosphere is controlled by the combined effects of soil properties, plant characteristics, and the interaction of roots with microorganisms (Jones et al. New Phytol 163: 459–480, 2004). Nutrients with limited mobility in soils [P, potassium (K), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), Mn, and copper (Cu)] are transported to roots by diffusion, which is a slow process. A number of possible mechanisms of plant adaptation to soils with low nutrient availability have been suggested. PGPR had also been classified according to their beneficial effects (1) biofertilizers which fix nitrogen, subsequently used by plants, thereby improving plant growth and development, (2) phytostimulators that can directly promote growth, usually by production of plant hormones indole acetic acid, etc., (3) nutrient cyclers to solubilize and mobilize insoluble phosphorus, zinc, potassium, sulfur, etc., that enrich soil and increase its fertility for better growth and support; and (4) biocontrol agents which are able to protect the plants from infection by deleterious pathogens and pest. Several mechanisms are used by PGPR to enhance plant growth. It is important to provide a balanced nutrition and at the time when the nutrient can be most effective for higher yield and disease control. Integrated nutrient management (INM) maintains soils as storehouses of plant nutrients that are essential for vegetative growth. INM’s goal is to integrate the use of all natural and man-made sources of plant nutrients, so that crop productivity increases in an efficient and environmentally benign manner, without sacrificing soil productivity for future generations.
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The study focused on the benefits of vitamins and the diseases and health issues that come with their shortage. Vitamin deficits pose major health risks because they are essential for human health, growth, development, reproduction, and... more
The study focused on the benefits of vitamins and the diseases and health issues that come with their shortage. Vitamin deficits pose major health risks because they are essential for human health, growth, development, reproduction, and maintenance. Thirteen vitamins are real vitamins that can be divided into two categories: water soluble and fat soluble. Vitamins A, E, K, and D are fat soluble, and vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, and C are water soluble. Micronutrients are vital components that humans and other organisms require in variable amounts throughout their lives to coordinate a variety of physiological activities and maintain good health. Essential nutrients can’t be generated in humans or can’t be synthesised in significant levels, thus they have to be received from diet. These vitamins can be found in a variety of foods, including plant and animal sources. For good health and development, they must consume a balanced diet on a regular basis. Vitamin shortages a...
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Research Interests: Biology and Trigonella
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Abstract Ethylene, being deleterious to plant in some instances like stress, is essential for ripening of fruits, overcoming seed dormancy and initiation of germination, however, ethylene can inhibit root elongation post germination. For... more
Abstract Ethylene, being deleterious to plant in some instances like stress, is essential for ripening of fruits, overcoming seed dormancy and initiation of germination, however, ethylene can inhibit root elongation post germination. For plants, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) serves as precursor of ethylene however, for microbes ACC acts as chemoattractant. This establishes a scenario in the rhizosphere where, ACC utilizing microbes dominate the rhizospheric microbiome. A dynamic equilibrium of ACC concentration exists among root, rhizosphere, and bacterium; for such microbes ACC serves as source of nutrition for which they produce an enzyme ACC deaminase (ACCD) which in turn also benefits plants by reducing the levels of ACC and thereby reducing ethylene production in root. The basic function of ACCD is to degrade ACC in to α-ketobutyrate and ammonia, which is then absorbed by bacteria and plants, respectively. The reservoir of ACC in plants is huge, which on experiencing any sort of biotic and abiotic stress is converted to ethylene. Ethylene when overproduced in this way under stress, suddenly induces plant death. The rationale of using microbes with ACCD activity is, sought to decrease the magnitude of ethylene produced in plant under stresses. Because of such phenomenon of ethylene reduction in plant by the rhizospheric microbes, their use in agriculture has a unique stature as it benefits the agrarian society by sustaining high yields even during stress. This review emphasizes to portray the various aspects of ACCD producing microbes.
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The enormous impact of SARS-CoV2 continues and scientific community is seeking to discover the tactics to impede the spread of virus. The essential result is attenuated, and genetically engineered vaccines are being driven into the market... more
The enormous impact of SARS-CoV2 continues and scientific community is seeking to discover the tactics to impede the spread of virus. The essential result is attenuated, and genetically engineered vaccines are being driven into the market with the general effectiveness being around 80%. Therefore, vaccination is not the sole answer for combat this pandemic. The substitute methodology is adapted to target on this virus with a medication in blend with existing vaccines. Papain like protease (nsp-3; nonstructural protein) and Mpro (nsp-5; nonstructural protein) of novel corona virus are the ideal target to develop drugs as they play different roles that are essential for viral development and replication. Utilizing computational methodology, we plan to distinguish a plausible microbial metabolite as analogue of GRL0617 (the well-established inhibitor of PLpro) and X77 (the well-established inhibitor of Mpro) from the pool of known antiviral compounds of endophytic microbes to interact ...
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The secondary metabolite t-resveratrol and α-viniferin is widely recognized bioactive molecules that is known for preventing and slowing the occurrence of many diseases, have attracted great research interest. The aim of this work is to... more
The secondary metabolite t-resveratrol and α-viniferin is widely recognized bioactive molecules that is known for preventing and slowing the occurrence of many diseases, have attracted great research interest. The aim of this work is to isolate the endophytic microorganisms that possess t-resveratrol and α-viniferin producing capability from the plants of Vitaceae family: Vitis vinifera , Vitis quinquangularis Rend and Cayratia trifolia. Twenty isolates were obtained from the different tissues of all the three plants and all were able to produced t-resveratrol and α-viniferin in different concentrations in their consecutives second subcultures. Aspergillus stellifer AB4 isolated from leaf of Vitis vinifera had shown stable production capability of t-resveratrol 288 μg/L and α-viniferin 301 μg/L in liquid culture, while 19 isolates producing capability diminished after third subculture. Optimization of the conditions for t-resveratrol and α-viniferin production by A. stellifer AB4 we...
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Green chemistry can be recognized as suitable environmentally friendly procedures, which widely reports intrinsic use of non-hazardous, inexpensive and stable materials with their multiple applications [1]. The material which is natural... more
Green chemistry can be recognized as suitable environmentally friendly procedures, which widely reports intrinsic use of non-hazardous, inexpensive and stable materials with their multiple applications [1]. The material which is natural or manufactured possessing an external diameter in the range of 1-100 nm is considered as nanoparticles. In recent years nanotechnology is associated approaching field contributing the simple procedures with minimizing the chemical use with distinctive properties [2]. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is proved to be valuable alternatives as compared to conventional chemical methods using expensive and harmful reducing agents [3].
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In an environment consisting of harmful microorganisms, survival of plants mainly depends on efficient microbial recognition and rapid defense mechanisms. After infection with a necrotizing pathogen, many plants develop resistance against... more
In an environment consisting of harmful microorganisms, survival of plants mainly depends on efficient microbial recognition and rapid defense mechanisms. After infection with a necrotizing pathogen, many plants develop resistance against attack by phytopathogens. This resistance is regarded as systemic acquired resistance, which is a key portion of plant defense against pathogen infection. Induction of acquired resistance in plants occurs mainly by enhancement of the levels of pathogenesis-related proteins and salicylic acid. Some groups of plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria are involved in an indirect mechanism, either by their antagonistic effect against phytopathogens or by induced systemic resistance (ISR) mechanisms in plants. ISR has been studied with respect to the underlying signaling pathways and to its application in crop protection. The signaling pathway regulating ISR functions independently of salicylic acid, and is mainly dependent on the plant hormones jasmonic acid and ethylene. Apart from these, NPR1, a defensive regulatory protein, is also involved in both systemic and acquired resistance in plants. In this chapter, the molecular and genetic relationship between basal resistance and induced resistance is highlighted.
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Research Interests: Chemistry, Biology, Microbes, Nitrate Reductase, Nitrogenase, and 3 moreRhizobia, Glycine, and Leghemoglobin
ABSTRACT In the Himalayan climatic condition where temperature are crucial determinant for microbial growth as well as the growth of plant, productivity of important crops can be increased by the use of cold-tolerant rhizospheric... more
ABSTRACT In the Himalayan climatic condition where temperature are crucial determinant for microbial growth as well as the growth of plant, productivity of important crops can be increased by the use of cold-tolerant rhizospheric microflora. Crop enhancement of legumes found in the western Himalaya has been reviewed in this chapter with special emphasis on Rhizobium spp. These are characterized to retain their plant growth promotory activity in suboptimal temperature conditions. Psychrotolerant rhizobia which can grow over a wide temperature range from 4 to 42 °C and usually grow optimally at temperature above 20 °C are extremely important, since they have survive and retain their functionality in low-temperature area such as Himalaya mountain ranges in India. Potential of Rhizobia in productivity enhancement of Macrotyloma uniflorum L. and Phaseolus vulgaris L., the two important legumes cultivated in high altitude regions of the western Himalaya have been highlighted. Besides nitrogen fixation, the role of other PGP attributes in indigenous strains with reference to phosphate solubilization, phytohormones promotion, and siderophore production has also been analyzed in raising crop’s yield. The taxonomy of rhizobial isolates has been included which would be helpful to explore current status of rhizobia. Knowledge of the biodiversity of Rhizobium from local crops is discussed for the design of successful inoculations leading to increased yield in legumes.
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India ranks 20th in the world, as a major producer. Copper in India is mostly used in telecom and electric division and also its demand is in building and construction, engineering, transport and consumer durables sectors (Kabwe and... more
India ranks 20th in the world, as a major producer. Copper in India is mostly used in telecom and electric division and also its demand is in building and construction, engineering, transport and consumer durables sectors (Kabwe and Yiming 2015).Due to the industrial activities copper becomes hazardous i n e n v i r o n m e n t ( C h a n e y e t a l . 1997).Approximately 5-25 mg/kg copper is acceptable amount in plants and their tissues. Copper toxicity inhibits iron metabolism and the activities of many enzymes (Hou et al. 2007).
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Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are organic macromolecules naturally secreted by many microorganisms. EPS is increasingly used for agriculture and industrial purposes. This study focuses on isolate Klebsiella pneumonia SSN1, Klebsiella... more
Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are organic macromolecules naturally secreted by many microorganisms. EPS is increasingly used for agriculture and industrial purposes. This study focuses on isolate Klebsiella pneumonia SSN1, Klebsiella quasipeumonniae SGM81 isolated from rhizosphere to explore its water retention efficiency under drought conditions. Neutron Radiography was used to visualise water distribution in the sand under normal and drought conditions in the presence and absence of EPS producing bacteria. The EPS production was studied by applying Box Behnken design (BBD) under drought stress which was artificially induced by using polyethene glycol 6000 under osmotic stress condition 3.65% w/v of EPS dry weight was obtained. The relative water content (RWC) is used to calculate the amount of water present in the sand and was further studied by Neutron Radiography imaging with appropriate controls. FTIR and HPLC were also carried out for the characterisation of the extracted EPS. The ...
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In the present study, 26 endophytic bacteria were isolated from different parts of plant Ricinus communis. Endophytes were screened for drought stress tolerance, plant growth promoting traits and ACC deaminase activity. Out of 26... more
In the present study, 26 endophytic bacteria were isolated from different parts of plant Ricinus communis. Endophytes were screened for drought stress tolerance, plant growth promoting traits and ACC deaminase activity. Out of 26 isolates, 22 could show drought tolerance up to a minimum water potential of -0.001 MPa, whereas 18 could tolerate up to -0.27 MPa, and 13 up to -0.54 Mpa respectively. Among them 5 isolates showed highest tolerant up to -1.09 matric potential (MPa) and exhibited most of the plant growth promoting traits. Based on the results, 5 promising isolates namely MGT7, MGT9, MGT13, MGT16 and MGT19 were selected and identified using biochemical and 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Bacillus pumilus (MGT7), Paraburkholderia megapolitana (MGT9), Achromobacter xylosoxidans (MGT13), Alcaligenes faecalis (MGT16) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (MGT19). Further, at -1.09 MPa all the five isolates showed PGP traits and ACC activity. Thus, indicating that drought tolerant plant g...
Bacteria have cell communication in a population density dependent type which involves the production of pheromone like molecule called autoinducer. When a bacterial cell grows in population, the intracellular signals regulate... more
Bacteria have cell communication in a population density dependent type which involves the production of pheromone like molecule called autoinducer. When a bacterial cell grows in population, the intracellular signals regulate differential gene expression which leads to specific behaviours. Primarily plants have the narrow recognizable range for low molecular weight nitrogen component, hence are dependent on products release through N-mineralization such as ammonia and nitrate for biomolecule production. Diazotrophic bacteria release signalling molecule like AHL (Acyl-homoserine lactone) which is involved in communication between plants and bacteria. This signalling channel promotes the production of exoenzymes like chitinase and protease to enhance mineralization of low molecular weight nitrogen source present in the soil. Symbiotic diazotrophic bacteria belonging to Rhizobium spp have role in quorum sensing through the production of signal molecules like AHL. The CinI gene present in R. leguminosarum expresses long-chain AHL. Nitrogen fixation was found to be decreased by 50% when mutant strain for CinI gene was inoculated in pea plant. Studies have been affirmed that the activity of glutamate synthetase is enhanced in response to AHL treatment. Moreover, glutamate in combination with glutamine plays a key role assimilation of ammonia into amino acids and further array to other nitrogen containing biomolecule. In rhizosphere soil of plant Glycine max and Vigna radiata nodule occurs due to correlation with diazotrophs and legumes. These symbiotic associations amalgamate AHL QS signals triggering the production of exopolysaccharides, increase nodulation efficiency and regulation of nif-genes. Many reports have suggested a significant role of QS in the regulation of nitrogen cycle. The review aims at recent developments at a molecular level, mechanism and methods for optimization of QS signal involve in the rhizosphere to aid nitrogen fixation in plants.
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Phytohormones are the main regulatory molecules of core signalling networks associated with plant life cycle regulation. Manipulation of hormone signalling cascade enables the control over physiological traits of plant, which has major... more
Phytohormones are the main regulatory molecules of core signalling networks associated with plant life cycle regulation. Manipulation of hormone signalling cascade enables the control over physiological traits of plant, which has major applications in field of agriculture and food sustainability. Hence, stable analogues of these hormones are long sought after and many of them are currently known, but the quest for more effective, stable and economically viable analogues is still going on. This search has been further strengthened by the identification of the components of signalling cascade such as receptors, downstream cascade members and transcription factors. Furthermore, many proteins of phytohormone cascades are available in crystallized forms. Such crystallized structures can provide the basis for identification of novel interacting compounds using in silico approach. Plenty of computational tools and bioinformatics software are now available that can aid in this process. Here, the metadata of all the major phytohormone signalling cascades are presented along with discussion on major protein–ligand interactions and protein components that may act as a potential target for manipulation of phytohormone signalling cascade. Furthermore, structural aspects of phytohormones and their known analogues are also discussed that can provide the basis for the synthesis of novel analogues.